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ɊɢɫɆɨɞɟɥɶɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵɬɟɬɪɚɤɚɪɛɨɧɢɥɚɧɢɤɟɥɹ
46ɆɟɞɶZ
ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɹ ɚɬɨɦɚ ɦɟɞɢ >Ar]3d
104s1
Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ
ɦɟɞɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɭ ɢɡɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɬɨɦɚ Cu ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɝɨ
3d-ɩɨɞɭɪɨɜɧɹɤɨɬɨɪɚɹɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬɫɹɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ©ɩɪɨɜɚɥɚª ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɞɜɭɯɷɥɟɤɬɪɨ
ɧɨɜ 4s-ɩɨɞɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɧɚ d-ɩɨɞɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ Ɂɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɩɨɞɭɪɨɜɧɹ
ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸɢɧɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɶɦɟɞɢɍɦɟɞɢɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱ
ɧɨɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ-ɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɢɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɷȼ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɤɚɥɢɟɦ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɢɦɟɸɳɟɦɧɚs-ɩɨɞɭɪɨɜɧɟɨɞɢɧɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟɱɚɫɬɨɦɟɞɶɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɬɟ
ɩɟɧɢɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹȼɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟɜɪɟɦɹɫɢɧɬɟɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɵɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹɝɞɟ
ɦɟɞɶɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɬɟɩɟɧɢɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹȼɜɨɞɧɵɯɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɯɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ
ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɣɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹɦɟɞɢɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
4.6ɇɚɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟɜɩɪɢɪɨɞɟɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟɢɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ
ɇɚɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟɜɩɪɢɪɨɞɟɆɟɞɶ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɦɚɥɨɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɵɦ ɷɥɟ
ɦɟɧɬɚɦȿɺɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɜɡɟɦɧɨɣɤɨɪɟ ɦɚɫɫȼɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɟɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɟ
ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɵ ɦɟɞɢ ɯɚɥɶɤɨɩɢɪɢɬ CuFeS
O ɦɚɥɚɯɢɬ (CuOH)2CO3 ɚɡɭɪɢɬ Cu3(OH)2CO3 ɂɧɨɝɞɚ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɚɦɨ
Cu
2
ɯɚɥɶɤɨɡɢɧ Cu2S ɤɨɜɟɥɢɧ CuS ɤɭɩɪɢɬ
2
ɪɨɞɧɚɹɦɟɞɶ
ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɉɨɫɥɟ ɨɛɨɝɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɪɭɞɵ ɢɡ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɬɚ CuFeS
FeS2 ɢ FeS
2
ɜɵɠɢɝɚɸɬɱɚɫɬɶɫɟɪɵɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣɨɛɠɢɝ
2CuFeS2 + O2
T
Cu2S + 2FeS + SO2
T
2FeS
+ 5O2
2
2FeO + 4SO2
T
2FeS + 3O
2FeO + 2SO2.
2
111
ɇɚɷɬɨɣɫɬɚɞɢɢɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹɫɦɟɫɶCu2SFeS ɢFeOȾɚɥɟɟ ɤɷɬɨɣ
ɫɦɟɫɢɞɥɹɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹɨɤɫɢɞɚɠɟɥɟɡɚIIɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬɤɪɟɦɧɟɡɟɦSiO
2
T
FeO + SiO
2
FeSiO3.
ɈɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɣɫɹɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɥɟɝɤɢɣɫɢɥɢɤɚɬɠɟɥɟɡɚII) – ɲɥɚɤ– ɜɫɩɥɵɜɚ
ɟɬɧɚɜɟɪɯɢɟɝɨɭɞɚɥɹɸɬɢɡɩɟɱɢɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨ
ɁɚɬɟɦɜɤɨɧɜɟɪɬɟɪɟɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɜɵɠɢɝɚɸɬɫɟɪɭɢɡFeS
T
2FeS + 3O
2FeO + 2SO
2
2
ɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɢɡ Cu
S
2
T
2Cu
S + 3O2
2
2 Cu2O + 2SO2.
Ⱦɚɥɟɟɦɟɞɶɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹɩɨɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ
2Cu
O + Cu2S = 6Cu + SO2.
