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ɉɪɢɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜɫɫɟɪɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹɫɭɥɶɮɢɞɵɫɨɥɢɫɟɪɨ
ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɨɣɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ+
2
6
+J6 +J6
Zn + S = ZnS.
ɋɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɨɦ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɟɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ ɫɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦɝɢɞ
ɪɢɞɨɜɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹɫɨɥɟɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɦɢɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ
T
2Na + H
2
1D+
T
Ca + H
2
CaH2 .
ȼɝɢɞɪɢɞɚɯɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɢɦɟɟɬɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ- 1).
Ɇɟɬɚɥɥɵɦɨɝɭɬɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶɢɫɞɪɭɝɢɦɢɧɟɦɟɬɚɥɥɚɦɢɚɡɨɬɨɦɮɨɫ
ɮɨɪɨɦɤɪɟɦɧɢɟɦɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɨɦɫɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɢɬɪɢɞɨɜɮɨɫ
ɮɢɞɨɜɫɢɥɢɰɢɞɨɜɤɚɪɛɢɞɨɜɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ
T
3Mg + N
2
Mg3N2
T
3Ca + 2P
Ca3P2
T
2Mg + Si
Mg2Si
T
4Al + 3C
Al4C3.
Ɇɟɬɚɥɥɵɦɨɝɭɬɬɚɤɠɟɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶɦɟɠɞɭɫɨɛɨɣɫɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ
ɢɧɬɟɪɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ
2Mg + Cu = Mg
&X
2
2Na + Sb = Na
2
Sb.
ɂɧɬɟɪɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɞɚɦɢɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ
ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɦɵɟɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɦɵɦɢɨɛɵɱɧɨɤ ɦɟ
ɬɚɥɥɚɦ
21
1.5ȼɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜɫɜɨɞɨɣ
ȼɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɫɜɨɞɨɣ– ɷɬɨɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ-ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɦɟɬɚɥɥ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɟɦ ɚ ɜɨɞɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɪɨɥɶ
ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɹɊɟɚɤɰɢɹɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬɩɨɫɯɟɦɟ
Me + nH
O = Me(OH)n + nH2.
2
ɋɜɨɞɨɣɩɪɢɨɛɵɱɧɵɯɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬɳɟɥɨɱɧɵɟɢ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɨɡɟ
ɦɟɥɶɧɵɟɦɟɬɚɥɥɵɫɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɯɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɣɢɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ
2Na + 2H
O = 2NaOH + H2
2
Ca + 2H
O = Ca(OH)2 + H2 .
2
Ɇɚɝɧɢɣɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɟɬɫɜɨɞɨɣɩɪɢɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɢ
T
Mg + 2H
O
Mg(OH)2 + H2 .
2
ɀɟɥɟɡɨɢɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɞɪɭɝɢɟɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɟɦɟɬɚɥɥɵɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬɫɝɨɪɹɱɢɦ
ɜɨɞɹɧɵɦɩɚɪɨɦ
T
3Fe + 4H
O
Fe3O4 + 4H2 .
2
Ɇɟɬɚɥɥɵɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɵ ɧɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɫ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɗɬɨ d-ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɤɪɨɦɟ Cd d-ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɢ Cu
(3d-ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ
1.5ȼɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜɫɤɢɫɥɨɬɚɦɢ
ɉɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɭ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ
ɦɨɠɧɨɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶɧɚɞɜɟɝɪɭɩɩɵ
Ʉɢɫɥɨɬɵ-ɧɟɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɢ ɯɥɨɪɨɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɫɨɥɹɧɚɹ HCl ɛɪɨɦɨɜɨɞɨ
ɪɨɞɧɚɹ HBr ɢɨɞɨɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɚɹ HIɮɬɨɪɨɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɚɹHF ɭɤɫɭɫɧɚɹ
(CH
COOH ɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɟɪɧɚɹ H2SO4
3
(H
3PO4 ɪɚɡɛ
).
Ʉɢɫɥɨɬɵ-ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɢ ɚɡɨɬɧɚɹ HNO
ɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹɫɟɪɧɚɹH
2SO4 ɤɨɧɰ
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹɫɟɥɟɧɨɜɚɹH2SeO
ɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɨɪɬɨɮɨɫɮɨɪɧɚɹ
ɪɚɡɛ
ɜ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧ
3
ɤɨɧɰ
).
