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Файл:Английский язык в сфере ЖКХ. Учебное пособие
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Ex. 6.6. Mak e up as many word expressions as you can according to the model:
to carry out
довести до сведения
to increase anxiety
прояснить задачи
to obtain t he permission
определить время
to execute t he jobs
контролировать уборку
to identify the time
выполнить работы
to make the tasks clear
получить разрешение
to let smb. know
добавить забот
to supervise som e clea ni ng ex erc ise
выполнять
anxiety pleasure in some respect identify
on behalf of to carry out responsible
a Verb + a Noun. U se the verbs b elow.
Example: to do the work
1) to waste
2) to increase
3) to obtain
4) to identify
5) to supervise
6) to carry out
7) to inform
8) to replace
Ex. 6.7. Fill in the ga ps in the sentences belo w with the words and ex pressions
from the box. There are two expressions which you don’t need to use.
tight budget supervising decide
1) The condo manager has to execute his jobs in a very ___________ and he
should also see that no money is wasted on anything silly.
2
fter all you are appointing one for your convenience and not for increasing
) A
your ___________.
) Af
3
ter obtaining the necessary permission he is to seek quotations from the
suitable agencies and negotiate the contrac t ________________ the associat ion.
4) The manager must _______________the actual time when the repair is
imminent and inf orm the associat io n abo ut it.
) He
5
e
6
is the person _____________ for bringing to your notice each a
verything that needs attention.
) Y
ou should know that when the manager is not ______________ some
nd
cleaning or pruning exercise he is not actually doing anything.
7) Well, the superficial jobs are the actual superficial jobs that do not need real
management skill ___________.
8) The management training really helps ______________ but they do not make
much differ ence from what you can achieve with your experience.
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Ex. 6.8. Make a summary of the text using the given expre ssions.
primary
первичный, основной, главный, важнейший,
involve
включать в себя
повестка, план
schedule
график, план
посвящать, предназначать
outcome
итог, результат,последствие
asset
имущество, актив,
benefit
выгода, польза
[ˈpriːdɪsesə] предшественник
hygiene
гигиена
ambience
обстановка, среда, окружение, атмосфера
fetch
привести, получать
нацеленный на
in order to
чтобы
objective
цель
tidying up
уборка
затратный по времени
laborious
трудоёмкий
devote
посвящать, отдавать, уделять
contemplate
рассматривать, обдумывать, рассмотреть,
[ɪˈmækjʊlɪt] безупречный, безукоризненно чистый
давать, приносить
[ekspɜːˈtiːz] компетентность, квалификация,
мастерство, экспертные знания
experience
[ɪksˈpɪərɪəns] опыт, стаж работы, мастерство
следовательно, поэтому
lack
недостаток, нехватка
duration
продолжительность
зайти, заглянуть
prior
предварительный
ценный
he text under the title “ ________ ” tells us about ……….
T
The text begins with t he ……….
The author underlines that……….
Then the author go es on to say about ……….
At the end of the text the author m akes the conclusion that ………
Unit 7. Professional Apartment Maintenance Cleaners
Ex. 7.1. Read the vocabulary. Learn the words in bold.
agenda
dedicate
predecessor
with an eye for
time taking
immaculate
yield
expertise
hence
drop in
valuable
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pretty
довольно
pick up
подбирать, найти
истинный, настоящий
facility
оборудование, устройство
genuine
Ex. 7.2. Read and translate the text.
Profession al Apartment Maintenance Cleaners
One of the primary aims of apartments maintenance is keeping them neat,
clean and hygienic. This involves planning and designing an agenda of the tasks one
needs to perform the cleaning up of the entire house. A schedule t o this effe ct should
be prepared and followed every day. A dedicated effort always leads to worthy
outcomes. Hence, a well maintained asset tends to benefit the owner of the asset in a
number of ways. Firstly, cleanliness is the predecessor to hygiene. A neatly
maintained place is a h ealthy pla ce to live in. It give s the per son resi ding in the h ouse
a mentally and physically healthy ambience. Secondly, an impressively maintained
house will fetch the owner more tenants and buyers, and hence can turn out to be a
goldmine for an owner with an eye for doing business with his asset.
Having learnt about the importance of cleanliness in apartments maintenance,
the next thing that owners would like to consider is the efforts that they will have to
put in order to achieve their objecti ve of keeping their houses cle an. Aft er all, tidying
up a house is a time taking and laborious task. Most importantly, it is a serious job
for which a lot of time has to be devoted. The owner might be busy with other
activities of his life and may not have the time, energy or resources to maintain his
asset efficiently. In such a case, the owner can contemplate taking professional
assistance in making his house hundred percent immac ulate.