2
ɉɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɚɹɧɚ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ©ɱɟɪɧɚɹ ɦɟɞɶª ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ –95 ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ
ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚɑɢɫɬɭɸɦɟɞɶɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬɩɭɬɟɦɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨɪɚɮɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɆɟɞɶɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɜɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦɜɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɬɟɯɧɢɤɟɞɥɹɢɡɝɨɬɨɜ
ɥɟɧɢɹɦɟɞɧɵɯɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜɢɜɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɢɞɥɹɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹɫɩɥɚɜɨɜɫɞɪɭɝɢɦɢɦɟ
ɬɚɥɥɚɦɢ ɂɡ ɦɟɞɢ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɨɣ
ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɢɢɡɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟɞɟɬɚɥɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɢɤɨɜɜɚɤɭɭɦɧɵɯ
ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɨɜɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜɞɥɹɩɟɪɟɤɚɱɤɢɦɚɫɟɥɢɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ
Ʉ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟɜɚɠɧɵɦɫɩɥɚɜɚɦɦɟɞɢɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹɛɪɨɧɡɵɥɚɬɭɧɢɦɟɥɶɯɢɨɪ
Ȼɪɨɧɡɚ – ɷɬɨɫɩɥɚɜɦɟɞɢɫɤɚɤɢɦ-ɥɢɛɨ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɦɡɚɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ
ɰɢɧɤɚ ɢ ɧɢɤɟɥɹ ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵ ɨɥɨɜɹɧɧɵɟ ɛɪɨɧɡɵ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ
ɨɤɨɥɨ–20 ɨɥɨɜɚȻɪɨɧɡɚ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɞɥɹɨɬɥɢɜɤɢ ɤɨɥɨɤɨɥɨɜɫɤɭɥɶɩɬɭɪɦɟɞɚ
ɥɟɣȾɨɛɚɜɤɢɰɢɧɤɚɫɜɢɧɰɚɮɨɫɮɨɪɚɩɨɜɵɲɚɸɬɭɩɪɭɝɨɫɬɶɚɧɬɢɮɪɢɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ
ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶɨɥɨɜɹɧɧɵɯɛɪɨɧɡɂɡɬɚɤɢɯɫɩɥɚɜɨɜɢɡɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬɥɟɧ
ɬɵɢɩɨɥɨɫɵɞɥɹɩɪɭɠɢɧɢɞɟɬɚɥɟɣɦɚɲɢɧɲɟɫɬɟɪɺɧɨɤɡɭɛɱɚɬɵɯɤɨɥɺɫɜɬɭɥɨɤ
ɢɩɪɨɤɥɚɞɨɤɞɥɹɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɟɣɢɬɪɚɤɬɨɪɨɜȺɥɸɦɢɧɢɟɜɵɟɛɪɨɧɡɵɫɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢ
ɟɦɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ ɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɨɱɟɧɶɫɬɨɣɤɢɧɚɜɨɡɞɭɯɟɢɜɦɨɪɫɤɨɣɜɨɞɟȻɟɪɢɥ
ɥɢɟɜɵɟɛɪɨɧɡɵɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɛɟɪɢɥɥɢɹɞɨ ɢɞɭɬ ɧɚ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɟɩɪɭɠɢɧɜ
ɱɚɫɨɜɵɯɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚɯɩɪɢɛɨɪɚɯɚɬɚɤɠɟɦɟɦɛɪɚɧ
112
Ʌɚɬɭɧɢ – ɷɬɨɦɟɞɧɨ-ɰɢɧɤɨɜɵɟɫɩɥɚɜɵɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟɞɨ ɰɢɧɤɚȼɤɚɱɟ
ɫɬɜɟɥɟɝɢɪɭɸɳɢɯɞɨɛɚɜɨɤɜ ɧɢɯɜɜɨɞɹɬɦɚɪɝɚɧɟɰɫɜɢɧɟɰɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɣɢɞɪɅɚ
ɬɭɧɢ ɞɟɲɟɜɥɟɛɪɨɧɡ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɨɣ
ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶɸɂɡɧɢɯɢɡɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬɬɪɭɛɵɤɪɚɧɵɜɟɧɬɢɥɢɝɢɥɶɡɵɩɚɬɪɨɧɨɜ
