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8. What are binding materials used for?
1) an order – порядок; ордер (архитектурный)
2) building – строительство; здание
3) the column and beam – стоечно-балочная (система)
4) to achieve perfection – достичь совершенства
5) a base – база, основание (колонны)
6) a shaft – ствол колонны
7) a capital – капитель
8) an entablature – антаблемент
9) Doric – дорический
10) Ionic – ионический
11) Corinthian – коринфский
12) Tuscan – тосканский
13) Composite – композитный
14) an ornate version – богато украшенный вариант
9. What secondary building materials are there?
10. What are auxiliary building materials used for?
11. What materials are called natural building materials?
12. What natural building materials do you know?
13. What artificial building materials do you know?
14. What new building materials have been created along with traditional building
materials?
15. What materials does the newest building material group comprise?
16. What properties should building materials have?
6.4. IN THE REALM OF ARCHITECTURE
(METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION)
ЗАДАНИЕ 1. Прочитайте интернациональные слова и определите их значения:
a) architecture, architect, architectural, ensembles, aesthetic criteria, method, the
series, characterized;
b) characteristic formalized ornament, a general plan, the basic problem, the ornate
version, aesthetic and functional criteria;
c) Ionic, Corinthian, Composite, Roman Empire, Romanesque, Gothic, Baroque,
Renaissance, Classicism;
d) Egypt, Greece, Persia, Mesopotamia;
e) the Parthenon, Noutre Dame, Bauhaus;
f) Le Corbusier, Frank Lloyd Wright, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Walter Gropius,
Oscar Niemeyer.
ЗАДАНИЕ 2. Познакомьтесь со словами и словосочетаниями, которые помогут
вам понять текст:
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15) a vault – свод
16) a dome – купол
17) Roman – римский
18) the Romans – римляне
19) Romanesque – романский (стиль)
20) the pointed arch – стрельчатая арка
21) the arch and shell construction - арочнооболочное строительство
22) group living – жизнедеятельность населения
23) gridiron – шахматно-прямоугольная, сетчатая (планировка),
гридерон
ЗАДАНИЕ 3. Пользуясь текстом, подберите русские соответствия
английским словосочетаниям:
1) Roman
а) ствол колонны
2) Romanesque
б) стоечно-балочная (система)
3) a shaft
в) романский
4) the column and beam
г) арочно-оболочное строительство
5) the pointed arch
д) свод и купол
6) the vault and dome
е) римский
7) the arch and shell construction
ж) сетчатая (планировка)
8) gridiron
з) стрельчатая арка
ЗАДАНИЕ 4. Догадайтесь о значении выделенных слов и переведите
предложения.
1. The Romans added two orders: Tuscan and Composite.
2. For many centuries the column and beam was the only method of stone
construction.
3. During the Roman Empire round arches, vaults and domes achieved perfection in
stone, brick and concrete.
4. The order is a column with a base, shaft and capital supporting an entablature.
5. Doric, Ionic and Corinthian orders were invented in Greece.
6. Composite order presents an ornate version of Corinthian.
7. Romanesque style lasted from the early 11-th century to the mid 12-th century.
8. One of the most remarkable elements in Gothic architecture is the pointed arch.
9. The most recent developments in arch and shell construction contain a promise
of great possibilities in the architectural design of the future.
10. Gridiron, radial and the ring street patterns are usually combined for beauty
and efficiency.
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ЗАДАНИЕ 5. Прочитайте текст «In the Realm of Architecture».
The architect creates order in the picturesque variety of nature.
(August Perret)
Architecture is music in stone.
(Victor Hugo)
1. Architecture is the art and science of designing and building structures or
ensembles, according to aesthetic and functional criteria.
2. Most of the buildings of ancient times were based upon the column and beam
method of construction. Such are beautiful impressive monuments of Egypt and
Persia, which achieved their perfection in Greece with the creation of the
architectural orders.
3. The order is a column with a base, shaft and capital with its characteristic
formalized ornament. The series of columns support an entablature. The Greeks
invented 3 orders: Doric, Ionic and Corinthian. The Romans added two others:
Tuscan and Composite.
4. The arch and dome came into being in Mesopotamia. Classic orders, round arches,
vaults and domes were perfected during the Roman Empire, Romanesque architecture
(the early C 11-th mid C 12), Renaissance (the early C 15 – C 16), Baroque (C 16),
Classicism (the early C 17).
Gothic (the later C 12 – C 16) great works are cathedrals (e.g. Noutre Dame in Paris),
characterized by the pointed arch and other remarkable elements.
