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Файл:Английский язык в сфере ЖКХ. Учебное пособие
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Ex. 1.11. Find English equivalents for the following Russian expressions
and words.
1) движущая сила производства
2) природные богатства
3) кадры
4) выживание
5) открыть новое дело / бизнес
6) за плату
7) товары народного потребления
8) средства производства
9) технический прогресс
10) внедрить новый продукт
Ex. 1.12. Make a summary of the text using the given expressions.
The text und er the title “ ________ ” tells us about ……….
At the begin ning of the text the author explains ……….
The text gives the review of ……….
Then the author passes on to ……….
The article ends with ………
Ex. 1.13. Read and translate t he text.
What are microeconomics and macroeconomics?
Economists talk about microeconomics and macroeconomics.
Microeconomics deals with people like you and me and private businesses. It
looks at the economic decisions people make every day. It examines how
families manage their household budgets. Microeconomics also deals with
companies – small or large – and how they run their business. Macroeconomics,
on the other hand, looks at the economy of a country – and of the whole wo rld.
Any economist will tell you, though, that microeconomics and macroeconomics
are closely related. All of our daily microeconomic decisions have an eff ect on
the wider world around us.
Another way to look the science of economics is to ask, “what’s it good
for?” Economists don’t all agree on the answer to this question. Some practice
positive economics. They study economic data and try to explain the behaviour
of the economy. They also try to guess economic changes before they happen.
Others practice normative economics. They suggest how to improve the
economy. Positive economists say, “this is how it is”. Normative economists
say, “we should …”.
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So what do economists do? Mainly, they do three things: collect data,
A. the people who control a country and
make laws
B. information
C. company that sells goods or services
D. easiness
E. the amount of money you have for
something
F. how much people want something
G. the number of people without wor k
H. rising prices
I.giving away something in exchange for
something
10.unemployment
J. something such as money, workers or
minerals belonging to an organization,
properly
create economic models and formulate theories. Data collection can include
facts and figures about almost anything, from birth rates to coffee production.
Economic models show relationships between these different data. For example,
the relationship between the money people earn and unemployment. From this
information economists try to make theories which explain why the economy
works the way it does.
Ex. 1.14. Now read the text again and match each paragraph with the
correct heading.
a) How economists work
b) Making deals every day
c) Various ideas about economics
d) Two areas of economics
e) Two types of economists
Ex. 1.15. Match the words wi th the definitions
country, etc. which can be used to function
Ex. 1.16. Read and translate t he text.
Macroeconomics
In the 1930s one of the world’s strongest economies suffered a
devastating collapse. It was the American economy and the disaster was the
Great Depression. The effects of the Great Depression were felt all around the
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world and it brought about a change in economic thinking. Economists began to
realize that looking at the behaviour of indi vidual consumers and su ppliers in th e
economy was not enough. Economists and governments had to understand how
the whole economy worked. In other words they had to have an understanding
of macroeconomics.
Microeconomics looks at how the details of the economy work.
Macroeconomics takes a few steps back and looks at the whole picture.
While microeconomics looks at supply and demand for a single product or
industry, macroeconomics follows supply and demand patterns for the whole
economy. Whereas microeconomics is about economic events at home,
macroeconomics looks at how the domestic economy interacts with the
economies of other countries.
However, macroeconomics isn’t only about knowing what’s
happening in the economy. After the shock of the Great Depression
governments realized that an economy needs to be managed. Most
governments aim to have steady economic growth to control inflation and to
avoid recessions. Just managing an individual business is a hard enough
task. How do you manage a whole economy? Governments have certain
mechanisms which help them to do this.
The first of these mechanisms is fiscal policy. Fiscal policy refers to the
tax system and to government spending. By increasing or decreasing the amount
of tax people must pay, the government can affect how much money people
have available to spend (disposable income). This, in turn, has an effect on
demand in the market. By increasing or decreasing their own spending
governme nts can have a huge effect on the growth of the economy.
The second mechanism is monetary policy. With its monetary policy a
government sets interest rates and also controls the amount of money that
circulates in the economy. The interest rate the government sets influences the
rate that commercial banks set when they lend money to customers. Interest
rates have a big impact on the economy. For example, they can affect people’s
decisions about saving or spending money.
The third mechanism is administrative approach. This is a range of things
that governments do to increase the supply of goods and services to the
economy but without increasing prices. There are a number of ways
governments try to do this. For example, improvements in education and
training can make the workforce more productive. Investment in technology can
make industry more efficient. Governments can also change employment and
business laws to make the market more competitive.
With a combination of these methods governments try to steer or guide
the economy on a steady and predictable path. They aim for gradual economic
growth and to avoid disasters like the Great de pression.
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Ex. 1.17. Now read the text again and answer the questions.