Ɇɟɥɶɯɢɨɪ – ɦɟɞɧɨ-ɧɢɤɟɥɟɜɵɣɫɩɥɚɜ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɣ–33 ɧɢɤɟɥɹɈɧ ɨɬ
ɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹɜɵɫɨɤɨɣɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɨɣɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶɸɩɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸɤɜɨɞɹɧɨɦɭɩɚ
ɪɭɦɨɪɫɤɨɣɜɨɞɟɳɟɥɨɱɚɦȿɝɨɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɜɩɪɢɛɨɪɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɢɞɥɹɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟ
ɧɢɹɫɬɨɥɨɜɨɣɩɨɫɭɞɵ
ɆɟɞɶɫɥɭɠɢɬɨɫɧɨɜɨɣɦɨɧɟɬɧɵɯɫɩɥɚɜɨɜȼɊɨɫɫɢɢɪɚɡɦɟɧɧɵɟɦɨɧɟɬɵɫɨ
ɫɬɨɹɬɢɡɫɩɥɚɜɚ % Cu ɢ % Al ɠɟɥɬɵɟɚɬɚɤɠɟɢɡɫɩɥɚɜɚ % Cu ɢ %
Ni ɛɟɥɵɟ
4.6ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ
ȼɜɢɞɟɩɪɨɫɬɨɝɨɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɟɞɶ– ɨɱɟɧɶɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɵɣɜɹɡɤɢɣɯɨɪɨɲɨɬɹɧɭ
ɳɢɣɫɹɜɩɪɨɜɨɥɨɤɭɛɥɟɫɬɹɳɢɣɦɟɬɚɥɥɤɪɚɫɧɨɝɨɰɜɟɬɚɆɟɞɶɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬɨɞɧɨɣɢɡ
ɫɚɦɵɯɜɵɫɨɤɢɯɫɪɟɞɢɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜɢɬɟɩɥɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɶɸɢɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɩɪɨɜɨ
ɞɢɦɨɫɬɶɸɆɟɬɚɥɥɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɭɟɬɫɹɜɝɪɚɧɟɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣɤɭɛɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɪɟɲɟɬ
ɤɟɁɚɫɱɟɬɭɱɚɫɬɢɹɜɫɜɹɡɹɯs- ɢd-ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɜɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦɟɞɢɡɧɚ
ɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɜɵɲɟɱɟɦɭɳɟɥɨɱɧɵɯɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ
ȼɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɫɩɪɨɫɬɵɦɢɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɹɦɢɆɟɞɶɜɫɬɭɩɚɟɬɜɪɟɚɤɰɢɸɫ
ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɨɦɞɚɜɚɹɩɪɢɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɢɞɨɋɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɨɤɫɢɞɦɟɞɢII)
ɋuɈ
T
2Cu + O2
2CuO
ɚ ɩɪɢɛɨɥɟɟɜɵɫɨɤɨɣɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ– ɋu2Ɉ
ɋ ɚɡɨɬɨɦ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɨɦ ɢ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɨɦ ɦɟɞɶ ɧɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɨ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ
ɨɤɢɫɥɹɟɬɫɹɜɫɟɦɢɝɚɥɨɝɟɧɚɦɢɩɪɢɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɢ
T
Cu + F2
CuF2
T
Cu + Cl2
CuCl2
T
Cu + Br2
CuBr2.
113
Ɇɟɞɶɩɪɢɧɢɡɤɢɯɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯɧɟɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬɫɮɬɨɪɨɦɢɡ-ɡɚɨɛɪɚɡɨ
ɜɚɧɢɹɩɥɨɬɧɨɣɮɬɨɪɢɞɧɨɣɩɥɟɧɤɢCuF2ɃɨɞɢɞɦɟɞɢCuI2 ɧɟɩɨɥɭɱɟɧ
ȼɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢCO2SO2 ɢɩɚɪɨɜɜɨɞɵɦɟɞɶɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɟɬɫɹɡɟɥɟɧɨɜɚɬɨɣɩɥɟɧ
ɤɨɣɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɨɜɢɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɨɜ
2Cu + O2 + CO2 + H2O = (CuOH)2CO3
8Cu + 5O2 + 2SO2 + 6H2O = 2[CuSO43Cu(OH)2].
ȼɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɫ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚɦɢ ɳɟɥɨɱɚɦɢ Ɇɟɞɶ ɧɟ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɟɬ ɫ
ɜɨɞɨɣ Ɇɟɞɶ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ
0
(
E
2
CuCu
ȼ
0
E
ȼɉɨɷɬɨɦɭɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ-ɧɟɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɢɧɟɜɡɚ
CuCu
ɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬɫɦɟɞɶɸɟɫɥɢɜɫɢɫɬɟɦɭɧɟɜɜɨɞɢɬɫɹɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣɨɤɢɫɥɢ
ɬɟɥɶɢɥɢɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ
Ɇɟɞɶɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɟɬɫɹɜɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣɛɪɨɦɨɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɨɣɤɢɫɥɨɬɟɛɥɚɝɨ
ɞɚɪɹɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸɩɪɨɱɧɨɝɨɛɪɨɦɢɞɧɨɝɨɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚCu (I
ɋu ɇBr ɇ>ɋuBr2@ɇ2Ĺ
Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɯɥɨɪɨɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ ɧɨ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ
ɩɪɢɬɟɯɠɟɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ
Ɇɟɞɶɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬɫɚɡɨɬɧɨɣɢɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣɫɟɪɧɨɣɤɢɫɥɨɬɚɦɢ
Cu + 4HNO
= Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 Ĺ + 2ɇ2Ɉ
3 (ɤɨɧɰ)
3Cu + 8HNO
= 3Cu(NO3)2 + 2NOĹ + 4ɇ2Ɉ
3 (30 %)
ɋu + 2H2SO
= CuSO4 + SO2Ĺ + 2ɇ2Ɉ.
4 (ɤɨɧɰ)
Ɇɟɞɶɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɚɤɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜɢɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɨɜɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɨɜɳɟɥɨɱɧɵɯ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ
ȼɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɫ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹɦɢȼ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ
ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɦɟɞɶ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɜɟɫɬɢ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦɰɢɚɧɢɞɨɜ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɵɯ ɷɥɟ
ɦɟɧɬɨɜɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɋu + 8KCN ɇ2ɈO2 = 2K2[Cu(CN)4] + 4KɈɇ
Ɇɟɞɶɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬɫ ɜɨɞɧɵɦɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦɚɦɦɢɚɤɚɩɪɢɨɛɵɱɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟ
ɪɚɬɭɪɟɧɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨɥɢɲɶɜ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɫɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦɚɦɦɢɚɱɧɨɝɨ
ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ
114
ɋu + 8NH3 + O2 ɇ2Ɉ >Cu(NH3)4@Ɉɇ2.
4.6ȼɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɟɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ
ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹɦɟɞɢ I Ɉɤɫɢɞ ɦɟɞɢI) Cu
O ɢɦɟɟɬ ɤɪɚɫɧɭɸ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɭɢɟɝɨ
2
ɦɨɠɧɨɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɟɦɦɟɞɢɩɪɢɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɦɞɨɫɬɭɩɟɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ
T
4Cu + O2
2Cu2O
ɚɬɚɤɠɟɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟɦɫɨɥɟɣɦɟɞɢIIɜɳɟɥɨɱɧɨɣɫɪɟɞɟɝɢɞɪɚɡɢɧɨɦ
T
4CuSO
+ 8NaOH + N2H4
4
2Cu2O + N2 + 4Na2SO4 + 6H2O.
Ɉɤɫɢɞ ɦɟɞɢ Iɦɨɠɧɨɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶɬɚɤɠɟɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɟɦɷɤɜɢɦɨɥɶɧɵɯɤɨɥɢ
ɱɟɫɬɜCuO ɢCu ɜɜɚɤɭɭɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦɤɜɚɪɰɟɜɨɦɫɨɫɭɞɟɩɪɢɋ
T
CuO + Cu
Cu2O.
