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Файл:Английский язык. Страноведение. Учебное пособие
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C. Three times in an hour
D. Every 5 seconds
Results:
Most A — You can do perfectly well without the Media
Most B — You like it but your media habits are still healthy
Most C — You could live without the Media but at great cost
Most D — You cannot imagine living in a world without a Media
Vocabulary
Aerial: A radio antenna, especially one suspended in or extending into the air.
Advertisement: Advertising is a form of communication that typically
attempts to persuade potential customers to purchase or to consume more of a
particular brand of product or service. Many advertisements are designed to generate
increased consumption of those products and services through the creation and
reinforcement of "brand image" and "brand loyalty".
Blogosphere: Blogosphere is a collective term encompassing all blogs and
their interconnections. It is the perception that blogs exist together as a connected
community (or as a collection of connected communities) or as a social network.
Broadcast: Broadcasting is the distribution of audio and/or video signals
which transmit programs to an audience. The audience may be the general public or a
relatively large sub-audience, such as children or young adults.
Television and radio programs are distributed through radio broadcasting or
cable, often both simultaneously
Column: A column is a recurring piece or article in a newspaper, magazine or
other publication. Columns are written by columnists.
What differentiates a column from other forms of journalism is that it meets
each of the following criteria:
It is a regular feature in a publication
It is personality-driven by the author
It explicitly contains an opinion or point of vie
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Editorial: An editorial, leader (US), or leading article (UK) is an article in a
newspaper or magazine that expresses the opinion of the editor, editorial board, or
publisher.
The editorial board is a group of editors, usually at a print publication, who
dictate the tone and direction that the publication's editorials will take. In much of the
English-speaking world, editorials are typically not written by the regular reporters of
the news organization, but are instead collectively authored by a group of individuals
High-tech politics: The current American political system in which the
behavior of citizens and policy makers, as well as the political agenda itself, is
increasingly shaped by technology.
Investigative journalism
The use of detective-like reporting methods to unearth scandals.
Media bias: Media bias is a term used to describe a real or perceived bias of
journalists and news producers within the mass media, in the selection of which
events will be reported and how they are covered. The term "media bias" usually
refers to a pervasive or widespread bias contravening the standards of journalism,
rather than the perspective of an individual journalist or article. The direction and
degree of media bias in various countries is widely disputed, although its causes are
both practical and theoretical.
Media events: An event that is staged primarily for the purpose of simply
being covered.
Press conferences: Meetings with reporters.
Press - "the press": The media that includes television, radio, newspapers,
magazines, wire services, and on-line services, among others.
Print media: That portion of the mass media which include newspapers and
magazines.
Propaganda: Propaganda is the dissemination of information aimed at
influencing the opinions or behaviors of large numbers of people. As opposed to
impartially providing information, propaganda in its most basic sense presents
information in order to influence its audience. Propaganda often presents facts
selectively (thus lying by omission) to encourage a particular synthesis, or gives
loaded messages in order to produce an emotional rather than rational response to the
information presented. The desired result is a change of the cognitive narrative of the
subject in the target audience to further a political agenda.
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Trial balloons: Information leaked for the purpose of determining what the
political reaction will be.
Talking heads: A shot of a person's face talking directly to the camera.
linkage institutions: The channels or access points through which issues and
people's policy preferences get on the government's policy agenda.
Tabloids: A tabloid is a newspaper of small format giving the news in
condensed form, usually with illustrated, often sensational material
Yellow journalism: The term used to describe sensational news reporting.
Tasks
Translate into English:
1. В Америке нет правительственных или официальных газет; нет также и
официальной цензуры.
2. Некоторые американские газеты считаются лучшими ежедневными
газетами мира.
3. «The New York Times» и «The Washington Post» — это не просто
газеты, а целые компании, собирающие и продающие новости.
4. Агентства новостей UPI и АР не принадлежат правительству и не
управляются им.
5. Большая часть ежедневных газет - серьезные, а не популярные газеты.
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5. POLITICS
Political System of UK
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is a constitutional
monarchy.
The power of Queen Elizabeth II is not absolute. It is limited by Parliament.
The legislative body, Parliament, consists of two chambers: the House of Lords and
the House of Commons.
