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44 Chapter 2
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CHAPTER 3
Ginger in Ayurvedic Preparations
and Its Applications in the
Development of Nutraceuticals,
Dietary Supplements and
Functional Foods and Their
Beneficial Effects in Various
Biological Activities
AUGUSTINE AMALRAJ,* KARTHIK VARMA A. C., SHINTU JUDE
AND SASIKUMAR KUTTAPPAN
R&D Centre, Aurea Biolabs (P) Ltd, Kolenchery, Cochin-682 311, Kerala,
India
*Emails: augustin14amal@gmail.com; amalraj.a@plantlipids.com
3.1 Ayurveda
The traditional medicine system is defined as the collected healing know-
ledge of generations;
1
it is still utilized by nearly 75–80% of the world’s
population for their principal health main tenance.
2,3
The Wo rld Health
Organization (WHO) defines traditional medicine as ‘‘the summation com-
pleteness of the knowledge, practices and skills created on the concepts,
philosophies and familiarities indigenous to various philosophies, whether
Chemistry, Biological Activities and Therapeutic Applications of Medicinal Plants in Ayurveda
Edited by Augustine Amalraj, Sasikumar Kuttappan and Karthik Varma A. C.
r The Royal Society of Chemistry 2023
Published by the Royal Society of Chemistry, www.rsc.org
45
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justifiable or not, utilized in the preservation of healthiness in addition to
the inhibition, identification, perfection or management of physical and
mental disease’’.
4
Each cult ure has its set of ethno-medical beliefs and
practices connected with illness and health, which shape diagnosis, treat-
ment and anticipated results.
5
India has numerous classifications of tradi-
tional medicine, which have been used for centuries. This comprises
Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddha and Homeopathy (AYUSH). Encouraging
these arrangements is the chief aim of the Ministry of AYUSH (Government
of India). Ayurveda is an Indian therapeutic arrangement, created around
the epistemology of three energies (doshas): vata is the energy of movement,
pitta is the energy of digestion or metabolism and kapha is the energy of
lubrication and structure. The origin of illness in Ayurveda is noted as a
deficiency of appropriate cellular utility owing to an excess or shortage of
vata, pitta or kappa. Sickness can also be caused by the existence of toxins.
Steadiness in structure is ideal and the natural direction; imbalance causes
illness. Health is order, diseases are disorder. Ayurvedic beneficial meth-
odologies comprise meditative practices, phytomedicine, diet, physical
management and the environment.
5–7
The ancient Indian system of Ayur-
veda has been used in India since about 1500 BCE, with the chief intention
of this system being the preservation of normal health and avoiding un-
healthy conditions. The current elevated problem regarding Ayurveda and
alternative medicine is increasing reports of adverse responses associated
with herbal medicine; this may be because of a growth in the number of
people consuming herbal products both as a nutritional supplement and/or
as a medicine.
8
3.2 Siddha
Siddha is one of the key traditional medical arrangements of India that is
mainly experienced in Tamil Nadu and its peripheries;
9
it is also experienced
in some other countries, particularly Sri Lanka, which has a large Tamil
population.
3
Traditional medicine in Tamil Nadu was earlier known as
Thamzhil Maruthuvam (Tamil medicine) and termed as Siddha medicine,
which was creat ed after 1923 by the British.
10
Evidence has revealed that
from around the 3rd century BCE onwards the Tamils had established their
own literature and had oceanic relations with distant of the world.
11
The
names of some literature belong to the Sangam period (300 BCE–300 AD),
such as Sirupanchamoolam, Thrikadugam and Elathi, which are some
therapeutic preparations that are still practiced. Similarly, the 95th section
of Thirukural (a Tamil classic) explains the philosophies of medicine and
food.
12
Purananuru (a Tamil classic) remarks regarding the antiaging in-
fluence of Phyllanthus emblica.
13
The literatures used in contemporary Sid-
dha practices started from the 4th to 5th centuries AD and becomes
predominant in 16th century, however, the element of healing practices
emerged earlier.
14,15
Along with the Siddha principle, the human body
is made up of 96 principles (thattuvam). Among these, three humors, namely
46 Chapter 3
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vata (Eair), pitta (E fire) and kappa (Ewater), are signified as vital prin-
ciples for health. Any imbalance between these results in illness.
3
As per a WHO report, up to 80% of the inhabitants in some developing
countries practice traditional medicine. Traditional herbal medicine
remains a significant section of healthcare in India.