1. Which countries were affected by the Great Depression?
A. only America
B. just Am erica and Europe
C. the whole world
2. Which of the following is interested in foreign economies?
A. microeconomics
B. macroeconomics
C. both m icroeconomics and macroe conomics
3. The three different mechanisms which governments use are …
A. all concerned wi th how much money people have to spe nd.
B. aimed at improving education and trainin g.
C. all differ ent ways of managing an economy .
4. Which mechanisms involve changing interest rates?
A. fiscal policy
B. monetary policy
C. administr ative approach
5. Which mechanisms might involve creating job training schemes for school
leavers?
A. fiscal policy
B. monetary policy
C. administr ative approach
6. What do governments want to achieve with their macroeconomic policies?
A. to predict what will happen in t he econ om y
B. to create steady economic growth
C. to combine different paths for ec onomic growth
Ex. 1.18. Complete the text with one word for each gap. The first fetter has
been given.
The traditional economy is the oldest form of economy. It has existed for
thousands of years, although today it has almost disappeared. People in a
traditional economy do not own (1) p………They do not earn a (2) s ……..and
thus neither do they pay (3) t………In fact, there is no money. They live on the
raw (4) m………that the forest provides them. They don't grow food or have
any organized (5) a………with farms and (6) с………growing in fields. Instead,
they (7) g………wild fruit and vegetables or (8) h………wild animals. They eat
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most of the food they find, and may (9) h………some food for the winter, but
they do not sell it. It's a difficult life. There are often (10) s………of food when
there is not enough to eat. When this happens, the (11) t………must move on to
another part of th e forest.
Ex. 1.19. Make a summary of the text using the given expressions.
The text und er the title “ ________ ” tells us about ……….
At the beginning of the text the author explains ……….
The text gives the review of ……….
Then the author passes on to ……….
The article ends with ………
Ex. 1.20. Read and translate t he text.
Modern World Economy
The world economy is increasingly becoming a single economic unit.
Individual national economies are developing closer ties through trade, capital
investment and financial institutions. The role of global business in world affairs
is becoming more important. Multinational corporations spread their activities
across national boundaries, the international banking system carries on banking
activities throughout the world, financial and commodity markets have become
world markets.
Over the last few decades export and import shares of output have
increased considerably in practically all industrial sectors. For most industrial
nations, exports and imports remain the most important international activity. In
addition to visible trad e , whi ch in vol ve s the import and export of goo ds , the y are
trying to develop invisible trade, which involves the exchange of services
between na tions, thus improving their balances of trade.
As the world is developing a single economy, international organizations,
including the World Trade Organisation, the International Monetary Fund and
the World Bank Group, are contributing to the liberalization of trade, monetary
and economic cooperation. They have had a positive effect on economic growth,
price stability and the flow of capital.
Nevertheless, serious economic a nd social challenges remain:
- how to bridge the ga p betwe e n the in dus tr i ali z ed an d deve l op i n g wor ld;
- how to prevent inf la ti on ;
- how to improve employment opp ortunities :
- how to ma intain economic growth ;
- how to put an end to pove rty.
15
Ex. 1.21. Answer the following questions.
1) W
hat trend in the development of the world economy has been observed lately?
2) How is global business devel o pin g ?
3) Do export and import of goods remain the most important activity for many
countries?
4) What is invisible trade?
5) What role do international organizations play in the modern world
economy?
6) What world problems have to be solved?
Ex. 1.22. Practise these words and word combinations. Translate them into
Russian.
S
hare
1) Britain’s share of world trade has decline d.
2) She owns shares in the business.
3) We will all have a share in the profits.
4) Share prices rose yesterday.
o involve
T
1) My studies at university involve a great deal of hard work.
2) The students of our college are involved in the decision-making process,
which gives them valuable experience for their future work.
3) Buying shares involv es some risk.
4) His job involves collecting statistics.
5) I’m involved in an interesting project now.
Ex. 1.23. Bear out (подтвердите) the following statements using the
information from the t ext.
1) T
he world eco nomy is incre asingly becoming a single economic unit.
2) Over the last few decades export and import shares of output have increased
considera bly in practically all industrial sectors.
3) Nevertheless, serious economic and social challenges remain.
Unit 2. The Nation’s Economy
Ex. 2.1. Read the vocabulary. Learn the words in bold.
ranch
b
primary sect or
отрасль экономики
первичный сектор
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deal with
денежная масса в обращении и
предложение кредитных средств
extraction
processing
и
меть дело с
д
обыча (минерального сырья)
п
ереработка
manufacturing sector
distribution
catering
advanced industrialized countries
fiscal policy
monetary policy
supply
обрабатывающий сектор
р
аспределение, дистрибуция
о
бщественное питание
промышленно-развитые страны
бю
джетно-налоговая политика
к
редитно-денежная политика
предложение
supply of money an d credit
E
x. 2.2. Read the text and translate it into Russian. Explain how the
economy mac hin e works.
The Nation’s Economy
The economy of the country is like a machine which provides us with
things we need, i.e. goods and services. The economy creates the wealt h of the
country. The better it works the be tter off ar e the people.