Apartments maintenance, when done professionally, yields very good
results. The professionals have expertise and experience to know the best possible
ways of keeping the house clean. They are dedicated maintainers and hence they
can clean up large areas of the house in short durations of time. The owners of
assets are lacking in these qualities and hence they are usually not able to maintain
their assets in the bes t possi ble manner. The owner , on the ot he r ha nd, can ge t s om e
time that he can spend in other important activities. Generally, friends, relatives,
official contacts might just drop in at the house without any prior notice. Even
during special occasions housekeepers have to literally spend hours in apartments
maintenance chores, rather than prepare themselves for the party at leisure.
Eventually, at the time of the party the lady of the house is a tired figure, waiting
for the event to get over as soon as possible.
The professional maintainers not only maintain the house but they also
offer valuable advice to the owner of the house regarding the most effective
ways to keep the house and its surroundings clean. Many owners hire
professional help for a few times in the beginning and observe carefully the
procedures that they follow for cleaning the different rooms of the house and its
premises. The n they do the clean ing themselves from the next time.
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The professional maintainers are pretty expensive to hire. There are many
1) in order to
a) настоящее удовлетворение
2) yields very good results
b) ценный совет
c) довольно дорогой обслуживающий
персонал
d) трудоёмкая и затратная по времени
задача
5) prior notice
e) чтобы
6) genuine sati sfa c ti on
f) приносить хорошие результаты
7) pretty expensive professional
maintainers
8) time taking and laborious task
h) приносить выгоду собственнику
assets managing firms offering apartments maintenance facilities. Many of them
advertise on popular media. The owners of the house should carefully pick up
those firms that offer genuine client satisfaction. Many firms offer a lot of
facilities, but the owners have to choose only those facilities that are necessary
for them and not the one s that the fir ms try to sell them to.
E
x. 7.3. Match the words an d expressions to their translation.
3) valuable a dvice
4) benefit the owner
g) предварительное оповещение
x. 7.4. Find Russian equivalents for the following English e xpressions.
E
1) to pick up the firms
2
nuine client satisfaction
) ge
) t
3
o offer valuable advice
4) to have expertise and experience
5
idying up a house
) t
) t
6
o have the time, energy or resource s
7) to achieve their objective
8) to follow the sche d ule
x. 7.5. Find English equivalents for the followi ng Russian expression s.
E
1) на
илучшим образом
2) приносить выгоду собственнику
3
аиболее эффективные методы
) н
) д
4
ом и прилегающую территорию
5
офессиональная помощь
) пр
6
рудоёмкая задача
) т
) з
7
аполучить больше жильцов
8
ридерживаться графика каждый день
) п
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Ex. 7.6. Make up as many word expressions as you can according to the model:
fetch expertise catch agenda
facilities pick up assets
an Adjective + a Noun. Use the adjec tives below.
Example: a broa d stre et
1) ge
nuine
) v
2
aluable
3
etty expensive
) pr
) pr
4
ior
5
ime taking
) t
6
gienic
) hy
7) healthy
) l
8
aborious
x. 7.7. Fill in the gaps in the sentences below with the words and expr essions
E
from the box. There are two expressions which you don’t need to use.
contemplate prior complain
1) The pr ofessionals have _______ _________ and experienc e to know the best
possible ways of keepi ng the house clean.
) T
2
he owners have to choose only those _______________ that are necessary
for them and not the ones that the fir ms try to sell them to.
) A
3
n impressively maintained house will _____________ the owner more
tenants and buyers.
4
he owners of the house should carefully ________________ those firms that
) T
offer genuine clie nt s ati sfa c t ion.
) G
5
enerally, friends, relatives, official contacts might just drop in at the house
without any ___________ notice.
6
his involves planning and designing an _____________ of the tasks one
) T
needs to perform the c leaning up the entire house.
7
he owners of assets are lacking in these qualities and hence they are usually
) T
not able to maintain their _______ _________ i n the best possible m anner.
) T
8
he owner can ____________ __ taking profes sional assistan ce in making hi
ho
use hundred perc e nt im maculate.
Ex. 7.8. Make a summary of the text using the given expressions.
s
he text under the title “ ________ ” te lls us about … …….
T
At the beginning of the text the author describes ……….
The author stresses that……….
Then the author passes to ……….
At the end of the text the author makes the conc l usi on t hat … … …
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Part IV
Texts for self-work
Методические рекомендации по работе с текстами
При самостоятельной работе над данными текстами необходимо
выполнять следующие рекомендации:
1. Внимательно посмотрите на заголовок текста и переведите его. Это
даст вам общее представление о содержании текста и его основной идее.
