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Файл:Английский язык в области землеустройства и кадастров. Учебно-методическое пособие
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Exercise 14. Look at the table and answer the question: what is the classification of land zones
based on. Translate given explanations from English into Russian.
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Exercise 15. Look at the general view of the study area and the land-use map of a university
campus placed below (fig. 1, 2). Pay attention to different markings of borders and variety of colors to
indicate the range of zones used. Study these examples and create your map either of campus or any
other facility. Mark zones and borders with different colors and signs.
Fig. 1. General view of the study area
Fig. 2. Land-use plan of university campus
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Exercise 16. What are the functions of land-use planning? Match names of functions and their
Function
Definition
1. Supporting
A. Conserving natural resources and protecting the environment.
of biodiversity.
2. Protecting
B. Boosting the local economy.
economy. Transportation planning is integrated into this process to ensure
efficient movement of people and goods, supporting economic activity.
3. Promoting economic
C. Deciding how different pieces of land should be used.
areas, minimizing conflicts and maximizing efficiency.
4. Organizing land
D. Ensuring that land is used safely.
and resilient, protecting people and property from potential risks.
5. Ensuring public
E. Helping communities grow in an organized and efficient way.
eferred to as urbanization, helps create vibrant, livable communities
where people have access to the necessary services and amenities.
definitions.
community growth
the environment
development
for different uses
safety
This entails protecting areas of land and sea to safeguard natural habitats and
water resources. Sustainable land use practices ensure that the land remains
productive and healthy for the long term, preventing soil degradation and loss
By designating areas for commercial and industrial use, planners create
opportunities for businesses to thrive, generating jobs and boosting the local
If zones are planned correctly, different activities are placed in the appropriate
By identifying areas prone to natural hazards, such as flood zones, planners
can make informed decisions about where to allow development. Building
codes and regulations are also implemented to ensure that structures are safe
Cities and towns are growing rapidly in accordance with these changes.
Planning ensures the development of urban infrastructure. This organized growth,
often r
Exercise 17. Each function is implemented and has results applied in the field of land-use.
Match each results’ cluster and the functions.
A. Zoning involves dividing land into specific areas for different purposes. For example, there are
various zone types, including: residential zones where homes and apartments are built; commercial
zones where businesses like shops, offices, and restaurants are located; industrial zones where factories
and warehouses are located; agricultural land includes areas reserved for farming and growing food.
B. Conservation areas are parts of the land set aside to protect wildlife, forests, and water bodies.
Sustainability is ensuring that land is used in a way that does not harm the environment, allowing
future generations to also benefit from it.
C. Urbanization involves expanding cities and towns in a planned manner to accommodate housing,
schools, hospitals, and parks. Recreational land refers to setting aside areas for parks, playgrounds,
and sports fields to ensure that people have places to relax and enjoy outdoor activities.
D. Flood zones refer to identifying areas that are prone to flooding and making sure they aren’t
used for housing or other critical infrastructure. Building codes set rules for constructing buildings
that should be constructed to withstand natural disasters such as earthquakes or storms.
E. Commercial zones involve creating areas that enable businesses to thrive, providing jobs
and services to the community. Transportation planning ensures that roads, public transit, and other
infrastructure are well-organized, facilitating easier movement of people and goods.
Exercise 18. Skim the text and identify its main idea.
Land resources are finite, yet the demand for agricultural space, urban expansion, grazing areas,
wildlife habitats, and tourism opportunities continues to rise each year. Additionally, the issues
surrounding the degradation of farmland, forests, and water resources are becoming increasingly critical.
It’s clear that a comprehensive global strategy is necessary to address these challenges effectively.
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Land-use planning involves evaluating the potential of land and water, exploring different land-use
земельные ресурсы ограничены, городские территории, сельскохозяйственные угодья, эффективное
принятие решения, рассмотреть со всех сторон, следствие деградации, тщательное планирование
efficiency, benefit, exchange, efficient, account, planning, needs, welfare, equity, income, authorities,
resources, level
alternatives, and considering economic and social factors to determine the most suitable options for
land use. This process aims to choose a land-use strategy that meets the current needs of the population
while also protecting resources for future generations.