The government through its economic policy plays an important role in
the control of the economy machine. The major branches of economic policy are
fiscal and monetary policies. Fiscal policy is concerned with taxes and
government spending activities. Monetary policy is concerned with controlling
the supply of money an d credit.
A nation’s economy can be divided into three sectors of activity. The primary
sector deals with extraction of minerals, agriculture, fishing and forestry. Processing
of the primary sector materials and production of manufactured goods is the field of
the manufacturing sector. The service sector provides services of various kinds such
as transportation, distribution, catering as well as financial services and tourism. The
role of the manufacturing sector in the advanced industrialized countries is
decreasing while the service sector is becoming more importa nt.
E
x. 2.3. Think of adjectives, which are frequently used with the following
words:
enterprise, sector of economy, programme, finances, business, p olicy
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Ex. 2.4. Match the infinitives in A with n ouns in B.
A B
to produce an enterprise
to privatize a climate
to play raw materials
to take assistance
to create productivity
to provide goods
to raise a decision
to process a role
Ex
. 2.5. Mak e a summary of the text using the given expressions.
The text und er the title “ ________ ” tells us about ……….
At the beginning of the text the author explains ……….
The text gives the review of ……….
Then the author passes on to ……….
The article ends with ………
E
x. 2.6. Read the interview with a Russian economist published in one of
the specialist journals. Sum up his assessment of the economic situation in
Russia.
In
terview wi th the Econ omist
Foreigner: How did your economy fare last year?
Russian: Last year was one of the best for Russia. GDP grew at a reasonable
pace, then we ha rvested a re cord crop.
F.: I think it was due to very favourable weather conditions. What factors
resulted in it in your opinion?
R.: Undoubtedly, the weather conditions affected the crop. But I think that
investment and refor ms in agricu lture started to pay ba ck.
F.: And how do you assess the manufact uring sector , your ind ustry?
R.: Industrial production went up in some branches, though the real sector
still needs more inves tment if we w ant it to dev elop faster.
F.: If you want foreigners to invest you must give them guarantees of law
and order in the country, create a more favourable business clima te.
R.: I can’t agree more. Last year a lot of laws were passed to this effect.
Suffice it to mention our tax system, it was simplified.
F.: I see. Considerable progress was made in your country last year. Besides,
as far as I kn ow the living standard s improved.
R.: Yes, pensions were incre ased, salaries of state employees were raise d too.
Demand for c onsumer goods increased.
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Part II
избегать
власть, полномочия
board
правление
завершение
работник, служащий
executive
администратор, руководитель
executive director
директор-распорядитель
program director
руководитель программы
финансовые средства управления
руководство
financial manager
финансовый менеджер
first-line managers
руководство низшего звена
functional manager
функциональный руководитель
генеральный управляющий, директор
предприятия
marketing manager
менеджер по маркетингу
middle managers
руководство среднего звена
personnel manager
начальник отдела кадров
product manager
руководитель, ответственный за производство
product line
manager
управляющий предметно-производственной
специализацией
project manager
руководитель проекта
top (executive)
manager
sales manager
заведующий отделом продаж
top management
высшее исполнительное руководство
управленческий
планирование проекта
anagement
M
Unit
Ex. 1 1. Read the vocabulary. Learn the words in bold.
to assert
to avoid
authority
completion
employee
financial controls
leadership
1. What is “management”?
утверждать, заявлять
general m anager
managerial
nonprofit organization
profit-making
organization
project planning
promotions planning
высший исполнительный руководитель
некоммерческая организация
коммерческая организация
планирование продвижения продукта на рынок
19
subordinate
подчиненный
надзирать, следить, смотреть
добиваться
иметь отношение, относиться
to supervise
наблюдать, надзирать, заведовать
навыки
практик, профессионал
objective
цель
goal
задача
to oversee
to pursue
to refer to
skills
practitioner
Ex. 1.2. Fill the gaps, using y our active vocabulary.
1) Depending on the size of the organization m----- – m------- supervise firstlevel super visors, chief executives supervise middle-managers a nd etc.
2) Successful m------- know how to motivate e--------.
3) Effective h---- resource management develops the abilities of job candidates
and employees to meet the needs of the firm.
4) The terms l--------and m--------- are synonyms.
5) T--- - managers don’t deal with day-to-day activities.
6) P----- manager is responsible for the product and its service .
Ex. 1.3. Use the expressions to be in charge of, to be at the head of and to be
responsible for in the sentences made up according to the pattern.
Pattern: Marketing Manager is a man who is responsible for sale s pr omotion.
a) Sales Manager, Production Manager, Chairman, Import Manager, Export
Manager, Personnel (Staff) Mana ger
b) Production Department, Import Department, Sales Department, Export
Departm ent, the company’s policy, the company’s staff
Ex. 1.4. Read and translate the text.
What is “management”?
T
raditional in te rp re t at ion
T
here are a variety of views about this term. Traditionally the term
“management” refers to the set of activities and often to the group of people
involved in four general functions, including planning, organizing, leading and
coordinating activities. All these four functions are highly integrated and
interrelated.
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