22
ȼɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɫ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚɦɢ-ɧɟɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ Ɉɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ
+
ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɢɨɧɚɦɢ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ H
ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ-ɧɟɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ
ɛɨɥɟɟɷɧɟɪɝɢɱɧɨ ɱɟɦɜɜɨɞɟ
ȼɫɟɦɟɬɚɥɥɵɢɦɟɸɳɢɟɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɨɝɨɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɧɨ
ɝɨɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚɬ ɟɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɟɫɹɜɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɪɹɞɭɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣɞɨɜɨ
ɞɨɪɨɞɚ ɜɵɬɟɫɧɹɸɬ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞ ɢɡ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ-ɧɟɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɟɣ Ɋɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɩɨ
ɫɯɟɦɟ
Ɇɟ + nH
+
= Men+ + nH2 .
ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ
2Al +6HCl = 2AlCl
+ 3H2
3
Mg + 2CH
COOH = Mg(CH3COO)2 + H2
3
2Ti + 6HCl = 2TiCl
+ 3H2 .
3
ɆɟɬɚɥɥɵɫɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹFeCɨNi ɢɞɪɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɢɨ
ɧɵɜɫɜɨɟɣɧɢɡɲɟɣɫɬɟɩɟɧɢɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹFe
2+
Co2+Ni2+ ɢɞɪɭɝɢɟ
Fe + H
2SO4 (ɪɚɡɛ)
= FeSO4 + H2.
ɉɪɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɫ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚɦɢ-ɧɟɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ
HClHF H
2SO4 ɪɚɡɛ
ɸɳɢɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɬɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɝɨɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹɌɚɤɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɫɜɢɧɰɚɜHCl
H
2SO4 (ɪɚɡɛ
ɩɚɫɫɢɜɢɪɭɟɬɫɹɩɥɨɯɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɦɢɫɨɥɹɦɢPbCl2 ɢPbSO4ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬ
HCN ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹɧɟɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɟɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵɩɪɟɞɨɯɪɚɧɹ
ɢ
ɪɚɡɛ
ɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ
ȼɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɫɤɢɫɥɨɬɚɦɢ-ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɹɦɢɋɟɪɧɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ
ɜɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɦɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ– ɫɥɚɛɵɣɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɚɜɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ– ɨɱɟɧɶ
ɫɢɥɶɧɵɣ Ɉɤɢɫɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ
H
2SO4 ɤɨɧɰ
ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɜɵɲɟ ɱɟɦ ɢɨɧɚH
ɞɟɪɠɢɬɫɹ ɦɚɥɨ ɢɨɧɨɜ H
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɚɧɢɨɧɨɦ SO
+
+
Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨɜ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣH2SO4 ɫɨ
ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɨɧɚ ɫɥɚɛɨ
ɢɨɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɚɉɨɷɬɨɦɭɩɪɢɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜɫH
2
ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ
4
2SO4 ɤɨɧɰ
ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɟ
ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɊɟɚɝɢɪɭɹɫɦɟɬɚɥɥɚɦɢɤɚɤɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶH
ɨɤɫɢɞɫɟɪɵIV) (SO
S ɢɥɢH
2
S
ɚɩɪɢɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢɫɫɢɥɶɧɵɦɢɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ– ɜ
2
2SO4 ɤɨɧɰ
ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬɱɚɳɟɜɫɟɝɨɜ
Me + H
2SO4 (ɤɨɧɰ)
o Me2(SO4)n + H2O + SO2 6+2S).
23
Ⱦɥɹ ɭɞɨɛɫɬɜɚɡɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣɪɹɞ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟ
ɪɹɞɭ
ɪ
ɧɢɣɤɨɬɨɪɵɣɜɵɝɥɹɞɢɬɬɚɤ
/L5E.&V%D6U&D1D0J%H$O0Q=Q&U)H&G&R1L6Q3E+
&X+J$J3W$X.