5. In our time the constructive principles changed with the introduction of steel and
ferro-concrete. And the arch and shell construction was recently developed.
6. The basic problem of town planning is the organization of land and buildings for
group living. There are varied gridiron, radial, ring and functional (or organic) street
patterns.
7. The outstanding modern foreign architects are: Le Corbusier, Frank Lloyd Wright,
Walter Gropius.
ЗАДАНИЕ 6. Закончите предложения.
1. According to Victor Hugo architecture is …
2. Architecture is the art and science of designing and building structures according
to …
3. The column and beam method achieved its perfection in Greece with the creation
of …
4. The architectural order is a column with …
5. The Greeks invented 3 orders: …
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6. Classic orders, round arches, vaults and domes were perfected during …
7. Gothic architecture is characterized by …
8. In the history of town planning such street patterns were applied as …
9. We know 5 modern outstanding architects: …
ЗАДАНИЕ 7. Ответьте на вопросы о методах строительства.
1. What is architecture?
2. What three methods of construction were there in the history of architecture?
3. What does it mean the architectural order?
4. Where can you find Ionic, Corinthian and Composite orders in Voronezh?
5. What architectural styles do you know?
6. What street patterns were worked out in the history of town planning?
7. What street patterns are used in Moscow, St. Petersburg and Voronezh?
8. Whom of the modern outstanding foreign architects can you name?
9. What structures are modern foreign architects famous for?
Тексты для самостоятельной работы
Unit 1
Тексты по теме «Student Life»
ТЕМАТИКА ОБЩЕНИЯ: 1. Я и моя семья. Семейные традиции, уклад жизни.
2. Дом, жилищные условия.
3. Досуг и развлечения в семье. Семейные путешествия.
4. Еда. Покупки.
TRANSLATION 1.
My Biography (Mark Twain)
I was born on the 30th of November 1835 in the village of Florida, Missouri.
My father was John Marshall Clemens.
According to tradition some of my great-great parents were pirates and slave
traders – a respectable trade in the 16th century. In my time I wished to be a pirate
myself.
My parents who had lived in Virginia moved to the South in the early thirtieth.
I do not remember just when, for I was not born then and did not take any interest in
such things.
They had made a long and tiring journey before they settled in Florida. The
village contained a hundred people and when I was born I increased the population
by one per cent. It had two streets, each about three hundred yards long, and a lot of
lanes. Both the streets and the lanes were paved with the same material – black mud
in wet times, deep dust in dry. Most of the houses were of wood – there were none of
brick and none of stone. Everywhere around were fields and woods.
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Not long ago someone sent me a picture of the house in which I had been born.
I have always thought that it was a place but I no longer think so and do not feel
proud of it.
WRITING TASK
Write your Biography. What are you proud of?
TRANSLATION 2.
Leonardo Da Vinci
Man of art. Man of ideas. Man of inventions.
Leonardo Da Vinci (1452-1519) lived in a small town in Italy with his
grandparents. He studied at home and enjoyed music, singing and mathematics. At
the age of 16, he wanted to study art, so he moved to the city of Florence for art
classes. He finished his studies after four years. He then worked in Milan as an
engineer and he started his life as an inventor.
In 1500 he returned to Florence and in 1516 he traveled to France, where he
stayed for the rest of his life.
Leonardo Da Vinci lived and worked before people used electricity and petrol
for power, but he had the first ideas for many machines that we use today: the robot,
the car, the helicopter, the diving suit, the parachute and even high heels! These are
just some of Leonardo’s hundreds of inventions.
WRITING TASK
Write a short biography of a famous person. What is he or she famous for?
TRANSLATION 3.
Student Jobs
Most international students on long courses in the UK can work during the
holidays and up to a maximum of 20 hours per week during terms.
You need a National Insurance number (NI number) to work in the UK. You
should apply for this before you start work.
Most universities advise that students should not work more than 15 hours a
week in terms, so many students do part-time jobs, especially in restaurants or bars in
the evenings or in shops at weekends.
In the holidays, full-time jobs are possible. A lot of students are looking for
jobs at these times so you should start looking early.
Where and how should you look for jobs? The university careers office or job
shop has information about jobs on and off the campus. You should also look at
notices on other notice boards in your university. Look for signs in the windows of
shops and restaurants, too. Recruitment agencies, local newspapers and websites are
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also good places to look. And don’t forget you can just ask local employers. You
should talk to other students and ask their advice, too.