15
Even in the USA,
the use of plants and phytomedicines has grown intensely over the last
two decades. A National Center for Complementary and Alternative
Medicine has been established in the USA. Herbal products have
been categorized under ‘‘dietary supplements’’ and are included with
minerals, vitamins, amino acids and other products that are added to
the diet.
The use of plants as a therapeutic medication is an essential part of South
African ethnic life. It is estimated that 27 million South Africans use herbal
medicines from in excess of 1020 plant species. Actually, there are numerous
curative plants around the world, including India, which are utilized by
traditional medicines for the inhibition and cure of several illnesses.
16
Among the different medicinal plants, ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe)
has a long past of being utilized as a herbal medicine since ancient times
and it has been utilized in folk medicine from Southeast Asia, China, India,
Taiwan, Japan, Australia, Africa, Brazil, Mexico, Greco-Roman traditions,
parts of the United States and Middle East, where ginger rhizomes are cul-
tivated for medicinal purposes.
3.3 Ginger and Its Components
Ginger, the rhizome of Zingiber officinale Roscoe, has a lengthy history of
therapeutic practice dating back 2500 years,
16
and it is utilized as a spice all
over the world.
17
It is amember of the Zingiberaceae plant family andis native
to Asia, but isnowadays cultivated inAfrica, Indiaand othertropical regions.
18
Ginger is a plant with thick roots and vertical, upright stems. This perennial
plant has nodal rhizomes with several distributed swells. The rhizome of
ginger grows horizontally and its outside skin can be brown or yellow. The
inner membrane of the rhizome is yellowish brown and it has several vessel
elements and cells, comprising oleoresin. Ginger has an attractive odor and
spicy taste, with the dried powder looking a yellowish white to yellowish
brown.
19
Ginger is an extensively utilized food constituent and has been regularly
recommended as a therapeutic for various symptoms, such as nausea,
common cold, cough, asthma, bleeding and muscle pain in traditional
medicine.
20,21
Moreover, it has been applied in several diseases, such as
metabolic dysfunction, emesis, cancer, bone disorders and vascular dis-
orders, with clinical evidence.
21–26
More than 400 different components have
been recognized in ginger.
27
The amount and quantity of active components
of ginger depend on the area of farming and the processing technique
utilized and whether it is in fresh or dried form.
19
Ginger in Ayurvedic Preparations and Its Applications 47
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3.4 Chemical Constituents of Ginger
The ginger rhizome comprises 2–3% volatile oil, 3–6% fatty oil, 8% ash, 9%
protein, 3–8% crude fiber and 60–70% carbohydrates. The distinctive flavor
of ginger is due to gingerols, shogaols, zingerone and volatile (essential) oils
that include up to 3% of ginger on a fresh weight basis. The volatile fragrant
essential oil of ginger comprises chiefly sesquiterpenoids, with a-zingiberene
(30–70%) as the core component, and lesser quantities of other sesquiterpe-
noids, including b-sesquiphellandrene (15–20%), b-bisabolene (10–15%) and
a-farnesene, and monoterpenoids (b-phellandrene, camphene, cineol, ger-
aniol, citral, etc.). Ginger also comprises diterpenes and ginger glycolipids.
28
The pungency of the fresh rhizome is the reason why the group of phenolic
compounds is known as gingerols, which are mixture of an arrangement of
structural analogs, particularly 6-gingerol, 8-gingerol and 10-gingerol. Among
these, 6-gingerol is the mostabundant andprincipal pungent constituent.The
pungency of dried orcooked gingeris aresult ofnonvolatile phenylpropanoid-
derived compounds from gingerols, namely, shogaols, which are mostly
6-shogaol and 8-shogaol. The less pungent zingerone is also formed from
gingerols during the drying procedure and has a spicy-sweet aroma. Ginger
also comprises acrid resinous substances (5–8%).
29
Other compounds found
in ginger include 3-dihydroshogaols, paradols, dihydroparadols, acetylated
gingerol derivates, gingerdiols, mono- and diacetyl gingerdiol derivates,
1-dehydrogingerdiols, diaryl heptanoids, epoxide diaryl heptanoids, methyl
ether derivates, ferulic acid derivates and terpenes such as zingerones and
zingerols.
19,27,28
The chemical structures of important bioactive components
of ginger are shown in Figure 3.1.