2. Прочтите текст, пытаясь уловить главную мысль каждого абзаца.
3. Переведите текст, пользуясь англо-русским экономическим или
политехническим словарем терминов.
Выписывайте слова, отбрасывая окончания и определяя их исх
4.
(словарную) форму слова. Перед тем как выписывать слово, следует
установить, какой частью речи оно является. Помните, что в каждом языке
слово может иметь несколько значений. Отбирая в словаре подходящее по
значению русское слово, следует исходить, прежде всего, из его
грамматической функции, а также учитывать его значение в данном
контексте.
5. Прочтите текст еще несколько раз. Теперь можно переходить к
составлению резюме текста.
6. Сначала сообщите исходные данные текста (заголовок, дата
публикации, название издания, автор), затем расскажите основное
содержание, вводя в предложения клишированные выражения и фразы для
резюме.
одную
Text 1. Read the text and translate it. Make up a summary of the text.
Use dictionary if necessary.
Th
e Traditional Economy
s hard to imagine our lives without coins, banknotes and credit cards.
It’
Yet for most of human history people lived without money. For thousands of
years human societies had very simple economies. There were no shops,
markets or traders. There were no employers, paid workers or salaries. Today,
we call this kind of economy the traditional economy, and in some parts of Asia,
South America and Afr ica this sy stem still exists.
People who live in a traditional economy don’t have money because they
don’t need it. They live lives of subsistence. That means they hunt, gather or
grow only enough food to live. There is almost no surplus in the traditional
economy, and there is almost no property. Families may own simple
66
accommodation but land is shared by all the tribe. Economic decisions are taken
according to the customs of the tribe. For example, every family may need to
give some of the crops they grow to the tribal leader, but keep the rest for
themselves. They don’t do this because it makes economic sense. They do it
because the tribe has a lways done i t. It’s simply a custom.
Custom, also, decides what jobs people do in the traditional economy.
People generally do the jobs that their parents and grandparents did before them.
Anyway, there aren’t many jobs to choose from in the traditional economy. Men
are hunters, farmers or both. The women’s place is at home looking after
children, cooking and home-making. This division of labour between men and
women is another characteristic of the t raditional economy. Whate ver the work
is, and whoever does it, you can be sure it’s hard work. This is because
traditional economies have almost no technology. Physical strength and
knowledge of the environment are the tools for survival.
Like any other economic system the traditional economy has its
benefits and drawbacks. Probably the biggest benefit is that these are
peaceful societies. People consume almost everything they produce and own
practically nothing. They are equally poor. For all these reasons war is
almost unknown in these societies.
However people who live in traditional societies are among the poorest
people in the world. Because custom decides what people do nothing in these
societies ever changes. Because there is no technology, people depend on nature
to survive. They have no protection from environmental disasters like droughts
and floods. They are always in danger of hunge r and disease.
But the traditional economy is in danger itself. There are only a few examples
left on the planet. In 100 years from now it may have disappeared forever.
Text 2. Read the text and translate it. Make up a summary of the text.
Use dictionary if necessary.
The Market
Have you ever walked through a busy street market? People push their
way through crowds of others in order to reach the stalls first. The air is full of
deafening shouts. Stall owners yell to advertise their goods. Buyers cry out their
orders. It’s hard to imagine but behind this noisy confusion is a very logical
economic theory: the market economy.
The market e conomy is sometimes called the free market. A fr ee market i s
not controlled in any way by a government. It is also free from the influence of
custom or tradition. In a free market the only reason why things are bought and
sold is because there is a demand for them. Prices for goods and services are
67
simply what people are prepared to pay. The market economy is not really
controlled by anyone. It controls itself.
The street market where we began has many of the characteristics of
the free market. Customers arrive at the market with a shopping list of
things they need. They also come with an idea of how much they are
prepared to pay. Stall owners sell what customers demand, and try to get the
highest price they can for it. Supply and demand control what is on the
market and how much it sells for. In the wider economy we are all
customers and the stall owners are like companies.
The role of the company in the free market is to supply what people want.
However companies need an incentive. The incentive is profit. There are two
ways for companies to make a profit. The first way is to raise their prices. The
second way is to reduce their production costs. And this brings us to two more
features of the market economy: competition and tec hnology.
Competition exists in a free market because, theoretically, anyone can be
a producer. This means that companies have to compete with each other for a
share of the market. Competition is good for consumers because it helps to
control prices and quality. If customers aren’t happy with a product or service,
or if they can’t afford it, they will go to a competitor.
