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ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ-ɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹɫɜɟɪɯɭɜɧɢɡ
ɩɨ ɝɪɭɩɩɟɱɬɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹɪɚɞɢɭɫɚ ɚɬɨɦɚ ɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ
ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɢɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɋɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɵ ɜɫɟɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ
2-ɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɟ ɨɬ
ɛɟɪɢɥɥɢɹɤɪɚɞɢɸɓɟɥɨɱɧɨɡɟɦɟɥɶɧɵɟɦɟɬɚɥɥɵɧɚɜɨɡɞɭɯɟɛɵɫɬɪɨɨɤɢɫɥɹɸɬɫɹ
ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭɢɯɯɪɚɧɹɬɩɨɞɫɥɨɟɦɢɧɟɪɬɧɨɝɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɹȼɫɢɥɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɣɯɢɦɢɱɟ
ɫɤɨɣɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢɛɟɪɢɥɥɢɣɢɦɚɝɧɢɣɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɸɬɫɹɨɤɫɢɞɧɨɣɩɥɟɧɤɨɣɬɭɫɤɧɟɸɬ
ɧɨɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɦɭɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɸɧɟɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɸɬɫɹ
ȼɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɩɪɨɫɬɵɦɢ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ Ca Sr Ba ɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɸɬ ɫ ɫɭ
ɯɢɦɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɨɦ ɩɪɢɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɢɨɛɪɚɡɭɹɝɢɞɪɢɞɵɗɇ
2
Ca + H
= CaH2 .
2
ɗɬɨɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɨɤɢɫɥɹɸɳɢɟɫɹɧɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟɢɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ
ɫɜɨɞɨɣ
CaH
+ O2 = Ca(OH)2 .
2
CaH
+ 2H2O = Ca(OH)2 + 2H2 .
2
Mg ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬɫH
ɬɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɚI
). Be ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɨɦɧɟɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɟɬȽɢɞɪɢɞ Be ɩɨɥɭ
2
ɬɨɥɶɤɨɩɪɢɜɵɫɨɤɨɦɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢɜɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢɤɚ
2
ɱɚɸɬɩɨɪɟɚɤɰɢɢɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɳɟɣɜɫɪɟɞɟɞɢɷɬɢɥɨɜɨɝɨɷɮɢɪɚ
BeCl
+ 2LiH = BeH2 + 2LiCl.
2
ȼɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɟɛɟɪɢɥɥɢɣɫɝɨɪɚɟɬɫɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦɨɤɫɢɞɚɛɟɪɢɥɥɢɹȼɟɈ
Ɇɚɝɧɢɣɢɳɟɥɨɱɧɨ-ɡɟɦɟɥɶɧɵɟɦɟɬɚɥɥɵɥɟɝɤɨɫɝɨɪɚɸɬɧɚɜɨɡɞɭɯɟɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ
ɨɤɫɢɞɵ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ MO ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ MgɈ
-4
ā
ɦɨɥɶɥɞɨȼɚɈɦɨɥɶɥɉɪɢɷɬɨɦɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɵ
ɗɈH
O ĺɗ(OH)2
2
ɝɞɟɗ = MgCaSrBa.
Ȼɟɪɢɥɥɢɣɦɚɝɧɢɣɢɳɟɥɨɱɧɨɡɟɦɟɥɶɧɵɟɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ ɩɪɢɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɢɪɟɚɝɢɪɭ
ɸɬɫɝɚɥɨɝɟɧɚɦɢ
o
2
T
ɗX2
ɗ + X
ɝɞɟ ɗ %H0J&D6U%DX )&O%U.
41
ȽɚɥɨɝɟɧɢɞɵɗX2 – ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨɢɡɤɨɬɨɪɵɯɯɨ
ɪɨɲɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɬɫɹɜɜɨɞɟɇɟɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɜɜɨɞɟɮɬɨɪɢɞɵMgCaSrBa.
ɉɪɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ -ɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɸɬ ɫ ɫɟɪɨɣ
ɚɡɨɬɨɦɢɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɨɦɉɪɢɷɬɨɦɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟɫɭɥɶɮɢɞɵɧɢɬɪɢ
ɞɵɢɤɚɪɛɢɞɵ
Ba + S
T
o
BaS
3Mg + N
o
2
T
Mg3N2
T
2Mg + C
o
Mg2C
Ca + 2C
T
o
CaC2.
ȼɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɫ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚɦɢ ɳɟɥɨɱɚɦɢ ȼɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɫ ɜɨ
ɞɨɣ ɬɟɪɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɞɥɹɜɫɟɯɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ2-ɣɝɪɭɩɩɵ
ɗ + 2H
O = ɗ(OH)2 + H2
2
ɝɞɟ ɗ %H0J&D6U%D
ɉɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶBe ɩɨɤɪɵɬɚɩɪɨɱɧɨɣɩɥɟɧɤɨɣɨɤɫɢɞɚɬɚɤɱɬɨɷɬɨɬɦɟɬɚɥɥɫ
O ɧɟɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɟɬɞɚɠɟɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟɤɪɚɫɧɨɝɨɤɚɥɟɧɢɹMg ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɤɯɨ
H
2
ɥɨɞɧɨɣɜɨɞɟɧɨɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬɫɤɢɩɹɳɟɣɜɨɞɨɣCaSrBa ɛɵɫɬ
ɪɨɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɸɬɫɜɨɞɨɣ
ȼɫɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ -ɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɛɭɪɧɨ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɸɬ ɫ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɦɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɟɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɟɣɫɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪɫɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣɫɟɪɧɨɣɤɢɫ
ɥɨɬɨɣ
ɗ + H
ĺɗSO4 + H2Ĺ
2SO4
Ɂɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦɛɟɪɢɥɥɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɚɫɫɢɜɢɪɭɟɬɫɹɜ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ
ɫɟɪɧɨɣɢɚɡɨɬɧɨɣɤɢɫɥɨɬɚɯɜɫɟɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟɦɟɬɚɥɥɵɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɸɬɫɤɢɫɥɨɬɚɦɢɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɹɦɢɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪɫɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣɚɡɨɬɧɨɣɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ
4ɗ + 10HNO
ĺɗ(NO3)2 + N2OĹH2O
3 ɪɚɡɛ
ɝɞɟ ɗ 0J&D6U%D
Ɋɟɚɤɰɢɹɫɨɱɟɧɶɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣɚɡɨɬɧɨɣɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ§
ɗHNO3
ɗNO3)2 + NH4NO3 + 3H2O.
ɪɚɡɛ
42
Ȼɟɪɢɥɥɢɣ – ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɦɟɬɚɥɥ -ɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɟɬ ɫ ɤɨɧ
ɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɦɢɳɟɥɨɱɟɣɨɛɪɚɡɭɹɬɟɬɪɚɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɨɛɟɪɢɥɥɚɬ-ɢɨɧɵ
ȼɟ + 2NaOH
+ 2H2O ĺ1D2[Be(OH)4] + H2Ĺ
(ɤɨɧɰ)
Ɇɚɝɧɢɣɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɟɬɫɹɜɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɯɫɨɥɟɣɚɦɦɨɧɢɹ
Mg + 2NH
Cl = MgCl2 + 2NH3 + H2.
4
2ȼɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɟɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ
Ɉɤɫɢɞɵ ɩɟɪɨɤɫɢɞɵ ɢ ɧɚɞɩɟɪɨɤɫɢɞɵ. ȼɫɟɨɤɫɢɞɵ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ 2-ɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ– ɬɭɝɨɩɥɚɜɤɢɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɪɟɲɟɬɤɢ
Ɉɤɫɢɞɵɦɚɝɧɢɹɤɚɥɶɰɢɹɫɬɪɨɧɰɢɹɢɛɚɪɢɹɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɬɫɹɬɨɥɶɤɨɜɤɢɫɥɨɬɚɯ
ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɹɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ
Ɉɤɫɢɞɛɟɪɢɥɥɢɹɧɟɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬɫɜɨɞɨɣɧɨɚɞɫɨɪɛɢɪɭɟɬɜɥɚɝɭɧɟɜɨɫ
ɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɨɦɧɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɟɬɫɹɜɤɢɫɥɨɬɚɯɢɳɟɥɨɱɚɯ
ȼɟɈ +&Oĺ BeCl
+ H2O
2
BeO + 2KOH + H
2ĺ.2[Be(OH)4]
2
Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɨɡɟɦɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɩɟɪɨɤɫɢɞɵ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɆɈ
ɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɢ ɉɪɢ
2
ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɢɜɨɞɨɣɢɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɦɢɤɢɫɥɨɬɩɪɢɤɨɦɧɚɬɧɨɣɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟɩɟɪɨɤɫɢɞɵ
ɳɟɥɨɱɧɨɡɟɦɟɥɶɧɵɯɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɩɟɪɨɤɫɢɞɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ
ɋɚɈ
+ 2ɇCl ĺCaCl2 + H2O
2
2
BaO
+ 2H2O ĺBa(OH)2 + H2O
2
2
ɉɟɪɨɤɫɢɞɵ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɨɡɟɦɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɜ
ɬɟɤɫɬɢɥɶɧɨɣɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢɩɪɢɨɬɛɟɥɢɜɚɧɢɢɬɤɚɧɟɣɚ ɬɚɤɠɟɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ
ɤɚɤɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵɩɢɪɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɫɦɟɫɟɣ
Ƚɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɵ. ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ
ɫɜɟɪɯɭɜɧɢɡɩɨɝɪɭɩɩɟɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞ ɛɟɪɢɥɥɢɹȼɟɈɇ
ɜɚɧɢɟɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɦɚɝɧɢɹMg(OH)
ɰɢɹɋɚɈɇ
ɝɚɲɺɧɚɹɢɡɜɟɫɬɶ– ɫɢɥɶɧɨɟɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟɦɚɥɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɣɜɜɨɞɟ
2
ȽɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɵɫɬɪɨɧɰɢɹSr(OH)
ɳɟɥɨɱɢɉɪɢɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɟɨɬ ȼɟɈɇ
– ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟɫɪɟɞɧɟɣɫɢɥɵȽɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɤɚɥɶ
2
ɢɛɚɪɢɹBa(OH)2 – ɯɨɪɨɲɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɟ ɜɜɨɞɟ
2
ɤ ȼɚɈɇ2 ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹɢɬɟɪɦɢɱɟ
2
– ɫɥɚɛɨɟɚɦɮɨɬɟɪɧɨɟɨɫɧɨ
2
ɫɤɚɹɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ
43
ɋɨɥɢ. Ƚɚɥɨɝɟɧɢɞɵɛɟɪɢɥɥɢɹ– ɤɨɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɵɟɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹɫɤɥɨɧɧɵɟɤɨɛɪɚ
ɡɨɜɚɧɢɸɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɜɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɮɬɨɪɢɞɵ
BeF
+ 2NaF ĺNa2[BeF4]
2
Ƚɚɥɨɝɟɧɢɞɵɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ-ɣɝɪɭɩɩɵ – ɫɨɥɢɫɢɨɧɧɵɦɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟ
ɫɤɨɣɪɟɲɟɬɤɢ ɬɭɝɨɩɥɚɜɤɢɟɯɨɪɨɲɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɬɫɹɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɤɪɨɦɟɮɬɨɪɢɞɨɜɨɛ
ɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɨɝɢɞɪɚɬɵɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ
ɗCl
+ 6H2O ĺɗCl2āH2O
2
ɝɞɟɗ = MgCa.
ɇɚɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɵɜɚɬɶɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɟɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɨɝɢɞɪɚɬɵɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɨɢɫ
ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɯɥɨɪɢɞɚɦɚɝɧɢɹɢɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɤɚɥɶɰɢɹɤɚɤɨɫɭɲɚɸɳɢɯɢɨɛɟɡɜɨɠɢ
ɜɚɸɳɢɯɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɨɜɜɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɯɢɦɢɢɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ
Ƚɚɥɨɝɟɧɢɞɵɛɟɪɢɥɥɢɹɢɦɚɝɧɢɹɜɜɨɞɧɵɯɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɯɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɸɬɫɹɝɢɞɪɨɥɢ
ɡɭɩɨɤɚɬɢɨɧɭ
BeCl
+ H2O ɏ Be(OH)Cl + HCl
2
Cɭɥɶɮɢɞɵɛɚɪɢɹɢɤɚɥɶɰɢɹɦɚɥɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɚɫɭɥɶɮɢɞɵɛɟɪɢɥɥɢɹɦɚɝɧɢɹ
ɢɫɬɪɨɧɰɢɹɪɚɡɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹɜɨɞɨɣɩɪɢɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɢ
SrS + 2H
O ĺ Sr(OH)2 + H2S
2
ɇɢɬɪɢɞɵɢɤɚɪɛɢɞɵɬɚɤɠɟɪɚɡɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹɜɨɞɨɣɢɤɢɫɥɨɬɚɦɢ
Mg
+ 6H2O ĺ 3Mg(OH)2 + 2NH
3N2
3
Mg
C ɇ2ɈĺMgO + CH
2
4
ɇɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɟɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɟɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɢɦɟɟɬ ɤɚɪɛɢɞɚɰɟɬɢɥɟɧɢɞɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬɧɟɢɡɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨɤɚɥɶɰɢɹɚɢɡɟɝɨɨɤɫɢɞɚ
ɋɚɋ
2
ɋɚɈɋ
T
o
ɋɚɋ2 ɋɈ
ɉɪɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɨɧ ɞɚɟɬ ɚɰɟɬɢɥɟɧ ɷɬɢɧ ɋ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɢɫ
2ɇ2
ɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹɞɥɹɫɜɚɪɤɢɢɪɟɡɤɢɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ
ɋɚɋ
ɇ2ɈĺɋɚɈɇ2 ɋ2ɇ2
2
44
Ʉɪɨɦɟɬɨɝɨ ɞɚɧɧɚɹɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵɦɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɵɦ
ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹɚɰɟɬɢɥɟɧɚ
ɋɭɥɶɮɚɬɵɛɟɪɢɥɥɢɹɦɚɝɧɢɹɢɳɟɥɨɱɧɨɡɟɦɟɥɶɧɵɯɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜɢɦɟɸɬɪɚɡɥɢɱ
ɧɭɸɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɶɤɨɬɨɪɚɹɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹɫɜɟɪɯɭɜɧɢɡɩɨɝɪɭɩɩɟȿɫɥɢɫɭɥɶɮɚ
ɬɵɛɟɪɢɥɥɢɹɢɦɚɝɧɢɹɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹɯɨɪɨɲɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɦɢɫɨɥɹɦɢɬɨɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɛɚ
ɪɢɹBaSO
ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɧɟɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɉɊ ā
4
-10
ɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹɜ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɪɟɧɬɝɟɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɟɬ
ɪɟɧɬɝɟɧɨɜɫɤɢɟ ɥɭɱɢ ɋɭɥɶɮɚɬɵ ɛɟɪɢɥɥɢɹ ɦɚɝɧɢɹ ɢ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɝɢɝɪɨɫɤɨɩɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɨɝɢɞɪɚɬɵ ȼɟSO
MgSO
āH2O ɢ CaSO4ā2H2O).
4
āH2O
4
ɇɢɬɪɚɬɵ– ɯɨɪɨɲɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɟɜɜɨɞɟɫɨɥɢɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɟɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ
ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɉɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɢ ɞɨ –600 °ɋ ɨɧɢ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɢɬɪɢɬɵɚ
ɜɵɲɟɋ– ɜɨɤɫɢɞɵɜɤɚɠɞɨɦɫɥɭɱɚɟɜɵɞɟɥɹɹɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞ
ɗ(NO
ĺɗ(NO2)2 + O2Ĺ
3)2
2ɗ(NO
ĺɗO + 4NO2 + O2Ĺ
3)2
ɝɞɟ ɗ %H0J&D6U%D
ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɦɢɫɹɫɨɥɹɦɢɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ2-ɣɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɤɚɪ
ɛɨɧɚɬɵɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɲɢɪɨɤɨɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɵɜɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ
ɄɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɵɤɚɥɶɰɢɹɢɦɚɝɧɢɹɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɤɢɫɥɵɟMg(HCO
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ Mg
ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹɋɚɋɈ
(OH)2CO3 ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ Ʉɚɪɛɨɧɚɬ
2
ɤɚɤɦɟɥɦɪɚɦɨɪɢɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɹɤɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹɜɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢɢ
3
ɢCa(HCO3)2ɢ
3)2
ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟɄɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɤɚɥɶɰɢɹɥɟɝɤɨɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬɜɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɩɪɢɢɡɛɵɬɤɟɭɝɥɟ
ɤɢɫɥɨɝɨɝɚɡɚɨɛɪɚɡɭɹɝɢɞɪɨɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬ
ɋɚɋɈ
ɋɈ2 ɇ2Ɉɏ ɋɚɇɋɈ3)
ɬ
ɪ
ȼɫɟɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɵɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹɦɚɥɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɦɢɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢɬɨɝɞɚɤɚɤɝɢɞɪɨ
ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɵ– ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɂ ɬɟ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɪɚɡɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹɩɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɢ ɝɢɞɪɨ
ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɵɞɨɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɨɜɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɵɞɨɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ
ɗɇɋɈ
ĺɗɋɈ3 ɋɈ2 ɇ2Ɉ
3)2
ɗɋɈ
ĺɗɈɋɈ2
3
ɝɞɟɗ = BeMgCaSrBa.