6-paradol
8-shogaol
10-gingerol
8-gingerol
6-gingerol
6-shogaol
Dehydrozingerone
Zingerone
Figure 3.1 Chemical structures of important bioactive components of ginger.
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3.5 Classical Ayurvedic Formulations with Ginger
and Their Uses
Ayurveda pharmacology and therapeutics offer various sophisticated prep-
arations, which have been utilized for hundreds of years. More than 100
preparations are very preval ent and are utilized even at the community levels
as over-the-counter products, with ginger being one of the important con-
stituents. Some of these drugs continue to be utilized for preventive and
primary health care by Indian families.
30
There are a few classic mixtures
utilized as generic drugs, which are described in Table 3.1. Trikatu is a
mixture of three acrid constituents, which are Piper nigrum known as black
pepper, Piper longum known as long pepper and Zingiber officinale known as
ginger. This mixture is utilized in more than 1500 Ayurveda preparations.
Trikatu is utilized as a medication of choice in several diseases of Vata and
Kapha. It increases appetite, is a digestive and a fat metabolizer, and is active
in gastrointestinal, respiratory and liver diseases, particularly in obstructive
jaundice. A good deal of work has been done on Trikatu as a bioavailability
enhancer, because it facilitates the absorption of drugs from the gastro-
intestinal tract, and protects them from being metabolized in the liver.
31
Ferula asafoetida L., Zingiber officinale and Glycyrrhiza glabra are utilized
together in traditional treatment as ‘‘Chitrakadivati’’ for the management of
flatulence, gut microflora and indigestion.
32
Divya Pidantaka Kvatha consists of Cyperus rotundus, Nyctanthes arbor-
tristis, Piper chaba, Piper longum, Pluchea lanceolata, Ricinus communis, Tra-
chyspermum ammi, Vitex negundo, Withania somnifera and Zingiber officinale.
It is beneficial in joint pain, sciatica, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis,
gout, muscular and skeletal pains and edema. Divya Churna includes Foe-
niculum vulgare, Ipomoea nil, Rosa centifolia, Terminalia chebula and Zingiber
officinale. It remedies abdominal pain, flatulence, heaviness and nausea.
Divya Peya (Herbal Tea) contains Adhatoda vasia, Bacopa monnieri, Boer-
haavia diffusa, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Convolvulus pluricaulis, Cymbopo-
gon martini, Cyperus rotundus, Elettaria cardamomum, Ephedra gerardiana,
Foeniculum vulgare, Myristica fragrans, Nelumbo nucifera, Ocimum sanctum,
Phyllanthus niruri, Piper chaba, Piper longum, Piper nigrum, Plumbago
zeylanica, Pterocarpus santalinus, Rosa centifolia, Santalum album, Syzygium
aromaticum, Terminalia arjuna, Tinospora cordifolia, Viola odorata, Withania
somnifera and Zingiber officinale. It controls cholesterol and guards against
heart diseases, and also stimulates immunity and promotes digestion.
Divya Pidantaka Taila includes Aconitum ferox, Acorus calamus
, Aegle mar-
melos, Allium sativum, Anet hum sowa, Asparagus racemosus, Berberis aristata,
Butea mono-sperma, Calotropis procera, Celastrus paniculatus, Cinnamomum
zeylanicum, Clerodendrum phlomidis, Curcuma longa , Datura metel, Eclipta
alba, Foeniculum vulgare, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Gmelina arborea, Habenaria
intermedia, Inula racemosa, Lilium polyphyllum, Malaxis acuminate, Mesua
ferrea, Nardostachys jatamansi, Oroxylum indicum, Paderia foetida, Piper chaba,
Piper longum, Plantago lanceolata, Plumbago zeylanica, Polygonatum
Ginger in Ayurvedic Preparations and Its Applications 49
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Table 3.1 Various Ayurvedic formulations with ginger (Zingiber officinale) and their uses.