If there is a conflict between different land uses such as rural and industrial or urban development,
planning can be used as an efficient tool to resolve such conflicts. Changes in land use planning can
lead to conflicts between the interests of individual land users and the common good. Land planners
identify the most valuable areas for rural use. It should be highlighted that urban and industrial
lands cannot be used for agricultural purposes. While the area intended for new farmland can also be
accessible for diverse uses, such as forestry, water supplies and wildlife.
Social trends and the political situation set the range of requirements for land-use planning.
While making decisions, planners must consider the existing situation from different points of view.
In many places, the land is being degraded as a consequence of its current use without investing in
the future. Thus, careful land planning is needed now more than ever.
Exercise 19. Translate following phrases from Russian into English.
решение проблем, оценка потенциала, подходящие варианты, сохранение ресурсов, ценные участки
земли, общее благо, различные виды использования, разрешать конфликты, определять требования,
Exercise 20. Read the text again and answer the following questions:
1. Why can the interests of individual landowners confront state goals in the field of land use?
2. Why is the problem of land degradation so important nowadays?
3. Why are resources limited in terms of land use planning?
4. Why are agricultural lands planned in the first place?
Exercise 21. Fill in the gaps in the following text. Use the words from the box.
Every land-use planning project is unique, requiring a specific set of goals to be identified.
Goals may be divided into three groups: efficiency, equity and acceptability, and sustainability.
Efficiency. How can productivity of land-use be assessed? There are different points of view
on the ____. An individual landowner interprets “efficient land-use” as the greatest ____ from the
available area. Meanwhile, governments link the concept of efficiency to the production and profitable
____ of goods. Generally, land-use planning can be considered ____ if an area chosen generates
profit while keeping expenses low. It should be taken into ____ while planning that certain areas
suit better for a specific purpose of land-use.
Equity and acceptability. Obviously, land is the resource to be distributed for diverse uses,
requiring a comprehensive ____. The results of such distribution should not only satisfy the ____ of
governments; but also, they should meet the requirements of society. The main priority of land-use
planning must be equal ____ of all citizens. The introduction of a national threshold standard of living
may lead to social ____. Living standards include ensuring employment and certain levels of _____,
nutrition, food security, and housing. To reach this threshold level, national ____ should allocate
financial and other resources efficiently.
Sustainability. Sustainable land use responds to the current demands while conserving _____
for future generations. Land use planning should be conducted at the national ____ because natural
resources can be managed and conserved more efficiently through public administration than by
individual landowners.
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Exercise 22. In pairs, explain the meaning of each goal in terms of land use planning.
Level
Issues
Various sectors of the economy require suitable land to meet their specific needs, such as agriculture,
nagement,
and establishing regulations regarding land ownership, deforestation, and water rights.
Emerging projects, such as new residential areas and forest plantations, are established within a
water supply, transportation routes, and market facilities. Additionally, management frameworks
The planning and implementation of drainage, irrigation, and soil conservation systems are carried
out. Infrastructure designs are developed, including road placements and the locations of crop
ned to appropriate plots
Exercise 23. Сontinue the sentences using information from the text.
1. Productiveness of land use practices is assessed…
2. Efficiency of land use depends on…
3. Land resources should be equally distributed, because…
4. Governments should set a threshold level of living in order to…
5. Sustainability of land use suggests that…
Exercise 24. There are three levels of land-use planning application – national, district and local.
Read the descriptions of each level, and match them and issues tackled at each stage.
Land management decisions are made by authorities at various governance levels. Each level of
public administration can address a limited range of issues in accordance with the governmental
hierarchy and accessible management tools as its disposal. Authorities develop specific strategies
and policies that outline land-use planning priorities, create projects aligned with these priorities,
and establish operational procedures to ensure the work is done effectively. The more interconnected
the three levels of planning are, the better.
At the national level, planning is concerned with national goals and the allocation of resources.
In many cases, national land-use planning does not involve the actual allocation of land for different
uses, but the establishment of priorities for district-level projects.
