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Файл:Английский язык для юристов = English for lawyers. Учебное пособие
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6. Match the definition with the word:
To order someone to pay money as a punishment.
a) fine
b) commission
c) crime
d) sentence
7. Match the definition with the word:
A group of 12 citizens who decide whether or not someone is guilty
in a trial.
a) jury
b) court
c) hearing
d) tribunal
8. Match the response that answers the question:
a) How do criminals get punished for crimes?
b) Did Hannah receive a fine?
c) Did the judge put Denise on probation?
d) Does the judge agree with capital punishment?
1) Yes, she has to pay $300.
2) It depends on what crime they committed.
3) No, he thinks it is wrong to kill people who commit crimes.
4) Yes, but next time she gets in trouble, she is going to jail.
9. Fill in the gaps with a suitable phrase:
Sociologists have put forward three theories that try to explain ... .
a) sending to jail
b) a vicious circle
c) anti-social behavior
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10. Fill in the gaps with a suitable phrase:
Investigators said the thieves wore masks, probably carried automatic
weapons and ... .
a) set off explosives
b) lost their temper
c) were badly injured
11. Fill in the gaps with a suitable phrase.
His dad ... at home, picking arguments and fighting with people.
a) robbed a bank
b) trespass our property
c) was violent
12. Fill in the gaps with a suitable phrase:
The jury found the man ... of both crimes.
a) responsible
b) guilty
c) innocent
13. Fill in the gaps with a suitable phrase:
Studies of adopted children who show criminal behavior suggest that
their behavior is more similar to the ... behavior than their biological
parents' showing a genetic link.
a) adoptive parents'
b) elder siblings'
c) biological parents'
14. Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the
CAPITALIZED part:
Kevin was charged with ASSAULT AND BATTERY.
a) walking on private land
b) attacking and hurting someone
c) killing people
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15. Read the paragraph of the text and choose the appropriate
heading:
The purpose of criminal law is to punish people who commit crimes.
The type of punishment depends on the crime. Criminals who commit
minor crimes such as trespassing usually receive a light punishment. They
often get a fine or are put on probation. When criminals offend many
times, they get a heavier punishment. They go to jail when they are
dangerous to others. For example, someone who commits assault and
battery gets sent to jail. Capital punishment is the most serious
punishment. It is reserved for the worst crimes, such as murder.
a) Examples of Crimes
b) Recommendation for Sentencing
c) The Objective of Criminal Law
16. Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the
CAPITALIZED part:
Many criminals OFFEND again when they leave jail.
a) get put on probation
b) are punished heavily
c) commit a crime
17. Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the
CAPITALIZED part:
When someone COMMITS A CRIME, they need to be punished.
a) causes someone to suffer for their bad behavior
b) attacks and hurts another person
c) does something which is against the law
18. Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the
CAPITALIZED part:
The man was accused of COMMITTING A MURDER.
a) going on someone's land without permission.
b) killing someone
c) escaping from jail
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19. Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the
CAPITALIZED part:
Mr. Robbins was sent to JAIL but says he did not comment the
crime.
a) a room where trials take place
b) a building where criminals are kept
c) a place where punishments are given out
20. Fill in the gaps with a suitable phrase:
The thief was caught ... as he walked out of the shop holding a laptop
he hadn't paid for.
a) tongue-tied
b) gift-wrapped
c) red-handed
d) pig-headed
21. Match the definition with the word:
A mark left on a surface by a person's fingertip.
a) signature
b) witness
c) fingerprints
d) graffiti
22. Fill in the gaps with a suitable phrase:
— Why did Mr. Thomas ... on Mrs. Kennedy's property?
— His dog got loose and ran into her yard.
a) commit an act of vandalism
b) trespass
c) suspect
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UNIT 3. THE CAUSES OF CRIME
A. Work in groups. Look at the following activities. In your opinion,
is each one:
a) quite a serious crime?
b) a crime, but not a serious one?
c) not a crime at all?
writing graffiti
making personal phone calls from work
taking small items from hotel bedrooms when you are a guest
saying nothing when you get too much change in a supermarket
parking in a space for disabled drivers
driving at 20 km/h more than the speed limit on a motorway
finding a wallet / purse containing money and not taking it to the
police
buying an essay on the Internet
making your CV / resume better by not including information or
putting incorrect information
not giving all the facts when making an insurance claim
B. Think of one more activity for a, b or c in previous exercise. Then
discuss your ideas in groups.
C. Read the text and match one of the three causes of crime
mentioned in the text (genetic, environment, choice).
Glossary:
1. Commit: To carry out or perpetrate (a mistake, crime, or immoral
act).
2. Intentionally: Done on purpose; deliberate.
3. Criminal behavior: Conduct that violates the law.
4. Genetic causes: Reasons for behavior that are linked to an
individual's genes.
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5. Biological factors: Natural, physical, or genetic traits that
influence behavior.
6. Environment: The surroundings or conditions in which a person
lives or operates.
7. Vicious circle: A complex chain of events that reinforces itself
through a feedback loop.
8. Benefits: Advantages or profits gained from something.
9. Punishments: Penalties imposed for wrongdoing.
10. Prevent: To stop something from happening or arising.
WHY DO WE COMMIT CRIMES?
All adults at some time or another commit a crime, sometimes by
accident, but why do some people intentionally commit crimes? Here are
three theories that try to explain the causes of criminal behavior.
