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Файл:Английский язык в области землеустройства и кадастров. Учебно-методическое пособие
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Основными элементами блокчейна являются блоки, которые несут информацию о завершенной транзакции и уникальный цифровой отпечаток данных предыдущего блока, гарантирующий целостность всей цепи и неизменность данных. Вся база данных распределена на разные
компьютеры, которые подключены к блокчейну, поэтому не требуется работа центрального
сервера. Каждый отдельный компьютер называется узлом, он хранит копию блокчейна, что
позволяет быстро обрабатывать и восстанавливать информацию, и проверяет транзакции.
Консенсусный механизм определяет безопасность и надежность всего блокчейна. Он приходит
в действие, когда новый блок добавляется в цепочку. В таком случае все или большинство
участников сети должны согласиться с его добавлением в блокчейн.
Exercise 6. Read the text and list advantages of blockchain technology.
Blockchain is used to store and share information. It takes the form of a decentralized system that
saves data across a network of computers. Each computer in a chain is a node. These computers create
a peer-to-peer network sharing information directly with others without the use of a central server. Nodes
serve to store information and share it through the network, controlling rules and confirming transactions.
The technology can be compared to a digital notebook that consists of pages or blocks. Each
new reader of the book can add a new page but the reader cannot change or delete previous pages.
The first block in a chain is called a genesis block; blocks created after the initial one are linked to a
parent block (the preceding one). Blocks memorise whether anything, like money or information, is
exchanged. They form a chain that cannot be changed by anyone. Blockchain is a ledger. Ledgers
can be permissioned or unpermissioned. It depends on who is allowed to view it. Thus, it can be
either public or private. Blockchains are based on a distributed ledger. It means that anyone who has
access to the data can see it.
Blocks include the following information: nonce, creation date, version, information about previous
actions, a hash of a previous block, a hash of a current block, and a list of transactions. A nonce is a
random 32-bit number that is assigned to a block, allowing the creation of a unique hash. A hash is
a cryptographic “fingerprint” that identifies the block and underlies the operation of the blockchain.
Hashes connect blocks into a chain and indicate that the information in the block is the same for everyone.
Transactions refer to adding a new block to a chain. The transaction processing involves constant
hash verification and validation. All nodes should agree on the addition of a new block to the chain if it is
accurate and authentic. This process is called a consensus mechanism. If a transaction is validated and
accepted by the blockchain system, no one can change or falsify the data within the block. At the
same time, all parties can access the transaction data at any time, ensuring transparency.
A smart contract is software code based on blockchain technology. The main feature of a smart
contract is that it is automatically executed when certain conditions are met. Smart contracts do not
require the involvement of a third party, all conditions and requirements are recorded in advance,
making them transparent and immutable. Such contracts can reduce costs and prevent fraud; they
are used for a variety of operations, including financial transactions, digital asset management and
business process automation.
The use of blockchain technology has certain benefits. The main advantage is the safety of data
that is distributed across many devices, enhancing privacy and security. The technology uses unique
algorithms preventing stored data from changes and alterations, saving information accurately. The
data can be tracked easily due to transparency of processing; it is possible to identify mistakes and
correct them in a short time. It improves trustworthiness among parties signing a contract. Blockchain
can securely store legal documents, certifications, and licenses – for example, land registries, birth
and marriage certificates, driver’s licenses, various financial documents.
In conclusion, blockchain technology has a lot of advantages that make it possible to automate
many processes in different fields.
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Exercise 7. Find in the text words that have following meanings.
connected with the law; the characteristic of being easy to see through; the act of allowing somebody
mething; to change a written record or information so that it is no longer true; to make sure
that something happens or is definite; to recognize somebody/something and be able to say who or
the crime of cheating somebody
in order to get money or goods illegally; to increase or further improve the good quality, value or
status of something; something that you must have in order to do something else; a book in which
things are regularly recorded, especially business activities and money received or paid
to do so
what they are; an opinion that all members of a group agree with;
Exercise 8. Complete the following sentences using information from the text.
