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Файл:Английский язык. Страноведение. Учебное пособие
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technology: The application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes,
especially in industry — or the devices, processes and systems that result from those
efforts.
thermodynamics: This branch of science deals with how heat is related to
other forms of energy, such as chemical, electrical and mechanical energy.
tissue: Made of cells, it is any of the distinct types of materials that make up
animals, plants or fungi. Cells within a tissue work as a unit to perform a particular
function in living organisms. Different organs of the human body, for instance, often
are made from many different types of tissues.
transmit: To send or pass along.
tune: Adjust to the right level.
valve: Something that can reduce or shut off the flow of some gas or liquid
through a pipe or other passageway. Some specialized valves may allow a liquid or
gas to flow in one direction only.
vibrate: To rhythmically shake or to move continuously and rapidly back and
forth.
wave: A disturbance or variation that travels through space and matter in a
regular, oscillating fashion.
weed: (in botany) A plant growing wild in, around — and sometimes
smothering over — valued plants, such as crops or landscape species (including lawn
grasses, flowers and shrubs).
Tasks
Match the combinations of words:
Satellite
shuttle
fuel
spacesuit
aircraft
топливо
транспортное средство
условия невесомости
зонд
основные проблемы
vehicle
space
weightless environment
device
спутник
космический корабль с человеком на борту
отсутствие гравитации
самолет, летательный аппарат
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probe
manned spaceship
essential problems
interplanetary flight
zero gravity
скафандр
космос
межпланетный полет
корабль многоразового использования
средство, приспособление
Topics for reports (with presentations):
• The contribution of the UK to the development of the world science
• Famous British scientists and the fields of science they represented
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10. RELIGION
Are Religion and Science One?
Is it possible that in our search for some basic reality, we humans may discover
that although religion and science have always seemed to be in different places, the
conclusion they will ultimately reach will be the same thing? What is God? Energy,
Spirit, Universal Consciousness, Singular, Unilateral?
According to David Hume, God is not different from the order that exists in the
universe. Training our thoughts along this line, one might doubt the commonly held
view that Science and Religion are entirely different and exist at the opposite ends of
a spectrum.
Science is based on observation. Religion on the other hand makes arguments
analytical in nature (like the Ontological Argument by Anslem) and requires some
unquestioned faith. In spite of leading us through somewhat different paths, both try
to find the basic stuff. The goal thus in both cases is to determine the constituents of
what form the reality. The routes though may not seem similar.
In the essay, The Dynamic Universe, Fritjop Capra explores the philosophies
on which various eastern religions like Hinduism, Taoism and Buddhism are based
upon. He is of the view that the world is conceived in terms of movement, flow and
change. He then cites the examples of sub-atomic physics and the field of galaxies
and heavenly bodies. Science studies them as units, which are in a state of constant
motion. By doing this, he tries to class Science as well as Religion under the same
heading, which is concerned with finding the basic reality.
The next question that comes to the forefront then is what is the thing that we
are after? What constitutes this reality that we all are in pursuit of? A scientist might
call this as the order in the universe or the Energy, which is diffused in the world we
live in. Religions like to call this ultimate reality as God. The order that the scientists
describe implies a mind working behind it. This entity capable of setting an order in
the universe is nothing but what religion defines as God. Science and Religion then
appear to be tied up like two versions of the same notion. God, I feel, is the ultimate
quest for which both these allegedly opposite views are after.
His physical form is not visible to us. But his existence could be argued using
aposteriori arguments based on the observation of what is around us. For instance
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when we throw coins on a table, this coins apparently stop and arrange themselves on
the table. What made the coins to arrange? Maybe it was by the virtue of Newton’s
Laws. But then again this order as proposed by Science implies an order setter.
Another example is found in the Nature and its mechanisms. This machine which we
call Nature, implies an operator.