ȼ ɬɚɛɥ 1.7 ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ
ɫɟɪɧɨɣɤɢɫɥɨɬɵɩɪɢɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢɫɦɟɬɚɥɥɚɦɢɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ1.7
ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬɵɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜɫɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣɫɟɪɧɨɣɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ
Ɍɢɩɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ
Ɇɚɥɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɟɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ
ɜ
ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣɩɪɚɜɟɟ)H
Ɇɟɬɚɥɥɵɫɬɨɹɳɢɟɜɪɹɞɭɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ ɦɟɠɞɭAl
ɢCd
Ⱥɤɬɢɜɧɵɟɦɟɬɚɥɥɵɧɚɱɚɥɨɪɹɞɚ
ɧɚɩ
ɹɠɟɧɢɣɩɨAl ɜɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬɵɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ
H
2SO4
SO
ɤɨɧɰ
2
ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɬɪɺɯ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜSO
H
S
2
SH2S
2
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ
Cu + 2H
2SO4 (ɤɨɧɰ.)
= CuSO4 + SO2 + 2H22
Zn + 2H
2SO4 (ɤɨɧɰ.)
= ZnSO4 + SO2 + 2H22
3Zn + 4H
2SO4 (ɤɨɧɰ.)
= 3ZnSO4 + S + 4H22
4Zn + 5H
2SO4 (ɤɨɧɰ.)
= 4ZnSO4 + H2S + 4H22
4Mg + 5H
2SO4 (ɤɨɧɰ.)
= 4MgSO4 + H2S + 4H2O .
Ⱦɥɹɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜɫɪɟɞɧɟɣɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ0Q&U=Q)Hɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ
ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹɡɚɜɢɫɢɬɨɬɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ
Ɉɛɳɚɹ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɹ ɬɚɤɨɜɚ ɱɟɦ ɜɵɲɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ H
ɬɟɦ ɝɥɭɛɠɟ
2SO4
ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ
ɏɨɥɨɞɧɚɹH
2SO4 ɤɨɧɰ
ɩɚɫɫɢɜɢɪɭɟɬɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɦɟɬɚɥɥɵɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪɠɟɥɟɡɨ
ɯɪɨɦɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɣɱɬɨɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɢɬɶɤɢɫɥɨɬɭɜɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɣɬɚɪɟɉɪɢɫɢɥɶ
ɧɨɦɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɢɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹɫɟɪɧɚɹɤɢɫɥɨɬɚɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬɢɫɷɬɢɦɢ
ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚɦɢ
T
2Fe + 6H
2SO4 (ɤɨɧɰ.)
Fe2(SO4)3 + 3SO2 + 6H2O.
24
ȼɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɫ ɚɡɨɬɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ Ɉɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ
ɧɨɫɬɶɚɡɨɬɧɨɣɤɢɫɥɨɬɵɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹɚɧɢɨɧɨɦNO
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɜɵɲɟɱɟɦɢɨɧɨɜH
ɬɚɥɥɨɜɫHNO
ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɟɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹɇɢɬɪɚɬ-ɢɨɧNO
3
+
ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭɩɪɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɦɟ
ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ
3
ɢɦɟɸɳɢɣɜɫɜɨɺɦɫɨ
3
ɫɬɚɜɟɚɡɨɬɜɫɬɟɩɟɧɢɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹɜɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢɨɬɭɫɥɨɜɢɣɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ
ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɨɬ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ
ɞɨɜɨɫɶɦɢɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɜȼɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟɚɧɢɨɧɚNO
ɦɨɠɟɬɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɬɶɫɨɛɪɚɡɨ
3
ɜɚɧɢɟɦɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦɫɯɟɦɚɦ
+ 2H+ + e = NO2 + H22
NO
3
+ 4H+ + 3e = NO + 2H22
NO
3
+ 10H+ + 8e = N2O + 5H22
2NO
3
+ 12H+ + 10e = N2 + 6H22
2NO
3
+ 10H+ + 8e = NH
NO
3
+
+ 3H2O.
4
Ⱥɡɨɬɧɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɢ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɤɨɧ
ɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢɉɪɢ ɩɪɨɱɢɯ ɪɚɜɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɨɛɳɚɹ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɹɬɚɤɨɜɚ ɱɟɦ ɜɵɲɟ
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹHNO
ɬɟɦɦɟɧɟɟɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɨɧɚɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ.
3
Ɉɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɡɨɬɧɨɣɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦɫɦɟɫɢ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜɟɺɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹNO
NON2ON2NH
2
+
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɤɨɬɨɪɵɯɨɩɪɟɞɟ
4
ɥɹɟɬɫɹɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɣɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɹɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣɢɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɟɣɤɢɫɥɨɬɵɋɪɟ
ɞɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɨɤɫɢɞɵ NO
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣHNO
ɱɚɳɟ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹNO2ɚɫɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ– NO.