WRITING TASK
Write what job you would like to have a part-time job or a full-time job. Do you need
to work in the evenings or at weekends?
TRANSLATION 4.
Typical Students
Who are they and how they look? In the streets, in parks, cafes, on discos,
everywhere you can see young people standing together and talking about something
with great interest. What are they talking about? They talk about studying, music,
clothes and about money, which will finish soon. But in spite of the problem they are
never sad. At the same time students walk around the town, go to cafes, discos and
concerts.
Students become friends very fast and forever. Perhaps later when they meet
they'll talk about how they are glad to see each other how they were missing, and call
each other friends, though they were studying in different groups and saw each other
only during exams. But this will be in future.
And now there are some different types of students. One part does nothing but
study. Others have time for studying and for things they love to do. Someone likes
going in for sport, some are fond of playing computer games, others like singing or
dancing and so on. And there are some students who want to graduate the university
with good and excellent marks.
Students wear everything that is comfortable to them. They listen to different
types of music. Pop, rock, rap these are only few types they listen to. And all students
like sleeping. So they are very different.
WRITING TASK
Write what type of students you are? What are you talking about when you are
together with your friends?
TRANSLATION 5.
English Houses
The climate of a country is one of the factors that influence the style of its
architecture. It can be best illustrated by British residential buildings. The weather in
England is often cloudy and there are few sunny days in the winter season, therefore,
as a rule, the windows in an English house are of a large size to catch as much light
and sunshine as possible. In the houses built in the past century the windows, besides
being large, opened upwards, this is very convenient on windy days.
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Since there is much rain in England, typical British houses have high, steep
roofs where rain water and melting snow can easily flow down.
Most of the houses have a fireplace, which forms the most characteristic
feature of an English home.
The plan of an English house differs from that of the houses where we live.
Each house generally has just a ground floor and a first floor and is surrounded by a
small garden. Looking after the garden is one of the main British pastimes. English
architects plan some apartments vertically instead of planning them horizontally, so
that an English family having a separate apartment lives on two floors with rooms
connected with a narrow staircase. They find it the most convenient style of
apartment. There are usually three rooms in each house besides a kitchen and a
bathroom: a living room, a bedroom and a dining room.
In suburbs there are not many blocks of flats. Everything looks neat and tidy.
WRITING TASK
Write about your flat or your room. Where would you like to live?
TRANSLATION 6.
Keep Fit
A. I like keeping fit, but I don’t go to a fitness club. Why pay a lot of money to
use running machines, cycling machines and rowing machines and do yoga classes? I
can do yoga at home and I can cycle around the city. With that money I can go
rowing on a river. So why go rowing on a machine? That’s boring.
B. I like running, cycling and tennis, but I can’t do these activities outside in
bad weather. I like swimming too, but I don’t live near the sea. So I go to a fitness
club three times a week. It’s great! There are a lot of machines and equipment; I can
use the swimming pool. I can relax and meet friends in the club’s café, too.
WRITING TASK
Write about activities you like. Do you go to a fitness club?
TRANSLATION 7.
Super Food
Eat the right food and you can be healthier. But what is the best food?
Berries, such as blueberries and strawberries, are the number one fruit. They are good
for the heart and for memory. They also fight illnesses. For vitamin C, eat an orange
every day.
Some vegetables are super food. Broccoli is a good example. It is high in
vitamin C. Carrots are rich in vitamin A and this is good for the skin. Eat garlic often
because it’s a natural medicine. It is important to eat a lot of nuts because they are
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good for the memory. Oily fish, such as salmon and sardines, is very good for the
heart. Olive oil is also good for it.
Lastly, are there any super drinks? Green tea is certainly one. A nice cup of
green tea after the meal is good for health and it can protect from illnesses. Finally,
don’t forget to drink water. It doesn’t have any vitamins, it doesn’t give you any
energy, but it’s very important.
Eat some super food and live longer.
WRITING TASK
Write what food you usually eat. Which super food do you like to eat?
TRANSLATION 8.
Places to Shop
Downtown Charleston is a lovely shopping area with many stores and cafés.
There is also the City market, which sells many unusual things. In the north, there’s
the popular Northwoods shopping mall, with a variety of stores and a huge parking
lot. There are many small highway shopping areas outside the town, where you can
do your shopping and fill your car with gas at the same time.
Pop-up Stores
Pop-up stores are coming to a street near you. The name “pop-up store” is only
a few years old, but it is becoming more common because the number of pop-up
stores is growing in cities all over the world.