Genetic causes
The idea that some people commit crimes because of biological
factors has a long tradition. This theory suggests that criminals are born,
not made. In the 19th century some people even thought brain sizes and
skull shapes could explain criminal behavior. Although experts today no
longer believe this, they do argue that human behavior can be linked to an
individual’s genes. Studies of adopted children who show criminal
behavior suggest that their behaviour is more similar to their biological
parents’ behavior than their adoptive parents’, showing a genetic link.
Environment
This theory states that a person’s surroundings influence their
behavior. Just as children learn good behavior from their parents and
siblings, so children learn bad behavior from their families and close
relationships. Researchers in this area ague early anti-social behavior in
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childhood often leads to a future of criminal behavior. It is a vicious circle,
as one expert states: “Problem children tend to grow up into problem
adults, and problem adults tend to produce more problem children.”
Choice
The central idea of this theory is that crime is a career decision, an
alternative way of making a living. The theory argues that most criminals
are rational people, who knows what they want and the different ways of
getting it, i.e. work of crime. They are able to balance the risks of
committing a crime, such as going to prison, against its benefits, i.e. what
they gain if they aren’t caught. The conclusion is: if there are more risks
than benefits, don’t do it.
Research is containing into people’s motivation for committing
crimes as understanding this may help us apply the correct punishments
for crime. It is important to understand the causes of crime. With more
knowledge, it will be easier to prevent crime and to help criminals to lead
a more useful life.
D. Read the text again. Look at the summary statements below and
match them with one of the causes in the text (genetic, environment,
choice).
1. Anti-social adults often produce anti-social children.
2. Criminals think they carefully before they decide on a life of
crime.
3. Young people who behave badly tend to become criminals.
4. People used to think that someone’s physical features were a cause
of crime.
5. Some experts now believe that people commit crimes because of
their genes.
6. Criminals consider what they can lose and gain by committing a
crime.
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E. Find words in the text that can be used with the nouns below.
1. _________ behavior (x5)
2. _________ tradition
3. _________ link
4. _________ relationship
5. _________ decision
6. _________ circle
F. Complete the sentences with the phrases from the previous
exercise.
1. He spent many years in prison because of his ... .
2. Her parents were away from the house so often that she was able
to form ... with either of them.
3. The United States has a ... of allowing its citizens to own guns.
4. There are some teenagers in our town whose ... is beginning to
annoy us — they write on walls and shout at people all the time.
5. Some people make a ... at an early age, but others need time to
decide what to do in their lives.
G. Read the newspaper report and answer the questions.
Glossary:
1. Sweet tooth: A strong liking for sweet foods.
2. Surfing the Net: Browsing or navigating the internet.
3. Distressed: Suffering from anxiety, sorrow, or pain.
4. Fraud: Wrongful or criminal deception intended to result in
financial or personal gain.
5. Fraud squad: A police unit specializing in investigating fraud.
6. Juvenile: A young person or individual not yet considered an
adult by law.
7. False pretenses: Misrepresenting facts to obtain something
unlawfully.
8. Donated: Gave something, especially to a charity or cause.
9. Remorseful: Feeling regret or guilt for a wrong committed.
10. Dumbfounded: Greatly astonished or amazed.
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DUBLIN’S FIRST CYBER CRIMINAL
A teenage boy with a sweet tooth has become Ireland’s first criminal
after ordering $1,600 of chocolate on the credit card of an Argentinian.
The case began in Dublin, where 15-year-old boy was surfing the Net on
his parents’ computer. He found an American company offering home
deliveries of chocolate. The boy called up the order form, filled in his
name and address and placed an order for $2,000 of chocolate. When
asked for his credit number, he made one up. He typed in 16 digits at
random. For days later, while his parents were out, a courier delivered the
chocolate. The boy, who cannot be named for legal reasons, hid the goods
in his room.
Meanwhile, the credit card holder in Argentina was distressed to
discover that he had paid $2,000 to an American company supplying
chocolates. He denied any knowledge of the order. The American
suppliers checked the order form, realized the order has gone to Dublin
rather than to Argentina and contacted the Irish police. The Irish fraud
squad began investigating its case of Internet fraud.
Police called at the boy’s home and witnessed him eating the
evidence. According to Irish weekend newspaper, his parents were
“dumbfounded” at the discovery. All three cooperated fully with the police
and recovered the remains of the chocolate.
As a juvenile, the boy will not be charged with obtaining goods by
false pretenses and the American company donated the chocolate to a
children’s charity in Dublin. The offender is said to be “remorseful and
sick of the sight of chocolate”.
H. Answer the following questions.
1. What did the boy buy?
2. Where did he live?
3. How did he buy it?
4. Who supplied what he ordered?
5. Who paid?
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6. How long did it take for the product to arrive?
7. What happened to the boy and the chocolate?
I. Read the text again and choose the correct answer.
1. The Argentinean felt:
a) unhappy and upset
b) angry and worried
c) surprised and annoyed
2. The boy’s parents felt:
a) angry
b) surprised
c) amused
3. At the end of the story the boy felt:
a) sorry
b) worried
c) angry
J. Tell a partner about a time when you experienced these feelings.
distressed dumbfounded remorseful
K. Match the words with the definitions.
1) an event that the police look into
a) a juvenile
2) relating to the law
b) criminal
3) the crime of tricking people to get
money
c) witness
4) to try to discover the truth
d) evidence
5) to see something happen
e) charge with
6) facts or things which prove the truth
f) fraud
7) a young person, not yet an adult
g) investigate
8) to say officially that someone is
accused of crime
h) legal
9) a person who has committed a crime
i) crime
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