Английский язык для юристов = English for lawyers. Учебное пособие

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Note the position of the prepositions in these questions:

Who did you speak to?

What are you looking at?

Where does he come from?

ASKING QUESTIONS 2

In the section Questions 1, we looked at how to ask direct questions. To make a question, we invert the order of the subject and the first auxiliary verb.

Where is Johnny?

Has he found it yet?

If there is no auxiliary, use part of the verb “to do”. For example:

What time did he arrive?

How often do you play tennis?

However, when we ask for information, we often say “Do you know…?” or “Could you tell me….?” These are indirect questions and

more polite. Note that the word order is different.

For example:

Do you know where Johnny is?

Have you any idea if he has found it?

Note that we don’t use do, does or did. For example:

Could you tell me what time he arrived?

Would you mind telling me how often you play tennis?

Use if or whether when there is no question word.

Has he done it? = Do you know if he has done it?

Is it ready? = Can you tell me if it is ready?

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The same changes in word order happen when we report questions. Note that in reported questions, the verb changes to the past:

What are you doing? = He asked me what I was doing.

What have you done about it? = He asked me what I had done about it.

Do you work with Pamela? = He asked me if I worked with Pamela.

QUESTION TAGS

We use tags in spoken English but not in formal written English. They are not really questions but are a way of asking the other person to make a comment and so keep the conversation open.

Making a tag is very mechanical. To make a tag, use the first auxiliary. If there is no auxiliary, use do, does or did. With a positive sentence, make a negative tag and with a negative sentence, make a positive tag.

It's beautiful, isn't it?

He has been, hasn't he?

You can, can't you?

It must be, mustn't it?

You know him, don’t you?

He finished it, didn't he?

He will come, won't he?

It isn't very good, is it?

It hasn't rained, has it?

Notice these:

There isn't an ATM here, is there?

Let's have a cup of coffee, shall we?

To reply, use the same auxiliary:

It's beautiful, isn't it? ~ Yes, it is. I think it's fabulous.

It isn't very good, is it? ~ No, it isn't. In fact, it's terrible.

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SUPPOSE

We often use “suppose” to mean “imagine” or “guess”

I suppose you'll be meeting Danielle when you go to Paris?

When you weren't there, I supposed you must have been held up.

I suppose you two know each other?

Notice that “suppose” is not normally used in the continuous form. We do not usually say “I am supposing”.

Now I suppose we'll have to do something else.

We're waiting for John and I suppose he must be stuck in traffic.

At this moment I suppose it doesn't matter.

Notice that for “imagine not” or “guess not” that we make “suppose” negative, not the other verb.

I don't suppose you know where Mary is?

I don't suppose he'll do anything.

I don't suppose you have a Nokia phone charger here?

When responding to an idea with “suppose”, you can use “so” to avoid repeating the idea that has already been expressed.

Is Susan coming to this meeting? ~ I suppose so.

PREPOSITIONS — TIME

English

Usage

Example

 on

 days of the week

 on Monday

 in

 months / seasons  time of day  year  after a certain period of time

(when?)

 in August / in winter  in the morning  in 2006  in an hour

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English

Usage

Example

 at

 for night  for weekend  a certain point of time (when?)

 at night  at the weekend  at half past nine

 since

 from a certain point of time

(past till now)

 since 1980

 for

 over a certain period of time

(past till now)

 for 2 years  ago

 a certain time in the past

 2 years ago

 before

 earlier than a certain point of

time

 before 2004  to

 telling the time

 ten to six (5:50)

 past

 telling the time

 ten past six (6:10)

 to / till /

until

 marking the beginning and end

of a period of time

 from Monday to / till Friday

 till / until

 in the sense of how long

something is going to last

 He is on holiday until Friday.

 by

 in the sense of at the latest  up to a certain time

 I will be back by 6 o’clock.  By 11 o'clock, I had read five

pages.