45
Ʉɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɵɳɟɥɨɱɧɨɡɟɦɟɥɶɧɵɯɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜɜɨɬɥɢɱɢɟɨɬɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɚɛɟɪɢɥɥɢɹ
ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɨɝɢɞɪɚɬɨɜɧɟɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ
Ȼɟɪɢɥɥɢɣɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɟɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɵɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɫɨɜɫɟɦɢɥɢɝɚɧɞɚ
ɦɢ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɹ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɪɚɜɧɨɟ Ⱦɥɹ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɨɡɟɦɟɥɶɧɵɯ
ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɧɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦɚɤɜɚɤɨɦɩɥɟɤ
ɫɨɜ ɫ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɱɢɫɥɚɦɢ ([Mg(H
[Sr(H
]2+ɢɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɜɫɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢɥɢɝɚɧɞɚɦɢɗȾɌȺɢɬ ɞ.).
2O)8
]2+ >Ca(H2O)6]2+
2O)4
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵɪɟɲɟɧɢɹɡɚɞɚɱ
ɁɚɞɚɱɚɈɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹɭɤɚɡɚɜɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɩɪɨɬɟɤɚ
ɧɢɹɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ
Na ĺNaOH ĺNa
ĺNaHCO3 ĺNaCl
2CO3
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ. 1. Ɇɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɣɧɚɬɪɢɣɷɧɟɪɝɢɱɧɨɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫɜɨɞɨɣ ɫ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɚɧɚɬɪɢɹɢɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ
2Na + 2H
O = 2NaOH + H2Ĺ.
2
2. ɉɪɢ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɚɧɢɢ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ NaOH ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞ
ɧɚɬɪɢɹɛɟɪɺɬɫɹɜɢɡɛɵɬɤɟɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɧɚɬɪɢɹ
2NaOH + CO
= Na2CO3 + H2O.
2
3. ȿɫɥɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɣɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɚɬɶɞɢɨɤɫɢɞɭɝɥɟ
ɪɨɞɚɬɨɜɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹɝɢɞɪɨɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ ɨɧ ɫɪɚɜɧɢ
ɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɚɥɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɜɜɨɞɟ
Na
+ CO2 + H2O = 2NaHCO3.
2CO3
4. Ɉɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚɝɢɞɪɨɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɚ ɧɚɬɪɢɹɯɥɨɪɨɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɨɣɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ
ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶɯɥɨɪɢɞɧɚɬɪɢɹ
NaHCO
+ HCl = NaCl + CO2Ĺ + H2O.
3
Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ. Ⱦɥɹɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹɝɨɤɫɢɞɚɞɜɭɯɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɝɨɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɩɨɬɪɟɛɨɜɚ
ɥɨɫɶɦɥ-ɝɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɯɥɨɪɨɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɨɣɤɢɫɥɨɬɵȡ ɝɦɥɈɩɪɟɞɟ
ɥɢɬɟɨɤɫɢɞɤɚɤɨɝɨɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɛɵɥɜɡɹɬ
46
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟɍɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ
ɗO + 2HCl = ɗCl
+ H2O.
2
ɉɭɫɬɶ x – ɦɨɥɹɪɧɚɹɦɚɫɫɚ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ Ɍɨɝɞɚ ɦɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɪɚɜɧɚ
MɗɈ x ɝɦɨɥɶɄɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɨɤɫɢɞɚɪɚɜɧɨ
nɗɈ mɗɈMɗɈ x + 16).
ɄɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚHCl ɪɚɜɧɨ
n(HCl) = m(HClM(HCl) .
m(HCl) = ȦÂm
= ȦÂȡÂV
ɪ
ɪ
n (HCl) = ȦÂȡÂVɪ M(HCl
n (HCl ÂɝɦɥÂɦɥɝɦɨɥɶ ɦɨɥɶ
ɂɡɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹɪɟɚɤɰɢɢɫɥɟɞɭɟɬɱɬɨɜɪɟɚɤɰɢɸɜɫɬɭɩɢɥɨɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɨɤɫɢɞɚ
nɗɈ n(HCl ɦɨɥɶ
Ɍɚɤɢɦɨɛɪɚɡɨɦɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ
5
16
x
1250
ɂɡɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹɫɥɟɞɭɟɬx Ɍɚɤɢɦɨɛɪɚɡɨɦɦɨɥɹɪɧɚɹɦɚɫɫɚɞɜɭɯɜɚɥɟɧɬ
ɧɨɝɨɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɚɜɧɚɝɦɨɥɶɗɬɨɬɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ– ɦɚɝɧɢɣ
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɟɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ
1. Ʉɚɤɢɟɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵɉɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɫɢɫɬɟɦɵɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɤɝɪɭɩɩɟs-ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ"
ɑɟɦɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɶɞɚɧɧɵɯɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜɤɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɣɝɪɭɩɩɟ"
2. ɉɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɢɬɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɢɟɫɹ ɤ ɚ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɵɦ ɛ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɨɡɟɦɟɥɶɧɵɦɉɨɱɟɦɭɷɬɢɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢɬɚɤɨɟɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ"
3. Ʉɚɤɫɜɹɡɚɧɨɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ1-ɣ ɢ2-ɣɝɪɭɩɩɜɉɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɫɢ
ɫɬɟɦɟɫɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚɦɢɢɯɚɬɨɦɧɵɯɪɚɞɢɭɫɨɜɢɷɧɟɪɝɢɣɢɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ"
47
4. Ʉɚɤɢɦɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɨɝɨɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞ
ɧɨɝɨɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚɢɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢɫɪɨɫɬɨɦɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɨɝɨɧɨɦɟɪɚɷɥɟ
ɦɟɧɬɚ"Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɬɟɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪɟɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ1-1 ɢ2-ɣɝɪɭɩɩ ɉɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɫɢ
ɫɬɟɦɵ
5. Ʉɚɤɢɟ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɚ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ 1-ɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ
ɛɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ2 ɝɪɭɩɩ"ɉɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɢɥɢɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɢɯɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ"
6. ȼɱɟɦɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹɞɢɚɝɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟɫɯɨɞɫɬɜɨɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜɫɨɫɟɞɧɢɯ
ɩɨɞɝɪɭɩɩ"Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪɟɩɚɪɚ1D– &DɛBe – Al.
7. ɇɚɡɨɜɢɬɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ 1-ɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ
ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɟɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
8. Ʉɚɤɢɟɫɩɨɫɨɛɵɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜȼɚɦɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵ"ɉɪɢɜɟɞɢɬɟɭɪɚɜɧɟ
ɧɢɹɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɪɟɚɤɰɢɣɥɟɠɚɳɢɯɜɨɫɧɨɜɟɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹs-ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ.
9. Ƚɞɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɚ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɵɟ ɛ ɛɟɪɢɥɥɢɣ ɢ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɨɡɟɦɟɥɶɧɵɟɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ"
10. ɑɟɦɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɬɫɹɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɚɹɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɳɟɥɨɱ
ɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɜ ɉɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɢ ɪɹɞɭ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟ
ɧɢɣ"