The executive body consists of the central Government — that is the Prime
Minister and the Cabinet of Ministers, who are responsible for initiating and directing
the national policy.
The judiciary body is independent of both the legislative and the executive
ones.
The Government derives its authority from the elected House of Commons.
General elections, for all seats in the House of Commons, must be held at least every
five years. The Government is normally formed by the political party which is
supported by the majority in the House of Commons. The leader of the party is
appointed the Prime Minister by the Queen and chooses a team of ministers. The
second largest party becomes the Official Opposition with its own leader and the
“Shadow Cabinet”.
The House of Lords is a hereditary chamber.
In Great Britain there is no written constitution, only customs and traditions.
• prominent politician (= successful) — выдающийся (успешный) политик
• a charismatic person — харизматичный человек
• general election — всеобщие выборы
• a political purpose — политическая цель
• an opponent — оппонент
• an opposition — оппозиция
• an opposition leader — лидер оппозиции
• hold an election — проводить выборы
• an election pledge — обещание, данное политиком во время
предвыборной кампании
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• corruption — коррупция
• accuse of corruption — обвинить в коррупции
• eliminate the corruption — искоренить коррупцию
• participate in society — участвовать в общественной жизни
• the party in power — партия власти (правящая партия)
• carry out a policy (reforms)- проводить политику (реформы)
• identify oneself with — отождествлять себя с чем-либо, кем-либо
• Conservative Party — Консерваторы (Консервативная партия)
• Labour Party — Лейбористы (Лейбористская партия)
• Liberal Party — Либералы (Либеральная партия)
• Communist Party — Коммунисты (Коммунистическая партия)
Task
Topics for reports (with presentations):
• The main political parties of the UK
• The election system in the UK
• The political system of the UK
• The political system of the USA
• The political system of Canada
• The political system of New Zealand
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6. GOVERNMENT
The Structure of Government in Great Britain
The Queen is officially head of all the branches of government, but she has
little direct power in the country. The constitution has three branches: Parliament,
which makes lows, the government, which «executes» laws (puts them into effect)
and the courts, which interpret laws. Parliament has two parts: the House of
Commons and the House of Lords. Members of the House of Commons are elected
by the voters of 650 constituencies. They are known as Members of Parliament. The
Prime Minister is advised by a Cabinet of about twenty other ministers.
The Prime Minister, or leader of the Government, is usually the leader of the
political party. The Cabinet includes the ministers in charge of major government
departments or ministries.
Departments and ministries are run by civil servants, who are permanent
officials. Even if the Government changes after an election, the same civil servants
are employed. Members of the House of Lords are not elected. About 70 per cent of
them are «hereditary peers» because their fathers were peers before them. The 30 per
cent are officially appointed by the Queen, on the advice of the Government, for
various services for people.
Questions:
1. Who is the head of government in Britain?
2. How many parts does Parliament have?
3. What are they?
4. Who is the leader of political party?
5. What cari you tell about the House of Lords?
Odd One Out
Three of the four words in each group are closely related in meaning. The
fourth is not. (It may be an antonym-- opposite-- to them, or just unrelated.) Think
about what meaning connects any three of the words, and then choose the odd word
that does not belong with the others.