Technology exists in a free market be cause producers need w ays to reduc e
their costs. They cannot buy cheaper raw materials. Instead, they must make
better use of time and labour. Technology is the use of tools and machines to do
jobs in a better way. This helps companies produce more goods in less time and
with less eff ort. The result: more profit.
People often think that most economies are free markets. However, at
the macroeconomic level, a truly free market economy does not exist
anywhere in the world. This is because all governments set limits in o rder to
control the economy. Some governments set many limits, other governments
set very few, but they all set so me. For this reason, a true market economy is
only theoretical. Nevertheless, many of the features of the market economy
do exist in most societies today.
Text 3. Read the text and translate it. Make up a summary of the text.
Use dictionary if necessary.
The Planned Economy
In many ways the planned economy is the direct opposite of the
market economy. In the market economy the forces of supply and demand
decide everything: what is produced, how much is produced, the methods of
production and the price. In the planned economy all of this is decided by
68
the government. In every way that the market economy is free, the planned
economy is controlled.
Unfortunately, no economic system is perfect. If there was a perfect
system, economists wouldn’t have anything to argue about! Market
economies have their strengths but they have their problems too. Planned
economies try to provide solutions to these problems. For example, the free
market supplies the things that people want. However, what people want and
what they need are not always the same. Fast food is always in d emand but
it’s bad for us. In a planned economy the government could decide to stop
fast food restaurants operating in the market.
A second problem with free markets is that producers always want the
highest price. Often the poor can’t afford things. In a planned economy the
government sets prices. They make sure that everyone can afford basic
commodities. This is one way that planned economies try to share things
equally. Another is to control how much people get paid.
In a planned economy workers’ wages depend on the service they
provide to society. If people can live without their service you get paid less.
This is very different from the free market. In the free market someone’s
salary mostly depends on the demand for his or her work. If people
like what you do you get paid more. Before 1900 there were few examples
th
of planned economies. During the 20
century, however, the planned
economy became the standard for socialist governments like the USSR and
China. These countries experienced amazing economic growth in a very
short time. In a market economy it takes a long time for big industries to
grow from small companies. In a planned economy, however, huge
industries can grow overnight. The government simply decides to spend
money on factories and factories appear. Britain, for example, took c enturies
to develop her steel industry in a free market economy. China developed
hers in a few d ecades.
But as we said, no economic system is perfect. The planned economy has
many drawbacks. One of these drawbacks is problems with supply. It is difficult
for governments of planned economies to know exactly how much to produce to
meet demand. In a market economy when the price of a commodity rises, this
indicates a rise in demand. Companies then supply more to the market. This
warning system doesn’t work in a planned economy because price is controlled
by the government. The result is s hortages.
When shortages happen gov ernments can do two things: ration goods or
raise prices. In this situation people then start to hoard things and the problem
gets even worse. As the population gets bigger shortages like this become more
common. F or this reason China – once the world’s biggest planned economy – is
rapidly moving towards another system: the mixed economy.
69
Text 4. Read the text and translate it. Make up a summary of the text.
Use dictionary if necessary.
T
he Mixed Economy
ost economists would say that there are no examples in the world today
M
of a completely free market or a completely controlled economy. Instead, every
country operates a mixture of the two systems. Even in the freest economies like
the USA there is some government control; even in the strictest planned
economy there is some free enterprise.
Economies mix government control and free market values in
different ways. One way is to let privately owned businesses exist alongside
state run industries. The economy becomes divided between the state sector
and the private sector. The state sector often includes industries that the
government thinks are important and need protection from the risks of the
free market. Theses could include public transport, hospitals, schools and
the postal service. The state sector can also include large industries that are
important for a country’s economic health, such as oil , steel or agriculture.
These are sometimes called primary industries because they provide basic
materials to manufacturers.
These state sector industries use money that the government collects in
taxes. Often they do not need to compete with other companies because no other
company is allowed to provide the same product or service. However, many
countries have recently started a process c alled deregulation.
Deregulation means freeing up the economy to allow private businesses to
compete with state-run industries. The state sector should then run more
efficiently in order to compete in the free market and because it now has less
governme nt protection.
Deregulation of services like telecommunications, transport and
banking has happened in many countries in recent years. People have
generally accepted these changes. However, generally the public is less
happy when governments start talking about deregulation in education and
health services. Many people feel that profit motivation will harm these
services rather than improve them.
Another way in which economies today are mixed is that governments
put limits on free enterprise. For example, governments may decide to ban
trade in certain goods if they are dangerous. They may also create laws to
make sure companies trade honestly or to prevent monopolies. If a company
has a monopoly, normal market forces do not affect it. This is bad for
consumers and the economy in general. Governments may also regulate
methods of production. They do this to guarantee that products are safe for
consumers and to protect the environment.
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