Ɉɤɫɢɞ ɦɟɞɢ I ɩɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ ɞɢɫɩɪɨ
ɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɢɪɭɟɬɫɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɦɟɞɢ
Cu
O + H2SO
2
= CuSO4 ɋu ɇ2Ɉ
ɪɚɡɛ
Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹɫɟɪɧɚɹɤɢɫɥɨɬɚɨɤɢɫɥɹɟɬ Cu
O ɞɨɋu (II
2
Cu2O + 3H2SO
= 2CuSO4 + SO2Ĺ + 3ɇ2Ɉ.
4 (ɤɨɧɰ)
Ƚɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞ ɦɟɞɢ I) CuOH ɢɦɟɟɬ ɠɟɥɬɵɣ ɰɜɟɬ ɧɟɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɧɟ
ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚȿɝɨɦɨɠɧɨɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦɳɟɥɨ
ɱɢɧɚɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚH[CuCl
@
2
H[CuCl2] + 2NaOH = CuOHp + 2NaCl + ɇ2Ɉ.
ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹɦɟɞɢII ɈɤɫɢɞɦɟɞɢII) CuO ɱɟɪɧɨɟɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɟɜɟ
ɳɟɫɬɜɨɨɬɳɟɩɥɹɸɳɟɟɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɩɪɢɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟɋ
T
4CuO
2Cu2O + O2Ĺ
115
ȼɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚCuO ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹɩɪɢ °ɋ
T
CuO + H
Cu ɇ2Ɉ.
2
ȼɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟɞɨɦɟɬɚɥɥɚɦɨɠɧɨɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢɬɚɤɠɟɜɬɨɤɟɋɈɢɥɢɩɪɢ
ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɢɫɭɝɥɟɦ
T
CuO + CO
Cu + CO2
T
2CuO + C
2Cu + CO2.
Ɉɤɫɢɞ ɦɟɞɢ II) CuO ɧɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ
ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚɯɢɜɨɞɧɨɦɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɚɦɦɢɚɤɚ
CuO + 2HCl = CuCl
+ H2O
2
CuO + 4 NH
O = [Cu(NH3)4](OH)2.
3H2
ɋ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɦɢ ɳɟɥɨɱɟɣ CuO ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɪɢ
ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɢɨɛɪɚɡɭɹɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɟɬɟɬɪɚɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɨɤɭɩɪɚɬɵIIɫɢɧɟɝɨɰɜɟɬɚ
T
O
CuO + 2NaOH + H
Na2[Cu(OH)4].
2
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɨɤɫɢɞ ɦɟɞɢ II ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɥɚɛɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɭɸ ɚɦɮɨɬɟɪ
ɧɨɫɬɶ
ɉɪɢɫɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɢɫɨɳɟɥɨɱɚɦɢCuO ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɤɭɩɪɚɬɵIIɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɝɨɫɨɫɬɚ
ɜɚɗ
CuO2ɗ2CuO3ɗ&X22.
2
ȽɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɦɟɞɢII) Cu(OH)
– ɩɥɨɯɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɟɜɜɨɞɟɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨɫɢɧɟɝɨ
2
ɰɜɟɬɚɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɸɳɟɟɚɦɮɨɬɟɪɧɵɟɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɫɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɟɦɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ Cu(OH)
ɥɟɝɤɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɟɬɫɹɜɤɢɫɥɨɬɚɯ
Cu(OH)
+ 2HCl = CuCl2 + 2H2O.
2
ȼɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɯɳɟɥɨɱɟɣɨɧɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɟɬɫɹɫɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ
ɹɪɤɨ-ɫɢɧɟɝɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɤɭɩɪɚɬɚIIɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɝɨɫɨɛɨɣɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɨɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ
Cu(OH)
+ 2NaOH = Na2[Cu(OH)4].
2
2
116
ɗɬɨɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬɨɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɢɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɨɦɦɟɞɢIIɫɥɚɛɨɜɵɪɚɠɟɧ
ɧɨɣɚɦɮɨɬɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ
Cu(OH)
ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫ ɜɨɞɧɵɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ ɚɦɦɢɚɤɚ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ
2
ɬɟɦɧɨ-ɫɢɧɟɝɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɚɦɦɢɚɤɚɬɚ
Cu(OH)
+ 4NH3 = [Cu(NH3)4](OH)2 .