PREPOSITIONS — PLACE (POSITION AND DIRECTION)

English

Usage

Example

 in

 room, building, street, town,

country

 book, paper etc.  car, taxi  picture, world

 in the kitchen, in London  in the book  in the car, in a taxi  in the picture, in the world

 at

 meaning next to, by an object  for table  for events  place where you are to do

something typical (watch a film, study, work)

 at the door, at the station  at the table  at a concert, at the party  at the cinema, at school, at work

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English

Usage

Example

 on

 attached  for a place with a river  being on a surface  for a certain side (left, right)  for a floor in a house  for public transport  for television, radio

 the picture on the wall  London lies on the Thames.  on the table  on the left  on the first floor  on the bus, on a plane  on TV, on the radio

 by,

next to, beside

 left or right of somebody or

something

 Jane is standing by / next to /

beside the car.

 under

 on the ground, lower than (or

covered by) something else

 the bag is under the table

 below

 lower than something else but

above ground

 the fish are below the surface

 over

 covered by something else  meaning more than  getting to the other side (also

across)

 overcoming an obstacle

 put a jacket over your shirt  over 16 years of age  walk over the bridge  climb over the wall

 above

 higher than something else, but

not directly over it

 a path above the lake

 across

 getting to the other side (also

over)

 getting to the other side

 walk across the bridge  swim across the lake

 through

 something with limits on top,

bottom and the sides

 drive through the tunnel

 to

 movement to person or building  movement to a place or country  for bed

 go to the cinema  go to London / Ireland  go to bed

 into

 enter a room / a building

 go into the kitchen / the house

 towards

 movement in the direction of

something (but not directly to it)

 go 5 steps towards the house

 onto

 movement to the top of

something

 jump onto the chair  from

 in the sense of where from

 a flower from the garden

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OTHER IMPORTANT PREPOSITIONS

English

Usage

Example

 from

 who gave it

 a present from Jane

 of

 who / what does it belong to  what does it show

 a page of the book  the picture of a palace

 by

 who made it

 a book by Mark Twain

 on

 walking or riding on horseback  entering a public transport vehicle

 on foot, on horseback  get on the bus

 in

 entering a car / Taxi

 get in the car

 off

 leaving a public transport vehicle

 get off the train

 out

of

 leaving a car / Taxi

 get out of the taxi

 by

 rise or fall of something  travelling (other than walking or

horseriding)

 prices have risen by 10 percent  by car, by bus  at

 for age

 she learned Russian at 45

 about

 for topics, meaning what about

 we were talking about you

IRREGULAR VERBS

INFINITIVE

PAST SIMPLE

PARTICIPLE II

ЗНАЧЕНИЕ

be [bi:]

was [wɔz], were [wз:]

been [bi:n]

Быть

beat [bi:t]

beaten ['bi:tn]

Бить

become [bi:kʌm]

became [bi:keim]

become[bi:kʌm]

Становиться

begin [bi'gin]

began [bi'gæn]

begun [bi'gʌn]

Начинать

bleed [bli:d]

bled [bled]

Кровоточить

blow [blou]

blew [blu:]

blown [bloun]

Дуть

break [breik]

broke [brouk]

broken ['brouk(e)n]

Ломать

bring [briŋ]

brought [brɔ:t]

Приносить

build [bild]

built [bilt]

Строить

burn [bз:n]

burnt [bз:nt]

Гореть

burst [bз:st]

Разразиться

buy [bai]

bought [bɔ:t]

Покупать

catch [kætʃ]

caught [kɔ:t]

Ловить, хватать,

успеть

127

INFINITIVE

PAST SIMPLE

PARTICIPLE II

ЗНАЧЕНИЕ

choose [tʃu:z]

chose [ʃəuz]

chosen [tʃəuz(ə)n]

Выбирать

come [kʌm]

came [keim]

come [kʌm]

Приходить

cost [cɔst]