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1. guidelines, parameters, rules, opportunities
2. instance, occurrence, rule, illustration
3. appropriate, related, incompatible, congruent
4. only, sole, exclusive, multiple
5. apparently, seemingly, definitely, supposedly
6. civil, polite, rude, well-mannered
7. civil, public, military, political
8. the (principal, subordinate, predominant, outstanding) feature
9. contrast, difference, similarity, variation
10. flexibility, adaptability, rigidity, pliability
11. infrastructure, framework, base, superstructure
12. files, documents, illustrations, records
13. somewhat, completely, partially, moderately
Answers:
1. opportunities
2. rule
3. incompatible
4. multiple
5. definitely
6. rude
7. military
8. subordinate
9. similarity
10. rigidity
11. superstructure
12. illustrations
13. completely
Topical Vocabulary:
• a presidential republic — президентская республика
• the legislative branch of the government — законодательная власть
• the Congress — конгресс
• to represent smb., smth. — представлять кого-либо, чего-либо
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• the House of Representatives — палата представителей
• the Senate — сенат
• a senator — сенатор
• to be elected — быть избранным
• to be a citizen of — быть гражданином (какой-либо страны)
• a representative — представитель
• to make a law — создавать закон
• to veto a bill — наложить вето на законопроект
• to pass the law — провести закон
• to get a two-thirds majority vote — получить большинство в две трети
голосов
• to declare war — объявить войну
• to impeach the President — подвергнуть президента импичменту
• to charge the President with a crime — обвинить президента в
совершении преступления
• to put the President on trial — судить президента
• to vote — голосовать
• to approve the justices — утвердить судей
• to appoint a justice to the Supreme Court — назначить судью Верховного
суда
• the executive branch of the government — исполнительная власть
• to put the country’s laws into effect — приводить в исполнение законы
страны
• to be a natural citizen of the USA — родиться в США и быть
гражданином США
• to be a civilian — быть штатским
• to serve — служить
• to serve a term — срок службы
• the Vice-President — вице-президент
• to sign smth. — подписать что-либо
• the judicial branch of the government — судебная власть
• a system of courts — система судов
• to enforce laws — проводить законы в жизнь
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• a justice — судья
• Chief Justice — верховный судья
• an associate justice — судья (помощник судьи)
• to be appointed for life — назначаться пожизненно
• to obey a law — подчиниться закону
• constitutional — конституционный
• to protect the Constitution and the rights of people — защищать
конституцию и права граждан
Task
Translate into English:
1. Законодательная власть США, или конгресс, состоит из палаты
представителей и сената.
2. Конгресс может объявить войну или провести закон, на который
президент наложил вето.
3. Для этого конгресс должен получить большинство в две трети голосов.
4. Конгресс может также подвергнуть президента импичменту.
5. Исполнительная власть состоит из президента, вице-президента и
кабинета министров.
6. Исполнительная власть претворяет в жизнь законы.
7. Президент подписывает законопроект и может наложить на него вето.
8. Президент может обратиться к конгрессу с просьбой объявить войну,
назначает судей в Верховный суд.
9. Вице-президент является президентом сената.
10. Судебная власть следит за соблюдением законов и представляет собой
систему судов.
11. Верховный суд может решить, является ли закон конституционным.
12. Цель правительства - защита конституции и прав человека в США.
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7. ECONOMY
The economy of England was mainly agricultural until the 18th century, but the
Industrial Revolution caused it to evolve gradually into a highly urbanized and
industrial region during the 18th and 19th centuries. Heavy industries (iron and steel,
textiles, and shipbuilding) proliferated in the northeastern counties because of the
proximity of coal and iron ore deposits. During the 1930s the Great Depression and
foreign competition contributed to a decrease in the production of manufactured
goods and an increase in unemployment in the industrial north. The unemployed from
these northern counties moved south to London and the surrounding counties. The
southeast became urbanized and industrialized, with automotive, chemical, electrical,
and machine tool manufactures as the leading industries. An increase in population
and urban growth during the 20th century caused a significant drop in the acreage of
farms in England, but the geographic counties of Cornwall, Devon, Kent,
Lincolnshire, Somerset, and North Yorkshire have remained largely agricultural.
Another period of industrial decline during the late 20th century brought the
virtual collapse of coal mining and dramatic job losses in iron and steel production,
shipbuilding, and textile manufacturing. The decline of these industries particularly
hurt the economies of the north and Midlands, while the south remained relatively
prosperous. By the beginning of the 21st century, England’s economy was firmly
dominated by the service sector, notably banking and other financial services, retail,
distribution, media and entertainment, education, health care, hotels, and restaurants.
Tasks
Translate sentences into English:
1. Великобритания высокоразвитая промышленная страна.
2. Великобритания не очень богата минеральными ресурсами.
3. Англия экспортирует шерсть во многие страны.
4. Самые древние центры промышленности английского железа и стали
располагаются в Бирмингеме и Шеффилде.
5. В Великобритании есть судостроение, текстильная, химическая и
электронная промышленности.
6. Ливерпуль является главным портом Западной Англии.
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