31–35
Formulation Plants used Uses
Trikatu Piper nigrum, Piper longum and Zingiber officinale Various diseases of Vata and
Kapha
Chitrakadivati Ferula asafoetida L., Zingiber officinale and Glycyrrhiza glabra Flatulence, gut microflora and
indigestion
Divya Pidantaka
Kvatha
Cyperus rotundus, Nyctanthes arbortristis, Piper chaba, Piper longum, Pluchea
lanceolata, Ricinus communis, Trachyspermum ammi, Vitex negundo,
Withania somnifera and Zingiber officinale
Joint pain, sciatica, rheumatoid
arthritis, osteoarthritis, gout,
muscular and skeletal pain and
edema
Divya Churna Foeniculum vulgare, Ipomoea nil, Rosa centifolia, Terminalia chebula and
Zingiber officinale
Abdominal pain, flatulence,
heaviness and nausea
Divya Peya (herbal
tea)
Adhatoda vasia, Bacopa monnieri, Boerhaavia diffusa, Cinnamomum
zeylanicum, Convolvulus pluricaulis, Cymbopogon martini, Cyperus rotundus,
Elettaria cardamomum, Ephedra gerardiana, Foeniculum vulgare, Myristica
fragrans, Nelumbo nucifera, Ocimum sanctum, Phyllanthus niruri, Piper
chaba, Piper longum, Piper nigrum, Plumbago zeylanica, Pterocarpus
santalinus, Rosa centifolia,
Santalum album, Syzygium aromaticum,
Terminalia arjuna, Tinospora cordifolia, Viola odorata, Withania somnifera
and Zingiber officinale
Controls cholesterol and guards
against heart diseases;
stimulates immunity and
promotes digestion
Divya Pidantaka
Taila
Aconitum ferox, Acorus calamus, Aegle marmelos, Allium sativum, Anethum
sowa, Asparagus racemosus, Berberis aristata, Butea monosperma, Calotropis
procera, Celastrus paniculatus, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Clerodendrum
phlomidis, Curcuma longa, Datura metel, Eclipta alba, Foeniculum vulgare,
Glycyrrhiza glabra, Gmelina arborea, Habenaria intermedia, Inula racemosa,
Lilium polyphyllum, Malaxis acuminate, Mesua ferrea, Nardostachys
jatamansi, Oroxylum indicum, Paderia foetida, Piper chaba, Piper longum,
Relieves pain in the lumbar
region, knee joints, cervical
spondylitis, edema and
inflammation
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Plantago lanceolata, Plumbago zeylanica, Polygonatum verticillatum,
Pseudarthria viscida, Ricinus communis, Roscoea alpina, Rubia cordifolia,
Sesamum indicum, Sesamum indicum, Stereospermum suaveolen, Strychnos
nuxvomica, Trachyspermum ammi, Tribulus terrestris, Uraria lagopoides,
Valeriana wallichii, Vitex negundo and Zingiber officinale
Divya Svasari Rasa Anacyclus pyrethrum, Capparis moonii, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Glycyrrhiza
glabra, Piper longum, Piper nigrum, Pistacia integerrima, Syzygium
aromaticum and Zingiber officinale
Bronchitis, cough, coryza, cold,
asthma and sinusitis
Divya Vatari Churna Moringa oleifera, Picrorhiza kurroa, Trigonella foenum-graecum, Withania
somnifera and Zingiber officinale
Rheumatoid arthritis, sciatica,
pain in the back and lumbar
region
Himalaya Abana Acorus calamus, Asparagus racemosus, Boerhaavia diffusa, Carum copticum,
Celastrus paniculatus, Centella asiatica, Cinnamomum cassia, Commiphora
wightii, Convolvulus pluricaulis, Crocus sativus, Cyperus rotundus, Eclipta
alba, Elettaria cardamomum, Embelia ribes, Emblica officinalis
, Foeniculum
vulgare, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Nardostachys jatamansi, Nepeta hindostana,
Ocimum sanctum, Piper longum, Rosa damascena, Rosa centifolia, Santalum
album, Syzygium aromaticum, Terminalia arjuna, Terminalia chebula,
Tinospora cordifolia, Withania somnifera and Zingiber officinale
Hyperlipidemia and
hypertension, adjuvant in
angina therapy
Himalaya Mentat Acorus calamus, Bacopa monnieri, Celastrus paniculatus, Centella asiatica,
Embelia ribes, Elettaria cardamomum, Emblica officinalis, Evolvulus
alsinoides, Foeniculum vulgare, Ipomoea digitata, Mucuna pruriens, Myristica
fragrans, Nardostachys jatamansi, Orchis mascula, Oroxylum indicum, Prunus
amygdalus, Syzygium aromaticum, Terminalia arjuna, Terminalia bellirica,
Terminalia chebula, Tinospora cordifolia, Valeriana officinalis, Withania
somnifera and Zingiber officinale
Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s
diseases
Ginger in Ayurvedic Preparations and Its Applications 51
https://t.me/med1917
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