3
ɢ NOɉɪɢɱɺɦɩɪɢɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢɫ
2
ɍɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ-ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ ɫ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟɦ HNO
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɫɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦɬɨɥɶɤɨɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɟɝɨɫɹɜɛɨɥɶɲɟɦɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ
Me + HNO
o Me(NO3)n + H2O + NO2 (NO122121+
3
+
).
4
ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɩɪɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ HNO
0
(
E
= – B ɜɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢɨɬ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ
2
ZnZn
ɫ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɦ ɰɢɧɤɨɦ
3
ɛɵɬɶɨɩɢɫɚɧɵɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦɢɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ
4Zn + 10HNO
= 4Zn(NO3)2 + N2O + 5H22
3 (ɪɚɡɛ.)
4Zn + 10HNO
3 (ɨɱɟɧɶ ɪɚɡɛ.)
= 4Zn(NO3)2 + NH4NO3 + 3H2O.
25
3
ɋ ɦɚɥɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɦ ɦɟɞɶɸ
0
E
B ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɢɞɭɬ ɩɨ
2
CuCu
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦɫɯɟɦɚɦ
Cu + 4HNO
= Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H22
3 (ɤɨɧɰ)
3Cu + 8HNO
= 3 Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO + 4H2O.
3 (ɪɚɡɛ)
ȼɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣHNO
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɬɫɹɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɜɫɟɦɟɬɚɥɥɵɤɪɨ
3
ɦɟAuIrPtRhTaWZrȺɬɚɤɢɟɦɟɬɚɥɥɵɤɚɤAlBeBiCoCrFeNbNi
PbThUɚɬɚɤɠɟɧɟɪɠɚɜɟɸɳɢɟɫɬɚɥɢɩɚɫɫɢɜɢɪɭɸɬɫɹɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣɫɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ
ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɯɨɤɫɢɞɧɵɯ ɩɥɺɧɨɤ ɩɥɨɬɧɨ ɩɪɢɥɟɝɚɸɳɢɯɤ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɢ
ɡɚɳɢɳɚɸɳɢɯɟɝɨɨɬɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɝɨɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹɈɞɧɚɤɨAl ɢFe ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɬɪɚɫɬɜɨ
ɪɹɬɫɹɩɪɢɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɢɚCr ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɤɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸɞɚɠɟɝɨɪɹɱɟɣHNO
3
T
Fe + 6HNO
Fe(NO3)3 + 3NO2 + 3H2O.
3
Ɇɟɬɚɥɥɵɞɥɹɤɨɬɨɪɵɯɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɜɵɫɨɤɢɟɫɬɟɩɟɧɢɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ
ɫɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣHNO
HNO
ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹɞɨNOɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ
3
ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟɤɢɫɥɨɬɵɉɪɢɷɬɨɦ
3
3Re + 7HNO
= 3HReO4 + 7NO + 2H2O.
3
ȼɨɱɟɧɶɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣHNO
+
ɬɨɥɶɤɨɢɨɧɵ H
ɢNO
ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭɨɱɟɧɶɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɟɧɧɚɹɤɢɫɥɨɬɚa–5 ɜɡɚɢɦɨ
3
ɭɠɟɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵHNO3ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ
3
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬɫAl ɢɧɟɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɢɬɜɪɚɫɬɜɨɪCu ɢɞɪɭɝɢɟɦɚɥɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ
8Al + 30HNO
3 (ɨɱɟɧɶ ɪɚɡɛ.)
= 8Al(NO3)3 + 3NH4NO3 + 9H2O.
ɋɦɟɫɶɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯɚɡɨɬɧɨɣɢɫɨɥɹɧɨɣɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹɰɚɪ
ɫɤɨɣɜɨɞɤɨɣɈɧɚɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɟɬAu ɢɩɥɚɬɢɧɨɜɵɟɦɟɬɚɥɥɵPdPtOsRuɊɚɫɬɜɨ
ɪɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɦeɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɜ ɰɚɪɫɤɨɣ ɜɨɞɤɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɬɟɪɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠ
ɧɵɦɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸȻɨɥɶɲɚɹɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɪɟɚɤɰɢɢɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚ
ɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɦɫɹɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɯɥɨɪɨɦ Cl
ɢ ɧɢɬɪɨɡɢɥɯɥɨɪɢɞɨɦ NOCl ɚɤ
2
ɬɢɜɧɨɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɢɫɦɟɬɚɥɥɚɦɢ
HNO
+ 3HCl = Cl2 + NOCl + 2H22
3
Au + HNO
+ 4HCl = H[AuCl4] + NO + 2H2O.