District level areas refers not necessarily to administrative districts but also to land areas that fall
between national and located levels. Development projects are often at this level, where planning
first comes to grips with the diversity of the land and its suitability to meet project goals. When planning
is initiated nationally, national priorities have to be translated into local plans. Conflicts between
national and local interests will have to be resolved.
The local planning unit may be the village, a group of villages or a small water catchment. At this
level, it is easiest to fit the plan to the people, making use of local people’s knowledge and contributions.
Where planning is initiated at the district level, the programme of work to implement changes in land
use or management has to be carried out locally. Alternatively, this may be the first level of planning,
with its priorities drawn up by the local people. Local-level planning is about getting things done on
particular areas of land – what shall be done where and when, and who will be responsible.
tourism, wildlife conservation, residential development, public facilities, transportation infrastructure,
and industrial activities. The objective is to develop policies that effectively balance these diverse
demands. The actions of authorities include planning the national budget and distributing resources
for overall development, overseeing government agencies responsible for land use ma
specific region. Plans are developed to upgrade infrastructure, focusing on essential services like
are designed to optimize land use strategies tailored to the unique characteristics of each land type.
marketing and veterinary services. Additionally, particular crops are assig
of land based on their suitability.
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Exercise 25. Land use planning is the consequence of actions taken by professionals as a result
Step 1
Establish goals and terms of reference. Ascertain the present situation; find out the needs
of the people and of the government; decide on the land area to be covered; agree on the
Step 2
Organize the work. Decide what needs to be done; identify the activities needed and select
the planning team; draw up a schedule of activities and outputs; ensure that everyone who
may be affected by the plan, or will contribute to it, is consulted.
Step 3
Analyse the problems. Study the existing land-use situation, including in the field; talk to
the land users and find out their needs and views; identify the problems and analyse their
Step 4
Identify opportunities for charge. Identify and draft a design for a range of land-use types
Step 5
Evaluate land suitability. For each promising land-use type, establish the land requirements
Step 6
Appraise the alternatives: environmental, economic and social analysis. For each physically
suitable combination of land use and land, assess the environmental, economic and social
s, for the land users and for the community as a whole. List the consequences, good
Step 7
Choose the best option. Hold public and executive discussions of the viable options and their
these discussions and the above appraisal, decide which changes
Step 8
Prepare the land-use plan. Make allocations or recommendations of the selected land uses
r appropriate land management; plan how the
selected improvements are to be brought about and how the plan is to be put into practice;
draw up policy guidelines, prepare a budget and draft any necessary legislation; involve
Step 9
Implement the plan. Either directly within the planning process or, more likely, as a separate
Step 10
Monitor and revise the plan. Monitor the progress of the plan towards its goals; modify or
of complex data analysis. Read the explanation of the process in the scheme; after that examine the
contents of a land use plan. Using this information create the project of a land use plan. The base of
the project is a zone map created in the exercise 15. How would you use this piece of land? What
changes could be made by you?
Every land-use planning project is unique. Local conditions, environment, and social and political
factors vary, so each plan will require a different approach. However, a sequence of ten steps has been
found useful as a guide. Each step represents a set of activities to be taken by planners.
broad goals and specific objectives of the plan; settle the terms of reference for the plan.
causes; identify constraints to change.
that might achieve the goals of the plan; present these options for public discussion.
and match these with the properties of the land to establish physical land suitability.
impact
and bad, of alternative courses of action.
consequences. Based on
in land use should be made or worked towards.
for the chosen areas of land; make plans fo
decision-makers, sectoral agencies and land users.
development project, put the plan into action; the planning team should work in conjunction
with the implementing agencies.
revise the plan in the light of experience.
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Contents of the land-use plan
Executive summary. A summary of the goals, proposed changes in land use and methods for
implementation of the plan, giving a clear overview of the essentials.
Terms of reference. Area, problems and goals (Step 1).
Land-use problems. Existing land-use systems and their problems (environmental, economic,
social), constraints, environmental conservation standards (Step 3).
Land-use types and management. Improved systems of land use recommended for the area;
how these should be managed on each land unit, for example drainage, crop varieties, tree species,
fertilizer (Step 4).
Land suitability. Maps, tables and explanatory text showing the physical land suitability for each
land-use type on each land unit (Step 5).