2
ɉɪɢɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɢɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɦɟɞɢIIɥɟɝɤɨɨɬɳɟɩɥɹɟɬɜɨɞɭɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɹɫɶɜ
ɨɤɫɢɞɦɟɞɢII
Cu(OH)
T
CuO + 2H2O.
2
ɋɨɥɢɦɟɞɢIIɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɞɥɹɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɨɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯɤɢɫɥɨɬ
ȻɟɡɜɨɞɧɵɣɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɦɟɞɢII) CuSO
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɨɛɨɣɛɟɫɰɜɟɬɧɵɟɤɪɢ
4
ɫɬɚɥɥɵɯɨɪɨɲɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɟɜɜɨɞɟɪɚɡɥɚɝɚɸɳɢɟɫɹɩɪɢ °ɋ
T
2CuSO
2CuO + SO2ĹO2Ĺ.
4
ɂɡ ɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɫɭɥɶɮɚɬ ɦɟɞɢ II ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɝɨɥɭɛɵɯ ɤɪɢ
ɫɬɚɥɥɨɜɩɟɧɬɚɝɢɞɪɚɬɚ – CuSO
ɋɪɟɞɧɢɣɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬCuCO
ɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɳɟɝɨɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɚɇɟɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɣCuCO
ɩɪɢɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɯɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯɫɢɧɬɟɡɢɪɭɸɬɢɡCuO ɢɥɢ ɦɚɥɚɯɢɬɚ Cu
5 H2O ©ɦɟɞɧɵɣɤɭɩɨɪɨɫª
4
ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶɜɜɨɞɧɨɦɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɟɭɞɚɟɬɫɹɢɡ-ɡɚɢɧ
3
ɧɟɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɣ
3
(OH)2CO3
2
ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦɫɭɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɵɦɝɚɡɨɦɩɨɞɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦɤɛɚɪɢ °ɋ
CuO + CO
= CuCO3
2
Cu
(OH)2CO3 + CO2 = 2CuCO3 + H2O.
2
ɉɪɢɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢɧɚɜɨɞɧɵɟɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɵɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɯɫɨɥɟɣɦɟɞɢIIɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɚ
ɧɚɬɪɢɹɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɣɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬ
2CuSO4 + 2Na2CO3 + H2O = Cu2(OH)2CO3p+ CO2n + 2Na2SO4.
ȽɚɥɨɝɟɧɢɞɵCuCl
ɢCuBr2 ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɜ ɜɨɞɟCuF2 ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɟɬɫɹ
2
ɯɭɠɟɂɡɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜɨɧɢɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹɜɜɢɞɟɞɢɝɢɞɪɚɬɨɜɫɢɧɟɝɨɮɬɨɪɢɞɡɟɥɟɧɨ
ɝɨɯɥɨɪɢɞ ɢ ɤɨɪɢɱɧɟɜɨɝɨɛɪɨɦɢɞɰɜɟɬɨɜ
Ƀɨɞɢɞɦɟɞɢ IIɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶɧɟɭɞɚɥɨɫɶɋɢɥɶɧɵɟɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟɫɜɨɣ
ɫɬɜɚɣɨɞɢɞ-ɢɨɧɨɜɞɟɥɚɸɬɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦɢɯɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟɫɢɨɧɚɦɢ Cu
2+
2CuSO4 + 4KI = 2CuI p+ I2 + 2K2SO4.
117
ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹɦɟɞɢIII ɈɤɫɢɞɦɟɞɢIII) Cu2O3 – ɬɜɟɪɞɨɟɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨɝɪɚɧɚ
ɬɨɜɨ-ɤɪɚɫɧɨɝɨ ɰɜɟɬɚ Cu
ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɩɟɪɨɤɫɨɞɢɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɚ ɤɚɥɢɹ ɧɚ
2O3
ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɦɟɞɢIIɜɳɟɥɨɱɧɨɣɫɪɟɞɟ
2Cu(OH)
+ K2S2O8 + 2KOH = Cu2O3p + 2K2SO4 + 3H2O.