3 (ɤɨɧɰ.)
26
ɍɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ HNO3 ɢɜ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɤɨɦ
ɩɥɟɤɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣɧɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬɨɱɟɧɶɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨ
1.5ȼɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜɫɨɳɟɥɨɱɚɦɢɢɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ
ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ
ȼɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɨ ɳɟɥɨɱɚɦɢ ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ %H $O =Q 6Q 3E
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɚɦɮɨɬɟɪɧɵɟ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɵ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɫ ɪɚɫɬɜɨ
ɪɚɦɢ ɳɟɥɨɱɟɣ Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɨ
ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɜ
Be + 2NaOH + 2H
O = Na2[Be(OH)4] + H2
2
2Al + 2NaOH + 6H2O = 2Na[Al(OH)4] + 3H2 .
ȼɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɫ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɦɟɧɟɟɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɚɤ
ɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬɫ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ
ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ
Fe
+ 2Al = Al2O3 + 2Fe
2O3
TiCl4 + 2Mg = Ti + 2MgCl2 .
ȼɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɫɫɨɥɹɦɢɦɟɧɟɟɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜɆɟɬɚɥɥɵɫɬɨɹɳɢɟ
ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɪɹɞɭɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ ɥɟɜɟɟɦɟɬɚɥɥɚɜɯɨɞɹɳɟɝɨɜɜɢɞɟɤɚɬɢɨ
ɧɚɜɫɨɫɬɚɜɫɨɥɢɜɵɬɟɫɧɹɸɬɷɬɨɬɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɡɜɨɞɧɵɯɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜɢɯɫɨɥɟɣɇɚɩɪɢ
ɦɟɪ
Cu + Hg(NO
= Hg + Cu(NO3)2
3)2
Fe + CuSO
= Cu + FeSO4 .
4
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵɪɟɲɟɧɢɹɡɚɞɚɱ
Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ . ɇɚɩɢɲɢɬɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɥɟɞɭɸ
ɳɢɦɢɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ
ɚɠɟɥɟɡɨɦɢɫɨɥɹɧɨɣɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ
ɛɦɚɝɧɢɟɦɢɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣɫɟɪɧɨɣɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ
ɜɠɟɥɟɡɨɦɢɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣɚɡɨɬɧɨɣɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ
27
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ. ɚȼɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɫɫɨɥɹɧɨɣɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣɨɛɪɚ
ɡɭɟɬɫɹɯɥɨɪɢɞɠɟɥɟɡɚII) ɢɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹɜɨɞɨɪɨɞ
Fe + 2HCl = FeCl
+ H2Ĺ.
2
ɛɉɪɢɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢɦɚɝɧɢɹɫɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣɫɟɪɧɨɣɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣɨɛ
ɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɦɚɝɧɢɹɜɨɞɚɢɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹɫɟɪɧɨɣɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ– ɫɟ
ɪɨɜɨɞɨɪɨɞ
4Mg + 5H
2SO4 (ɤɨɧɰ)
= 4MgSO4 + H2S + 4H2O.
ɜɀɟɥɟɡɨɫɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣɚɡɨɬɧɨɣɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɧɢɬɪɚɬɠɟɥɟɡɚ,,,ɢ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɚɡɨɬɧɨɣɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬɨɬ ɤɨɧɰɟɧ
ɬɪɚɰɢɢɤɢɫɥɨɬɵɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ
Fe + 4HNO
= Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 2H2O.
3
ɁɚɞɚɱɚɁɚɩɢɫɚɬɶɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹɪɟɚɤɰɢɣɫɩɨɦɨɳɶɸɤɨɬɨɪɵɯɦɨɠɧɨɨɫɭɳɟ
ɫɬɜɢɬɶɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ
o Cu o Cu(NO3)2 o Cu(OH)2 o CuO o CuSO4 .
CuSO
4
ɊɟɲɟɧɢɟɆɟɞɶɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹɩɪɢɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɢɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɚɦɟɞɢIIɛɨɥɟɟ
ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɦɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɦɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪɰɢɧɤɨɦ
CuSO
+ Zn = ZnSO4 + Cu.