11. Ʉɚɤɨɜ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɦɵɯ ɚɬɨɦɚɦɢ s-ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜɢ ɬɢɩɵ ɤɪɢ
ɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɪɟɲɟɬɨɤɢɯɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ"
12. ɉɨɱɟɦɭ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɫɟ s-ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ ɯɪɚɧɹɬ ɩɨɞ ɫɥɨɟɦ ɤɟɪɨɫɢɧɚ ɢɥɢ
ɢɧɟɪɬɧɵɯɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɟɣ"
13. Ʉɚɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜɚ1-ɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵɛ 2-ɣɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɫ
ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɨɝɨɧɨɦɟɪɚ"
14. Ʉɚɤɢɟɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɧɵɟɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɳɟɥɨɱɧɵɟɦɟɬɚɥɥɵɩɪɢɝɨ
ɪɟɧɢɢɧɚɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ"Ʉɚɤɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɟɨɤɫɢɞɵɳɟɥɨɱɧɵɯɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ" Ʉɚ
ɤɢɟɨɬɥɢɱɢɹɜɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɯɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɯɢɦɟɸɬɫɹɞɥɹɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ2-ɣɝɪɭɩɩɵ"
15. ɑɟɦ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɵɯ
ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜɢɢɯɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ"ɉɪɢɜɟɞɢɬɟɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɳɢɟɜɬɨɦɢɜɞɪɭ
ɝɨɦɫɥɭɱɚɟ
16. Ʉɚɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ ɜ ɪɹɞɚɯ ɚ /L2+ – CsOH;
ɛȼɟɈɇ
– ȼɚɈɇ2"ɑɟɦɷɬɨɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ"
2
17. Ɉɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɣɬɟɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ s-ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜɤ ɜɨɞɟɄɚɤ ɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹɢɧɬɟɧ
ɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɫɧɟɣɜɪɚɦɤɚɯɨɞɧɨɣɩɨɞɝɪɭɩɩɵ"Ɉɬɜɟɬɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɞɢɬɟ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɢɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹɦɢɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ
18. ȼ ɤɚɤɢɯɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɬɪɟɚɤɰɢɢɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɳɟɥɨɱɧɵɯ ɦɟ
ɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɫɚɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɨɦɛɝɚɥɨɝɟɧɚɦɢ ɜ ɫɟɪɨɣɝɚɡɨɬɨɦ" Ɉɬɜɟɬɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɞɢɬɟ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɢɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹɦɢɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ.
19. Ʉɚɤɢɟɫɨɥɢɚɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ 1-ɣɝɪɭɩɩɵɛɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ2-ɣɝɪɭɩɩɵɩɨɞɜɟɪ
ɝɚɸɬɫɹɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɭɜɜɨɞɧɵɯɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɯ"ɇɚɩɢɲɢɬɟɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ
48
ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɚɜɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣɢ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨ-ɢɨɧɧɨɣɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɢɭɤɚɠɢɬɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɸ
ɫɪɟɞɵ
20. Ʉɚɤɨɜɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟs-ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜɤɚɤɢɫɥɨɬɚɦ-ɧɟɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɹɦɛɤɢɫ
ɥɨɬɚɦ-ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɹɦ"Ɉɬɜɟɬɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɞɢɬɟɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹɦɢɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ
21. ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɤɚɤɢɯɫɨɥɟɣɜɜɨɞɟɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɟɟɠɟɫɬɤɨɫɬɶ"
22. Ʉɚɤɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɨɜɨɬɦɚɝɧɢɹɤɛɚ
ɪɢɸ"
23. Ʉɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɫɨɞɟɪɠɚ
ɳɢɯɫɨɥɟɣɨɬɦɚɝɧɢɹɤɛɚɪɢɸ"
24. Ⱦɥɹɤɚɤɢɯɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɵɯɫɨɥɟɣ"
25 ɇɚɩɢɲɢɬɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɫɭɳɟ
ɫɬɜɢɬɶɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ
Ca ĺCaO ĺCa(OH)
ĺCaCO3 ĺCaO ĺCa.