Is this God we talk of, an anthropomorphic being? Are his features well
defined? How do we describe the qualities of such a being? If He is perfect, his
attributes bearing the highest level of virtue, then in short He and His working are
beyond our understanding. We might label his qualities with terms like wisdom,
knowledge, mercy and power. But these terms just suggest our limitations in
expressing things not described by our language. It is possible we might not have
experienced those unknown qualities He possesses and thus have no knowledge about
them. Not only this, we do not have the faintest idea of His physical presence or
form. We humans then are in no situation to understand this all-powerful entity who
is full of mystery. In such a situation, we have no other choice but to accept this
incomplete meaning of God and have faith in his ways.
One may conclude that our search for some basic reality, we might find that
religion and science have a common ground and are not as far apart as they are
commonly believed to be.
Vocabulary:
• to believe in — верить в
• a believer- верующий
• a non-beleiver — неверующий
• a belief — beliefs — вера, верование
• God — бог
• a church — церковь
• a candle — свеча
• a cross — крест
• an icon — икона
• Jesus Christ — Иисус Христос
• a Christian — христианин, христианка
• the Christians — христиане
• religion — религия
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• religious — религиозный
• holy — святой
• the Bible — Библия
• to pray — молиться
• supernatural — сверхъестественное
• superstitious — суеверный
• a superstition — суеверие
• Advanced Vocabulary on the topic «Religion»
• a cathedral — собор
• a temple — храм
• a chapel — часовня
• a convent — женский монастырь
• a nun — моняхиня
• a monastery — мужской монастырь
• a monk — монах
• a mosque — мечеть
• a pagoda — пагода
• a synagogue — синагога
• a choir — хор
• choir stall — хоры (место в церкви)
• hymn — церковный гимн
• to profess some religion — исповедовать какую-либо религию
• to confess — исповедоваться
• to confess one’s sins — исповедоваться в грехах
• an atheist — атеист
• to bless — благославлять
• a piligrim — паломник
• piligrimage — паломничество (путешествие к святым местам)
Tasks
Topics for reports (with presentations):
• Buddhism in GB
• Islam in GB
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1. Hinduism in GB
2. Judaism in GB
3. Christanity in GB
4. Religious wars in England
5. Religion and family in the UK
6. Religion and the family in the USA
What kind of sacred building is it?
A. a synagogue
B. a church
C. a pagoda
D. a mosque
What kind of sacred text is it?
A. the Torah
B. the Koran
C. the Bible
D. Tripitaka
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11. SPORT
National sports of Great Britain
Many kinds of sport originated from England. The English have a proverb,
«All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy». They do not think that play is more
important than work; they think that Jack will do his work better if he plays as well,
so he is encouraged to do both. Association football, or soccer is one of the most
popular games in the British Isles played from late August until the beginning of
May. In summer the English national sport is cricket. When the English say: «that`s
not cricket» it means «that`s not fair», «to play the game» means «to be fair». Golf is
Scotland`s chief contribution to British sport. It is worth noting here an interesting
feature of sporting life in Britain, namely, its frequently close connections with social
class of the players or spectators except where a game may be said to be a «national»
sport. This is the case with cricket in England which is played and watched by all
classes. This is true of golf, which is everywhere in the British Isles a middle-class
activity. Rugby Union. the amateur variety of Rugby football, is the Welsh national
sport played by all sections of society whereas, elsewhere, it too is a game for the
middle classes. Association football is a working-class sport as are boxing, wrestling,
snooker, darts, and dog-racing. As far as fishing is concerned it is a sport where what
is caught determines the class of a fisherman. Walking and swimming are the two
most popular sporting activities, being almost equally undertaken by men and
women. Snooker (billiards), pool and darts are the next most popular sports among
men. Aerobics (keep-fit exercises) and yoga. squash and cycling are among the sports
where participation has been increasing in recent years. There are several places in
Britain associated with a particular kind of sport. One of them is Wimbledon where
the All-England Lawn Tennis Championship are held in July (since 1877). The other
one is Wembly — a stadium in north London where international football matches,
the Cup Finals and other events have taken place since 1923.
Topics for reports:
• Olympic Games in London
• The History of Football
• Sports in England
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Vocabulary
Athletics: A sport related to physical activity, such as running, jumping or
throwing. (noun)
Away: The team that is playing sport at the ground/field of the other team.
(adjective)
Bat: A thin long object that is held and used to hit another object, often a ball.