4
ɉɪɢɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɚɡɨɬɧɨɣɤɢɫɥɨɬɵɦɟɞɶɩɪɟ
ɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹɜɧɢɬɪɚɬɦɟɞɢII
ɋu + 4HNO3
= Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2Ĺ ɇ2Ɉ
ɤɨɧɰ
ɉɪɢɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢɧɚɧɢɬɪɚɬɦɟɞɢIIɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚNaOH ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞ
ɦɟɞɢII
Cu(NO3)2 + 2NaOH = Cu(OH)2Ļ+ 2NaNO3.
ɉɪɢɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɦɟɞɢIIɪɚɡɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ
Cu(OH)2 = CuO ɇ2Ɉ
28
5. ɉɪɢɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢɧɚɨɤɫɢɞɦɟɞɢII) ɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚH2SO4 ɨɛɪɚɡɭ
ɟɬɫɹɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɦɟɞɢII
CuO + H
= CuSO4 + H2O.
2SO4
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɟɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ
Ʉɚɤɢɟɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɞɥɹɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ"
Ʉɚɤɨɜɵɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ"
ɑɬɨɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɨɣɹɱɟɣɤɨɣ"
4Ʉɚɤɢɟɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɞɥɹɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ"
Ɉɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɣɬɟɩɨɥɢɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɟɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ
6ɉɪɢɜɟɞɢɬɟɩɪɢɦɟɪɵɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹs-p-d-ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ
7ȼɤɚɤɨɦɜɢɞɟɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹɜɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ"
8ȼɱɺɦɨɬɥɢɱɢɟɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɚɨɬɝɨɪɧɨɣɩɨɪɨɞɵ"
9ɑɬɨɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɟɣ"
10Ʉɚɤɢɟɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɢɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟɱɚɫɬɨɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɩɪɢɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɢɩɢɪɨɦɟ
ɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨɦɟɬɨɞɚɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ"
11ɑɬɨɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɬɟɪɦɢɟɣ"
12Ʉɚɤɨɣɦɟɬɨɞɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹɝɢɞɪɨɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ"
13ɉɪɢɜɟɞɢɬɟɩɪɢɦɟɪɵɪɟɚɤɰɢɣɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜɫɩɪɨɫɬɵɦɢɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ
14. ɇɚɩɢɲɢɬɟɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹɪɟɚɤɰɢɣɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɤɚɥɢɹɫɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɨɦɢɜɨɞɨɣ
15. ɇɚɩɢɲɢɬɟɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟɪɟɚɤɰɢɢɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɤɚɥɶɰɢɹɫɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɦɚɡɨ
ɬɨɦ
16Ʉɚɤɢɟɦɟɬɚɥɥɵɢɡɩɪɢɜɟɞɺɧɧɵɯɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɸɬɫɜɨɞɨɣɩɪɢɨɛɵɱɧɵɯɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ
%D/L&X$J1L"ɉɪɢɜɟɞɢɬɟɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ
17Ʉɚɤɢɟɢɡɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜɛɭɞɭɬɪɟɚɝɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɟɪɧɨɣ
ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣɫɟɪɟɛɪɨɦɟɞɶɰɢɧɤɠɟɥɟɡɨɯɪɨɦ"Ɂɚɩɢɲɢɬɟɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ
18 Ʉɚɤɢɟ ɢɡ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ
ɚɡɨɬɧɨɣɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣɠɟɥɟɡɨɡɨɥɨɬɨɰɢɧɤɦɟɞɶɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɣ"Ɂɚɩɢɲɢɬɟɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ
ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ
19. ɇɚɩɢɲɢɬɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɰɢɧɤɚ ɫ ɯɥɨɪɨɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɨɣ
ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣɢɫɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɚɧɚɬɪɢɹ
20. ɇɚɩɢɲɢɬɟɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹɪɟɚɤɰɢɣɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɫɟɪɟɛɪɚɫɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɢ
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣɚɡɨɬɧɨɣɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ Ɋɚɫɫɬɚɜɶɬɟ ɫɬɟɯɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢ
ɰɢɟɧɬɵɦɟɬɨɞɨɦɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɚ
29
2s-ɗɅȿɆȿɇɌɕ-ɆȿɌȺɅɅɕ
Ʉ s-ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦ-ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ 1-ɨɣ ɥɢɬɢɣɧɚɬɪɢɣ ɤɚɥɢɣ
ɪɭɛɢɞɢɣɰɟɡɢɣɮɪɚɧɰɢɣɢ2-ɨɣ ɛɟɪɢɥɥɢɣɦɚɝɧɢɣɤɚɥɶɰɢɣɫɬɪɨɧɰɢɣɛɚɪɢɣ