Стоить

creep [kri:p]

crept [krept]

Ползать

cut [kʌt]

Резать

do [du:]

did [did]

done [dʌn]

Делать

draw [drɔ:]

drew [dru:]

drawn [drɔ:n]

Рисовать, тащить

dream [dri:m]

dreamt [dremt]

Мечтать, дремать

drink [driŋk]

drank [dræŋk]

drunk [drʌŋk]

Пить

drive [draiv]

drove [drouv]

driven ['drivn]

Водить

eat [i:t]

ate [et]

eaten ['i:tn]

Есть

fall [fɔ:l]

fell [fel]

fallen ['fɔ:lən]

Падать

feed [fi:d]

fed [fed]

Кормить

feel [fi:l]

felt [felt]

Чувствовать

fight [fait]

fought [fɔ:t]

Бороться

find [faind]

found [faund]

Находить

fit [fit]

Подходить по

размеру

fly [flai]

flew [flu:]

flown [floun]

Летать

forget [fə'get]

forgot [fə'gɔt]

forgotten

[fə'gɔt(ə)n]

Забывать

forgive [fo'giv]

forgave [fo'geiv]

forgiven [fo'givn]

Прощать

freeze [fri:z]

froze [frouz]

frozen ['frouzn]

Замерзать

get [ get ]

got [gɔt]

Получать

give [giv]

gave [geiv]

given [givn]

Давать

go [gou]

went [went]

gone [gɔn]

Идти

grow [grou]

grew [gru:]

grown [groun]

Расти

hang [hæŋ]

hung [hʌŋ]

Вешать

have [hæv]

had [hæd]

Иметь

hear [hiə]

heard [hз:d]

Слышать

hide [haid]

hid [hid]

hidden ['hidn]

Прятать

hit [hit]

Попадать в цель

hold [hould]

held [held]

Держать

hurt [hз:t]

Ушибить

keep [ki:p]

kept [kept]

Содержать

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INFINITIVE

PAST SIMPLE

PARTICIPLE II

ЗНАЧЕНИЕ

kneel [ni:l]

knelt [nelt]

Стоять на коленях

know [nou]

knew [nju:]

known [noun]

Знать

lay [lei]

laid [leid]

Класть

lead [li:d]

led [led]

Вести

lean [li:n]

leant [lent]

Наклоняться

learn [lз:n]

learnt [lз:nt]

Учить

leave [li:v]

left [left]

Оставлять

lend [lend]

lent [lent]

Занимать

let [let]

Позволять

lie [lai]

lay [lei]

lain [lein]

Лежать

light [lait]

lit [lit]

Освещать

lose [lu:z]

lost [lɔst]

Терять

make [meik]

made [meid]

Производить

mean [mi:n]

meant [ment]

Значить

meet [mi:t]

met [met]

Встречать

mistake [mis'teik]

mistook [mis'tuk]

mistaken

[mis'teik(e)n]

Ошибаться

pay [pei]

paid [peid]

Платить

prove [pru:v]

proved [pru:vd]

proven [pru:vn]

Доказывать

put [put]

Положить

quit [kwit]

Выходить

read [ri:d]

read [red]

Читать

ride [raid]

rode [roud]

ridden ['ridn]

Ездить верхом

ring [riŋ]

rang [ræŋ]

rung [rʌŋ]

Звенеть

rise [raiz]

rose [rouz]

risen ['rizn]

Подниматься

run [rʌŋ]

ran [ræŋ]

run [rʌŋ]

Бежать

say [sei]

said [sed]

Говорить

see [si:]

saw [sɔ:]

seen [si:n]

Видеть

seek [si:k]

sought [sɔ:t]

Искать

sell [sel]

sold [sould]

Продавать

send [send]

sent [sent]

Посылать

set [set]

Ставить

sew [sou]

sewed [soud]

sewn [soun]