1. Blockchain securely stores information due to…
2. The distribution of data across many nodes allows…
3. Blocks include…
4. Transactions mean…
5. A hash is…
6. A public ledger is…
7. Peer-to-peer network is used to…
8. A consensus mechanism means that…
9. Benefits of Blockchain are…
10. Smart contracts can be used when…
Exercise 9. Look at the picture below and explain how blockchain works.
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Exercise 10. How can blockchain be applied in the field of land use management? Read the
text to answer the question.
Blockchain-based land management solution
According to the UN and OECD, much of the world’s land and property is undocumented. In many
developing countries, data concerning legal issues of land use can be easily altered, or simply lost;
recordings can be inaccurate. All these problems cause land ownership disputes that represent a threat
to peace and security. Moreover, the land management system requires participation of many parties,
as well as complex operations that consume time and money.
The main stakeholders involved in land management are surveyors, valuers, and land registrars.
In some cases, land sellers (individuals or institutions), financial institutions, planning institutions,
and others can act as stakeholders. Traditional land management systems do not have an integrated
database that makes land-use data widely available, and enables land transactions or processing of land
data without third parties. Today, land transactions can be fraught with a low level of transparency.
Because of complex bureaucratic procedures and disconnected working relationships delays in the land
management process can occur. Consequently, there is a huge need for integration, and transparency
amongst all these stakeholders in land transactions.
The use of blockchain technology can help improve inaccuracies in data recording, tenure security
and property rights, making documents’ information transparent and immune to alteration. Implementation of blockchain in land records eliminates bureaucratic hurdles, minimizes errors and fraud,
increases work speed.
Blockchain has three main applications in the field of land management. It is a database storing
and processing data; it is a tool to conduct transactions; and it can be used for payment by means of
the digital payment system. Moreover, the technology is helpful for stakeholder integration, as well as
service delivery and processes integration. It can be efficiently used for title and deed registration,
land transactions, multi-party transparent interaction, and disaster recovery.
The application of blockchain enhances land administration transparency, due to the fact that
the technology is decentralized, and it does not require participation of third parties in the management
process. The main feature of such a system is its openness and availability of data for those who have
access to databases.
Blockchain as a database allows for the entry of data and the storage of time stamped records in an
organized manner. All records are available to all the connected parties to the system. Therefore, any
alterations or deletions are visible to all interconnected parties due to changes that emerge in the hash
values of the blocks. When blocks including data are entered into the chain, it is considered secure
from tamper, and possible loss since copies are distributed among different nodes. The distribution
improves accessibility of data without any intermediary. Hence, data on land title, maps, plans can
be safely kept in blockchains. database for digital security.
When a blockchain land management system has been created, various transactions on that land
(like selling, buying, registration, or payment) can be conducted. All transactions are based on a
peer-to-peer approach and consensus method. These means guarantee authenticity, and genuineness
of every transaction; allows for transparency, traceability, and trustworthiness due to the fact that
every action relating to land transactions is verified and validated by all stakeholders. The blockchain
system allows for the integration of stakeholders, while at the same time integrating land services
delivery. Thus, it enhances efficiency, and effectiveness in land management.
Land administration services are delivered more efficiently by means of blockchain technology
because of the elimination of intermediating parties for the verification and validation of land
administration transactions. It reduces time and effort spent on bureaucracies, and redundant tasks
amongst institutional stakeholders. At the same time, the blockchain system is an efficient tool to monitor
the working system while eliminating fraud and corrupt deals on the part of land services professionals.
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To summarize, the introduction of blockchain technology into land management leads to sustainable
societal development. As land management and administration systems, including land use planning,
land development, becomes easily accessible to citizens, reliable, and trusted. As a result, land tenure
security is improved, assuming that land transactions are transparent and verified by all stakeholders.