(noun)
Baton: A stick that has to be carried to the end of a race by a group of
participants. (noun)
Boxing: A sport where two people hit each other and try to win the fight.
(noun)
Boxing ring: A square area with ropes around it in which a boxing match takes
place. (noun)
Captain: The member of a team that is in charge of all the other players while
playing the sport. (noun)
Car racing: A contest to see which car is the fastest or which is the best car
driver. (noun)
Club (1): A long stick with a small but heavy head that is used to hit balls in
some sports. (noun)
Club (2): A group of people all interested in playing the same sport together.
(noun)
Coach: The person responsible for making sure a team or individual is ready to
play a sport. (noun)
Court: An area in which a sport is played, and which the sport should not leave.
(noun)
Cricket: A British game where a bat is used to hit a ball. (noun)
Crowd: A group of people together in one place (who are watching sport).
(noun)
Cue: A long thin wooden stick used to hit the balls in snooker. (noun)
Cycling: A sport that uses bicycles, often in races. (noun)
Darts: A game of skill where a sharp pointed metal stick is thrown at a target
on a wall. (noun)
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Diving: To jump into water from a high platform while performing tricks.
(noun)
Equipment: The things that are needed to be able to play a sport. (noun)
Exercise: To do sport for health benefits rather than trying to win. (noun)
Grandstand: A building full of seats for people to sit and watch a sport being
played. (noun)
Ground: The place where a sport is played, e.g. football ground. (noun)
Gymnastics: A sporting contest about performing exercises. (noun)
Helmet: A form of protection worn on the head to prevent injuries. (noun)
Home: The team that is playing sport at its own ground/field. (adjective)
Hoop: A circular shape that a basketball has to be passed through. (noun)
Horseracing: A sport where horses are ridden by jockeys trying to win a race.
(noun)
Jockey: The person who rides a horse in horse races. (noun)
Long-jump: A contest where the participants try to jump as far as possible.
(noun)
Manager: The person who organizes how, when and where a team or
individual will play a sport. (noun)
Marathon: A running race that is just over 26 miles long. (noun)
Match: A single occasion of playing a sport. (Similar to a game.) (noun)
Motorsport: Races between cars, motorbikes or anything else with an engine on
land. (noun)
Net: A barrier between the participants over which an object has to passed.
(noun)
Olympics: A very large sporting contest held every four years in which most
countries take part. (noun)
Opponent: The other person or team in a sporting contest. (noun)
Para-Olympics: An Olympic contest for people with disabilities. (noun)
Participants: The people who take part in or play sports. (noun)
Pitch: The area in which a match has to be played. (noun)
Playing field: An outside area that is used to play a sport. (noun)
Pole-vault: A contest where a long stick is used to try to jump as high as
possible. (noun)
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Race: A contest where the participants have to get to the end as fast as possible.
(noun)
Racket: An object with a large head that is used to hit another object, often a
ball. (noun)
Referee: The person in charge of making sure the rules are followed. (Similar
to an umpire.) (noun)
Relay: A race where several people run as a team by taking turns and passing a
baton. (noun)
Rugby: A British game where hands are used to pass a ball backwards to other
team members. (noun)
Season ticket: A ticket that lets you attend all the matches a team plays. (noun)
Shuttlecock: The cone shaped object used in badminton. (noun)
Skis: Two long flat pieces of material attached to the feet used to slide over
snow. (noun)
Snooker: A game played on a table where a cue is used to hit balls into
pockets. (noun)
Snowboarding: Using a snowboard to move over snow and perform tricks.
(noun)
Soccer: A team game where the feet are used to kick a ball. (Name used in
America.) (noun)
Spectator: Someone who watches sport. (noun)
Squash: A game played inside a court where rackets are used to hit a small ball
against a wall. (noun)
Supporter: Someone who follows a specific team. (noun)
Table tennis: A game played on a table with small rackets and balls. (noun)
Tournament: A group of matches used to find the best team or individual at
that sport. (noun)
Track: The path that a race has to follow. (noun)
Turnstile: A gate that lets only one person through at a time. (noun)
Umpire: The person in charge of making sure the rules are followed. (Similar
to a referee.) (noun)
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