Шить

shake [ʃeik]

shook [ʃuk]

shaken ['ʃeik(ə)n]

Встряхивать

show [ʃəu]

showed [ʃəud]

shown [ʃəun]

Показывать

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INFINITIVE

PAST SIMPLE

PARTICIPLE II

ЗНАЧЕНИЕ

shrink [ʃriŋk]

shrank [ʃræŋk]

shrunk [ʃrʌŋk]

Уменьшать

shut [ʃʌt]

Закрывать

sing [siŋ]

sang [sæŋ]

sung [sʌŋ]

Петь

sink [siŋk]

sank [sæŋk],

sunk [sʌŋk]

Тонуть sit [sit]

sat [sæt]

Сидеть

sleep [sli:p]

slept [slept]

Спать

slide [slaid]

slid [slid]

Скользить

sow [sou]

sowed [soud]

sown [soun]

Сеять

speak [spi:k]

spoke [spouk]

spoken ['spouk(e)n]

Говорить

spell [spel]

spelt [spelt]

Произносить по

буквам

spend [spend]

spent [spent]

Тратить

spill [spil]

spilt [spilt]

Проливать

spoil [spɔil]

spoilt [spɔilt]

Портить

spread [spred]

Расстилать

spring [spriŋ]

sprang [spræŋ]

sprung [sprʌŋ]

Прыгать

stand [stænd]

stood [stu:d]

Стоять

steal [sti:l]

stole [stoul]

stolen ['stəulən]

Красть

stick [stik]

stuck [stʌk]

Колоть

sting [stiŋ]

stung [stʌŋ]

Жалить

sweep [swi:p]

swept [swept]

Выметать

swell [swel]

swelled [sweld]

swollen ['swoul(e)n]

Разбухать

swim [swim]

swam [swem]

swum [swʌm]

Плавать

swing [swiŋ]

swung [swʌŋ]

Качать

take [teik]

took [tuk]

taken ['teik(ə)n]

Брать, взять

teach [ti:tʃ]

taught [tɔ:t]

Учить

tear [tɛə]

tore [tɔ:]

torn [tɔ:n]

Рвать

tell [tel]

told [tould]

Рассказывать

think [θiŋk]

thought [θɔ:t]

Думать

throw [θrəu]

threw [θru:]

thrown [θrəun]

Бросать

understand

[ʌndə'stænd]

understood [ʌndə'stud]

Понимать

wake [weik]

woke [wouk]

woken ['wouk(e)n]

Просыпаться

wear [wɛə]

wore [wɔ:]

worn [wɔ:n]

Носить

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INFINITIVE

PAST SIMPLE

PARTICIPLE II

ЗНАЧЕНИЕ

weep [wi:p]

wept [wept]

Плакать

wet [wet]

Мочить

win [win]

won [wʌn]

Выигрывать

wind [waind]

wound [waund]

Извиваться

write [rait]

wrote [rout]

written ['ritn]

Писать

MODAL VERBS

Modal

verb

Usage

Example

Can can’t cannot

ability

He can do several things at the same time.

when something is possible

You can’t leave your car in that parking space.

permission

You can start now.

informal requests

Can you do that?

Could

past form of “can”

He phoned to say he couldn't come.

polite requests

Could you help me, please?

possibility

It could be that he missed the bus.

May possibility

It may wind tomorrow.

ask or give permission (formal)

May I come in?

Might

past form of “may”

He said he might do his project.

possibility

You might have dropped it in the street.

Must

you have to do it

We must obey the law.

it's very logical or very likely to happen

They left so early, they must be home by now.

must not / mustn't

you are not allowed to do it

You mustn't smoke in here.

Shall

future for “I” and “we”

I shall see her tomorrow.

questions and suggestions for “I” and “we”

Let's go, shall we?

should

the right thing to do

He should call the hospital.

advice

– What should I do? – You should stop thinking about it.

what is likely or expected to happen

We should be back by midnight.