Pop-up stores are a type of shop. They open for a short time – between a week
and a year – and then close down or move to a new place.
An example is the US fashion company, Vacant. Their store sells clothes by
famous designers and new designers. The store opens for just one month in a big city
like New York, Tokyo, Shanghai, Paris, Berlin, Stockholm or Los Angeles, and then
it closes down and moves. What are the advantages? The shop is always new and
interesting, so it gets a lot of customers. Another advantage is that the shore uses an
empty building in a cheap part of the city, so it saves money and it can offer good
prices.
The London Fashion Bus is another example. It is a big bus, which stops for a
week in different places and brings exciting London fashions to other parts of the
UK.
WRITING TASK
Write about your shopping habits. How often do you go shopping? Do you prefer
supermarkets or smaller shops?
Unit 2
Тексты по теме «Our University»
ТЕМАТИКА ОБЩЕНИЯ: 1.Высшее образование в России и за рубежом.
2. Мой вуз.
3. Студенческая жизнь в России и за рубежом.
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4. Студенческие международные контакты: научные,
профессиональные, культурные.
TRANSLATION 1.
Higher Education in Britain
Most big towns in Britain have both a university and a college of higher
education. Universities offer three-and four-year courses; the colleges offer both twoyear courses, as well as degree courses.
A degree is a qualification one gets from university when he or she passes their
final exams. One is then awarded a Bachelor or Master degree in such areas as arts,
science or education.
Only a quarter of the student population goes on to higher education. The
applicants are given personal interviews and the university decides which of them
they want. If applicants do not get the school grades (оценка) a university asks for,
they may try another university or college before the term starts in early October.
Not all students study full-time at university or college. Many of them combine
their studies with work. Some companies release their staff for training one or two
days a week or for two month a year. Large companies often have their own in-house
training schemes.
WRITING TASK
Write about higher education in Russia. What are differences between Russian and
British higher education?
TRANSLATION 2.
British Universities
Britain has more than 90 universities. British universities can be divided into
several categories. The foremost universities are the University of Oxford and the
University of Cambridge, both founded in the Middle Ages. England’s oldest
institution of higher learning, Oxford University, is a federation of 35 colleges, each
with its own structure and activities. The University of Cambridge is a system of
faculties, departments, and 31 independent colleges.
Another type of university is the so-called redbrick variety – old and solid
schools built in the 19th century when bricks were the standard building material. An
education act in 1992 changed the status of these colleges to universities. The large
number of ultramodern universities that appeared in the last half of the 20th century
are often called cement block and plate-glass universities.
London has its own great schools, the enormous University of London and its
world-famous college, the London School of Economics.
Students interested in advanced education can also attend polytechnics, which
are schools dedicated to the sciences and applied technology. An education act in
1992 changed the status of these colleges to universities.
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Higher education can also be obtained through the Open University which
offers extension courses. They are taught through correspondence, television and
radio and video programmes. The Open University also sponsors local study centres
and residential summer schools. The purpose of the Open University is to reach
people who may not ordinarily be qualified for university study.
WRITING TASK
Write about one of the foremost universities of your home town. What is the oldest
higher school in Voronezh?
TRANSLATION 3.
University Education in Britain
Not all universities in Britain are equal. They differ from one another in
history, tradition, and academic organization. Oxford and Cambridge, the oldest
universities, are world-known for their academic excellence. The University of
London has the size and breadth to rank among the UK’s top universities. A
university usually consists of colleges. The departments of the colleges are organized
into faculties. A university programme consists of a series of lectures, seminars and
laboratory classes, which in total account for about 15 hours per week.
Lectures are given to large groups of students (from 20 to 200). Seminars are
much smaller than lecture classes and in some departments can be on a one-to-one
basis (one member of staff and one student).
Students prepare work in advance for seminars. And this can take the form of a
topic for discussion by writing essays or by solving problems.
Lectures, seminars are one hour in length, laboratory classes last two or three
hours. The academic year is split into three terms. The first two terms last for twenty
four weeks in total. The third term lasts for six weeks.
WRITING TASK
Write about your university programme. In what form do you prepare work for
seminars?
TRANSLATION 4.
Colleges, Faculties and Departments
All universities usually have both faculties and departments (кафедра). The
faculties are arts, law, medicine, science and theology. The departments include
engineering, economics, commerce, agriculture, music and technology.
At the head of each faculty there is a professor. A staff of teachers called
lecturers (преподаватель университета) gives lectures to large numbers of students
or study with small groups.
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