ɪɚɞɢɣɝɪɭɩɩɉɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɫɢɫɬɟɦɵɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜȾ ɂɆɟɧɞɟɥɟɟɜɚɈɧɢɢɦɟɸɬ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɭɸ ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɸ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ns
ɢɥɢ ns
2
(2 ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɱɬɨ ɨɛɭɫɥɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɢɯ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟɦ
1
(1 ɝɪɭɩɩɚ
ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɣɩɪɟɞɜɧɟɲɧɟɣɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɣɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹɧɢɡɤɢɟɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ
ɢɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɚɬɨɦɨɜs-ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɚɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɟ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɨɧɨɜ
(+1) ɞɥɹɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ-ɨɣɝɪɭɩɩɵɢ(+2) ɞɥɹɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ 2-ɨɣɝɪɭɩɩɵɂɡ-ɡɚɫɜɨɟɣ
ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ s-ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ
ɜɢɞɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣɫ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟɦɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟ
ɲɟɬɤɢɱɬɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɢ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɹɚ ɬɚɤɠɟɜ
ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟɫɥɭɱɚɟɜɢɯɨɪɨɲɭɸɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɶɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣs-ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜɜɜɨ
ɞɟȼɫɜɹɡɢɫɬɟɦɱɬɨs-ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵɛɭɪɧɨɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɸɬɫɜɨɞɨɣɫɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɝɢɞ
ɪɨɤɫɢɞɨɜɢɯɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɬɨɥɶɤɨɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɡɨɦɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɚɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭ
ɸɳɟɣɫɨɥɢɢɥɢɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɚ.
2ɗɥɟɦɟɧɬɵɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ
ȼ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɝɪɭɩɩɭ ɉɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɥɢɬɢɣ
ɧɚɬɪɢɣɤɚɥɢɣ ɪɭɛɢɞɢɣɰɟɡɢɣɮɪɚɧɰɢɣɌɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨ ɢɯ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɳɟɥɨɱɧɵɟ
ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵɬ ɤɩɪɢɢɯɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢɫɜɨɞɨɣɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɟɝɢɞɪɨɤ
ɫɢɞɵ – ɳɟɥɨɱɢɎɪɚɧɰɢɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɦ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɦɜɡɟɦɧɨɣɤɨɪɟɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɧɟɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɟɬɫɹȿɝɨɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟɞɨɥɝɨɠɢ
ɜɭɳɢɣɢɡɨɬɨɩ
223
Fr ɢɦɟɟɬɩɟɪɢɨɞɩɨɥɭɪɚɫɩɚɞɚɦɢɧ
Ⱥɬɨɦɵɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ-ɣɝɪɭɩɩɵɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɨɞɢɧ s-ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɚɜɧɟɲɧɟɦɷɧɟɪ
ɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭɪɨɜɧɟns
1
). ɉɨɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸɫɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɢɞɪɭɝɢɯɝɪɭɩɩ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ
1-ɣɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɢɣɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɚɬɨɦɚɢ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɶɲɭɸɷɧɟɪɝɢɸɢɨɧɢɡɚ
ɰɢɢɱɬɨɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɢɯɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟɫɢɥɶɧɨɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɟɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹɫɜɟɪɯɭɜɧɢɡɩɨ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɬɚɛɥ2.1). Ɋɚɞɢɭɫɚɬɨɦɨɜ ɳɟɥɨɱ
ɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɜ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɫɜɟɪɯɭ ɜɧɢɡ ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɳɟ
ɥɨɱɧɵɯɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜɦɚɥɚɜ ɢɯɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹɯɫɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɝɚɥɨɝɟɧɚɦɢɚɡɨɬɨɦɢɞɪɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬɢɨɧɧɵɣɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɫɜɹɡɢ
30
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