Smart contracts in land management
Smart contracts are self-executing contracts that include the terms of the agreement between the
buyer and seller. This agreement is written in the digital code of the blockchain. Sometimes buyers
take assets directly, but in most cases, they take loans. Obtaining a loan from a bank is a slow process.
The best way to simplify the procedure is to automate the verification of transactions with the help
of a smart contract. If a land registry system uses blockchain technology, the seller and buyer can
create a unique identifier. When the registry confirms ownership, the transaction between buyer and
seller is automatically recorded in the blockchain registry. At the same time, records can always be
transparently monitored.
The smart contract agreement is completed by following several steps shown in the scheme.
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Exercise 11. Answer the following questions.
1. How does blockchain help establish transparency and accuracy in land records?
2. How can blockchain technology prevent fraud in land transactions?
3. What are the main benefits of using blockchain in land registry management?
4. How can blockchain make deal-making easier and more secure in real estate transactions?
5. What challenges might governments face when trying to implement blockchain technology
on a national scale?
Exercise 12. Complete the following sentences using information from the text.
1. The use of blockchain helps…
2. In many countries, state property records can be…
3. The use of blockchain can make deal-making easier by…
4. … guarantee authenticity, and genuineness of every transaction.
5. Information stored into blockchains cannot be lost because…
6. Transactions are verified by…
7. The use of blockchain makes the administrative process faster due to…
8. Information is transparent and safe from alterations because of…
Exercise 13. Imagine you are explaining the benefits of using blockchain in land management
to a government official who is unsure about the technology. Write a short letter or email outlining
the main advantages and how it could help solve issues in their country’s land registry system.
Exercise 14. What are unmanned aerial systems? Read the text below to find out how these tools
are applied in surveying.
Pioneer technologies are emerging in the field of surveying. Modern surveying tools help to
collect data faster and more densely than ever before. Land surveying has changed significantly over
the centuries. Cutting-edge technologies, such as global positioning systems (GPS), light detection and
ranging (LiDAR), robotic total stations, and now unmanned aerial systems (UAS), make it possible
to survey large-scale sites that weren’t achievable with the help of traditional technologies of the past.
Previously, a large survey crew was needed to survey a site using traditional methods of work.
The land was examined for months and even years. Today surveys can be completed within days using
the modern technologies, and a 1–2-person crew. Moreover, the results are more accurate and precise.
Unmanned aerial systems utilize sensors that provide high-resolution images and light detection and
ranging. These systems collect precise information in less time. The improved data collection capability
can save costs while increasing productivity. With the help of UAS survey results are delivered of high
quality due to the fact that the systems produce high-resolution images and collect point cloud data
that supplement conventional survey tools, preventing return visits to a site to collect additional data.
Traditional surveying methods were often dangerous because traffic, dangerous terrain, obstacles,
and unexpected situations influenced them. UAS make the surveying process safer in case of dangerous
environments and difficult site conditions where it is challenging for a person to collect necessary data.
Such places can be active roadways, cliffs, riverbeds, unstable landslide areas, steep terrain, and toxic
areas. The use of UAS enables surveyors to spend less time in dangerous situations while collecting
high-quality survey data.
However, there are limits to the use of UAS. Flights of the systems must be planned carefully to ensure
quality data and a safe mission. A site should be surveyed for any potential obstacles before a flight.
Obstructions, like powerlines, trees, and structures must be measured in height to prevent incidents.
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Time of day has to be chosen because of changing lighting conditions. Lighting and shadows
play a huge role in making high quality images. Weather may impact the ability to fly too due to the
functioning of sensors and hardware. Performance may differ due to heat, cooling, and density altitude.
Temperature influences the performance of the aircraft’s batteries. It is essential to have facilities to
charge batteries on site in case of surveying large scale sites.
Since UAS fly to survey a site, it is needed to receive authorization to fly in a controlled airspace.
For instance, when flying near an airport, it may impact the main air traffic.