2
ɈɤɫɢɞCu
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹɫɢɥɶɧɵɦɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɟɦɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪɨɧɨɤɢɫɥɹɟɬɯɥɨ
2O3
ɪɨɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɭɸɤɢɫɥɨɬɭ
Cu
+ 6HCl = 2CuCl2 + Cl2 + 3H2O.
2O3
ȽɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɦɟɞɢIIIɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɟɧ
Ʉɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɵɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɦ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨɦ ɦɟɞɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ
ɫɬɟɩɟɧɹɯɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ
ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɭ ɦɟɞɢ ɜ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɹɯ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɰɢɚɧɢɞɧɵɟ ɢɚɦɦɢɚɱɧɵɟ
ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɵ
ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪɩɪɢɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɢɜɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɚɦɦɢɚɤɚɨɤɫɢ
ɞɚ ɦɟɞɢ I) ɢ ɝɚɥɨɝɟɧɢɞɨɜ ɦɟɞɢ I ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɚɦɦɢɚɱɧɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɫɜɟɬɥɨɠɟɥɬɨɝɨɰɜɟɬɚ
Cu
O + 4NH3H2O = 2[Cu(NH3)2]OH + 3H22
2
CuCl + 2NH
O = [Cu(NH3)2]Cl + 2H2O.
3H2
ɗɬɨɬɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɦɟɞɢ ɧɟɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɢ ɨɤɢɫɥɹɟɬɫɹɧɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟɞɨ >Cu(NH
3)4
]2+
ɹɪɤɨ-ɫɢɧɟɝɨɰɜɟɬɚ
Ɇɟɞɶ II ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɦ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɭɸ
ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɸd
9
ɂɡɜɟɫɬɧɵ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɵɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɞɢII ɫɨ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨɦ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯɥɢɝɚɧɞɨɜȼɜɨɞɧɵɯɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɯɫɨɥɟɣɦɟɞɢIIɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬɝɟɤɫɚɚɤɜɚɢɨɧ>Cu(H
]2+ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɪɢɞɚɟɬ ɜɨɞɧɵɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɦ ɝɨɥɭɛɨɟ ɨɤɪɚɲɢɜɚɧɢɟ Ɉɧ
2O)6
ɢɦɟɟɬɨɤɬɚɷɞɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɟɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ
ȼɜɨɞɧɵɯɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɯ ɩɪɢɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢɧɚɝɟɤɫɚɚɤɜɚ-ɢɨɧɦɟɞɢIIɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɚɦ
ɦɢɚɤɚɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹɬɟɬɪɚɚɦɦɢɚɤɚɬɦɟɞɢII
[Cu(H
]2+ + 4NH3 = [Cu(NH3)4 (H2O)2]2+ + 4H2O.
2O)6
ɋɨɫɬɚɜ ɬɟɬɪɚɚɦɦɢɚɤɚɬɚ ɦɟɞɢ II ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɨɣ
[Cu(NH
3)4
]2+.
118
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵɪɟɲɟɧɢɹɡɚɞɚɱ
ɁɚɞɚɱɚɁɚɩɢɲɢɬɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹɪɟɚɤɰɢɣɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸɤɨɬɨɪɵɯɦɨɠɧɨɨɫɭ
ɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɶɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ
Cr o CrCl
o CrCl3 o Cr(OH)3 o K2CrO
2
4
ɊɟɲɟɧɢɟɏɥɨɪɢɞɯɪɨɦɚIIɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹɩɪɢɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟ
ɫɤɨɝɨ ɯɪɨɦɚ ɫ ɯɥɨɪɨɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ ɛɟɡ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ
ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪɜɫɪɟɞɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ
Cr + 2HCl = CrCl
+ H2.
2
ȼɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚɢɯɥɨɪɨɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɨɣɤɢɫɥɨɬɵɯɥɨɪɢɞɯɪɨɦɚII)
ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹɜɯɥɨɪɢɞɯɪɨɦɚIII
4CrCl
+ O2 + 4HCl = 4CrCl3 + 2H2O.
2
ɉɪɢ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɤɚɥɢɹ ɯɥɨɪɢɞ ɯɪɨɦɚ III ɩɪɟɜɪɚ
ɳɚɟɬɫɹɜɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɯɪɨɦɚIII
+ 3KOH = Cr(OH)3 p + 3KCl.