2
49
3 ɪ-ɗɅȿɆȿɇɌɕ-ɆȿɌȺɅɅɕ
ɉɪɨɫɬɵɟɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹɪ-ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɛɨɥɶɲɨɟɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚ
ɡɢɟɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɢɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɌɚɤ ɫɪɟɞɢɩɪɨɫɬɵɯɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɪ-ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ
ɜ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɢɝɚɡɵ
Ɍɜɟɪɞɵɟɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɜɫɜɨɸɨɱɟɪɟɞɶɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜɩɨɥɭɩɪɨɜɨɞ
ɧɢɤɨɜɢɧɟɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜɉɪɢɷɬɨɦɨɞɧɨɢɬɨɠɟɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨɱɚɫɬɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬɜɧɟ
ɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯɮɨɪɦɚɯɤɚɤɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪɫɟɪɚɞɥɹɤɨɬɨɪɨɣɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɞɜɟɚɥɥɨɬɪɨɩɧɵɟ
ɦɨɞɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɪɨɦɛɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ D-ɫɟɪɚ ɦɨɧɨɤɥɢɧɧɚɹ E-ɫɟɪɚ ɢ ɚɦɨɪɮɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ
ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹɫɟɪɚȾɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɪɟɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɨɣɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢɩɪɨɫɬɵɯɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɢɫɨ
ɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣɪ-ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɨ ɲɢɪɨɤ ɨɧ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɫɢɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɣ ɨɤɢɫɥɢ
ɬɟɥɶɮɬɨɪ)
ɢɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɢɧɟɪɬɧɨɟɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨɧɟɨɧ NɟɌɚɤɨɟɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟɨɛɭ
2
ɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɦ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟɦ ɪ-ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɵɟ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɧɚ ɚɬɨɦɧɵɯɨɪɛɢɬɚ
ɥɹɯȺɈns ɢ npɚɜɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɧɨɦɧɚɱɢɧɚɹɫɬɪɟɬɶɟɝɨɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ– ɧɚns- np- ɢ
nd-ȺɈɝɞɟɩ – ɧɨɦɟɪɩɟɪɢɨɞɚɜɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭɱɢɫɥɨ
ɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɜ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɬɶ ɬɨ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ
ɪ-ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜɜɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹɯɜɚɪɶɢɪɭɸɬɫɹɨɬ–ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɜɤɚɪɛɢɞɟɜɨɥɶɮɪɚɦɚ
:&ɞɨɤɫɟɧɨɧɜɬɟɬɪɚɨɤɫɢɞɟɤɫɟɧɨɧɚ;H2
ɉɪɢɷɬɨɦɱɟɦɛɨɥɶɲɟɱɢɫɥɨ
4
ɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɵɯɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɜɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɬɟɦɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɟɟɫɬɟɩɟɧɢɟɝɨɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹɜɫɨ
ɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹɯɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɚɹɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɚɬɨɦɚɯɥɨɪɚ&Oɜɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦɫɨɫɬɨɹ
ɧɢɢ – [Ne]3s
ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ–+&OHClOHClO
(ClO
Cl2O7).
3
23p5
ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɧ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬ ɜ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹɯ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ
ClO2HClO3
2
ɉɪɢɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɟɜɝɪɭɩɩɚɯɫɧɢɡɭɜɜɟɪɯ ɚ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚɯ– ɫɥɟɜɚɧɚɩɪɚɜɨɦɟɬɚɥ
ɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɨɫɥɚɛɟɜɚɸɬɢ ɜ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɲɺɬɤɟ ɩɪɨ
ɫɬɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɤɥɚɞ ɤɨɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɯɚɪɚɤ
ɬɟɪɧɚɞɥɹɧɟɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜɉɨɷɬɨɦɭɩɪɢɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɟɤɬɚɤɢɦɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɩɪɨɫɬɵɯɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɨɫɥɚɛɟɜɚɸɬ ɚɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɣɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɤɨɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɵɯ
ɫɜɹɡɟɣɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɤɩɨɬɟɪɟɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨɦɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢɗɥɟɦɟɧɬɵɞɥɹɤɨɬɨɪɵɯɯɚ
ɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɬɚɤɢɟɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɪɟɲɺɬɤɢɢɧɨɝɞɚɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɩɨɥɭɦɟɬɚɥɥɚɦɢȼ
ɉɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɬɚɛɥɢɰɟɨɧɢɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹɜɛɥɢɡɢɝɪɚɧɢɰɵɦɟɠɞɭɦɟɬɚɥɥɚɦɢɢ
ɧɟɦɟɬɚɥɥɚɦɢɪɢɫ1Ʉ ɧɢɦɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪɤɪɟɦɧɢɣɝɟɪɦɚɧɢɣɫɭɪɶɦɭ
ɩɨɥɨɧɢɣɉɪɨɫɬɵɟɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟɢɦ ɱɚɫɬɨɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɪɨ
ɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɶɸɩɨɥɭɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɢɤɨɜɨɝɨɢɥɢɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨɬɢɩɚȽɪɚɧɢɰɚɦɟɠɞɭ ɦɟ
ɬɚɥɥɚɦɢ ɢ ɧɟɦɟɬɚɥɥɚɦɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɚ ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɚɥɥɨɬɪɨɩɧɵɟ ɦɨɞɢɮɢɤɚ
ɰɢɢɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɭ ɦɨɝɭɬɨɛɥɚɞɚɬɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɮɢɡɢɱɟ
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