To sum up, UAS have certain advantages but such type of appliances cannot fully replace the whole
range of survey tools being used. The best surveying method is the combination of traditional tools
and equipment and the modern ones. UAS are becoming more widespread due to the high accuracy
of work results they help to achieve.
Exercise 15. Answer the questions related to the text.
1. What are the advantages of UAS?
2. What tasks can be carried out by UAS?
3. Why did traditional surveying techniques require a large team of specialists?
4. What are the limitations of the technique?
5. How do lighting conditions impact the quality of images captured by UAS?
6. Why is it important to obtain authorization to fly UAS in controlled airspace?
7. What factors can influence the performance of UAS during a survey?
8. Why is careful planning necessary before flying UAS for surveying?
Exercise 16. Computerization enables to simplify some procedures carried out in the process of
land-use planning. There is a list of computerisation benefits. Choose any three options and explain
how digital tools can make land-use planning and management easier.
Computerization makes it possible to…
1) speed up the cadastral survey data harvesting and analysis;
2) prevent unnecessary duplication of records;
3) make it easier to create backup copies of records in case of an accident;
4) simplify and speed up diverse processes, like registration of title, property rights’ transferring
and mortgages’ processing;
5) reduce the time and cost involved in;
6) enable the tracking and evaluation of land and property market and rental values;
7) estimate land for taxation more efficiently;
8) improve efficiency and effectiveness in collecting land and property taxes;
9) generate reports immediately when it is needed;
10) provide qualitative control;
11) combine land ownership, land use, and land value records with socio-economic and envi-
ronmental information to improve land planning efficiency;
12) help to grant permissions and monitor given permissions to build on land;
13) manage property assets and ensure their efficient use and maintenance;
14) document and monitor archaeological sites and other areas of scientific or cultural interest,
and conservation areas;
15) improve efficiency of management of public utilities such as water, sewerage, gas, electricity,
street lights;
16) optimise the automatic delivery of invoices to customers to increase the collection rate.
Exercise 17. Divide into two teams and debate the following topic: “Blockchain technology is
the solution to all problems in land management”. One team should argue for the motion, while the
other argues against it. Use the target vocabulary and concepts to support your arguments.
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Библиографический список
1. Evaluating spatial legibility of the university campus using GIS / A. Bozdağ, M.G. Gümüş, K. Gümüş,
S. Durduran. – Text : electronic // Aksaray University Journal of Science and Engineering. – 2020. –
Vol. 4. – P. 127–147. – URL: https://acikerisim.aksaray.edu.tr/server/api/core/bitstreams/aa7ed1c1e6ee-427f-88c3-1ba02b875eca/content.
2. Everything you need to know about land use planning. – Text : electronic // Millman Land :
website. – URL: https://millmanland.com/company-news/land-use-planning.
3. International Federation of Surveyors, FIG : website. – URL: https://www.fig.net/organisation/
index.asp. – Text : electronic.
4. Metternicht G. Global land outlook. Land use planning / G. Metternicht. – Text : immediate //
United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification, 2017. – 67 p.
5. Land use regulation : website. – URL: https://library.fiveable.me/introduction-law-legal-process/
unit-7/land-regulation/study-guide/UqYivnQbeemDjwhc. – Text : electronic.
6. The governance of land use in OECD countries: Policy Analysis and Recommendations. – Text :
electronic // OECD Publishing. – Paris, 2017. – 208 p. – URL: https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/
the-governance-of-land-use-in-oecd-countries_9789264268609-en.html.
7. What is land use planning? – Text : electronic // Think Architecture : website. – URL:
https://www.thinkaec.com/what-is-land-use-planning.
8. Wheeler P. Tech Brief Use of small unmanned aerial systems for land surveying / P. Wheeler ;
Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Utah Department of Transportation Division of Aeronautics. –
Salt Lake City, UT, 2019. – 10 p. – URL: https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/uas/resources/hif20034.pdf?
utm_source=edc_news. — Text : electronic.
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