CrCl
3
ɉɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɹ ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɩɟɪɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ
H
ɜɳɟɥɨɱɧɨɣɫɪɟɞɟɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɯɪɨɦɚIIIɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹɜɯɪɨɦɚɬɤɚɥɢɹ
2O2
2Cr(OH)
+ 3H2O
3
+ 4KOH = 2K2CrO4 + 8H2O.
ɤɨɧɰ
ɁɚɞɚɱɚɁɚɩɢɲɢɬɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹɪɟɚɤɰɢɣɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸɤɨɬɨɪɵɯɦɨɠɧɨɨɫɭ
ɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɶɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ
Cu o CuSO
o Cu(OH)2 o CuO o CuCl2 .
4
ɊɟɲɟɧɢɟɆɟɞɶɩɪɢɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢɫɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣɫɟɪɧɨɣɤɢɫɥɨ
ɬɨɣɩɪɢɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɢɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹɜɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɦɟɞɢII
ɋu + 2H2SO
= CuSO4 + SO2Ĺ + 2ɇ2Ɉ.
4 (ɤɨɧɰ.)
119
ɉɪɢɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɚɧɚɬɪɢɹɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɦɟɞɢIIɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚ
ɟɬɫɹɜɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɦɟɞɢII
+ 2NaOH = Cu(OH)2p + Na2SO4.
CuSO
4
ɉɪɢɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɢɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɦɟɞɢIIɥɟɝɤɨɨɬɳɟɩɥɹɟɬɜɨɞɭɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɹɫɶ
ɜɨɤɫɢɞɦɟɞɢII) CuO
Cu(OH)
= CuO + ɇ2Ɉ
2
ɈɤɫɢɞɦɟɞɢIIɥɟɝɤɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɯɥɨɪɨɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɟɫɨɛɪɚ
ɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦɯɥɨɪɢɞɚ ɦɟɞɢII
CuO + 2HCl = CuCl
+ H2O.
2
Ɂɚɞɚɱɚɉɪɢɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢɧɚɨɛɪɚɡɟɰɫɩɥɚɜɚɠɟɥɟɡɚɫɦɟɞɶɸɢɡɛɵɬɤɚɯɥɨɪɨ
ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɨɣɤɢɫɥɨɬɵɜɵɞɟɥɢɥɨɫɶɦɥɝɚɡɚɧ ɭȼɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɶɦɚɫɫɭɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ
ɫɩɥɚɜɚɟɫɥɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɱɬɨɦɚɫɫɨɜɚɹɞɨɥɹɠɟɥɟɡɚɜɧɺɦɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ
Z
(Fe
ɊɟɲɟɧɢɟɆɟɞɶɧɟɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɟɬɫɯɥɨɪɨɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɨɣɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣɚɠɟɥɟɡɨɪɟɚɝɢ
ɪɭɟɬɩɨɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ
Fe + 2HCl = FeCl
+ H2.
2
ȼɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟɪɟɚɤɰɢɢɜɵɞɟɥɢɥɨɫɶɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ
)H(
V
)H(
n
2
2
)H(
V
2M
ɦɥ224
ɦɥɦɨɥɶ22400
.
ɦɨɥɶ010
ɂɡɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹɪɟɚɤɰɢɢɫɥɟɞɭɟɬɱɬɨɜɨɛɪɚɡɰɟɫɩɥɚɜɚɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɥɨɫɶɤɨɥɢɱɟ
ɫɬɜɨɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɠɟɥɟɡɚn (Fe) = n (H
ɦɨɥɶɆɚɫɫɚɠɟɥɟɡɚɜɨɛɪɚɡɰɟɫɩɥɚ
2
ɜɚɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɚ
m (Fe) = n (Fe) M(Fe ɦɨɥɶ ɝɦɨɥɶ ɝ
Ɇɚɫɫɭɨɛɪɚɡɰɚɫɩɥɚɜɚɧɚɯɨɞɢɦɩɨɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ
Fe)(
m
m
Z
Fe)(
560
.
ɝ82
200
120
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