Appraisal of alternatives. Analysis of the environmental, economic and social consequences
of alternative options for changes in land use (Step 6).
Recommende d cha nge s in l an d use . A statement on which changes in land use have been selected,
together with reasons for these decisions (Step 7).
The land-use plan. Maps and text showing the selected changes in land use, and where they
are to be implemented or recommended (Step 8).
Implementation of the plan. How the plan improvements are to be put into practice; requirements
for staffing, extension, supplies, research; timing and budget (Step 9).
Procedure s f or mon i toring and revision. How the degree of success of the plan is to be assessed;
procedures for ongoing revision (Step 10).
Supporting information. Detailed information gathered in the course of the planning exercise
(for example rainfall variability, soil survey, forest inventory, population data, maps and statistics of
present land use, study of marketing facilities, summary of interviews with farmers). This is so that
people can understand the reasons for decisions taken and, where appropriate, re-evaluate selected
aspects in the light of changes in circumstances.
Exercise 26. Laws and legal regulations play an important role in land use planning and management.
There is a wide variety of legal documents used in this professional field. Read about each type of
regulations. Identify the most commonly used types of documents.
Legal issues play an important role in land use planning. Their main purpose is to establish the
framework within which land can be used and developed. Legal regulation of land use planning
means the system of laws and policies that control how land is used, developed, and managed within a
given area. These regulations ensure that land use facilitates sustainable development. Moreover,
they shape how communities develop and grow. Legal regulations include zoning laws, building codes,
and environmental protections that dictate what can be built where. These rules aim to balance rights
of individual landowners with public interests like safety, aesthetics, and environmental conservation.
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Legal regulation
Functions
Zoning ordinances
zoning ordinances are local laws that regulate land use and development within
Building codes
building codes establish minimum standards for the design, construction, and
permits are required for most construction projects to ensure compliance with
tect public health, safety, and welfare by preventing substandard or
dangerous building practices.
Construction standards
building codes specify requirements for structural integrity, fire safety, energy
regularly updated to reflect advances in technology and lessons learned from
Occupancy permits
occupancy permits are issued after a building has been inspected and deemed
required before a new or renovated structure can be inhabited or used for its
being put into service.
Variances and exceptions
variances are special permits that allow a property owner to deviate from certain
typically require a showing of hardship or unique circumstances, and must not
Environmental regulations
environmental regulations aim to protect natural resources and ecosystems
implemented at federal, state, and local levels through various laws, permits,
often involve balancing environmental protection with economic development
and property rights.
Wetlands protection
wetlands are ecologically valuable areas that provide flood control, water filtration,
Coastal zone management
coastal areas are subject to special regulations due to their ecological sensitivity
line development, beach access, and protection
of coastal wetlands and habitats.
and permits
●
a municipality or county;
● divide a community into distinct districts or zones, each with specific permitted
uses and development standards;
● aim to promote orderly growth, protect property values, and ensure compatibility
between different land uses.
●
alteration of structures;
●
codes and zoning regulations;
● aim to pro
●
efficiency, and accessibility;
● cover various aspects of construction, including materials, methods, and systems
(electrical, plumbing, HVAC);
●
past failures or disasters.
●
safe for its intended use;
●
permitted purpose;
● ensure that buildings meet all applicable codes and zoning requirements before
●
zoning requirements (setbacks, height limits);
● exceptions are similar but may be granted more broadly for certain types of uses
or structures (accessory dwelling units);
●
undermine the intent of the zoning ordinance.
●
from the impacts of land use and development;
●
and planning processes;
●
●
and wildlife habitat;
● many states and localities have additional wetland protection laws and mitigation
requirements.
●
and vulnerability to natural hazards;
● Federal Coastal Zone Management Act encourages states to develop and implement
comprehensive coastal management plans;
● common issues include shore
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Endangered species habitat
Endangered Species Act prohibits the “taking” of listed species, including
ltation with federal wildlife agencies
Historic preservation
historic preservation laws aim to protect significant buildings, structures, and
recognize the cultural, educational, and economic value of preserving tangible
often involve a combination of incentives (tax credits) and regulations (design
review).
Landmark designations
individual properties or districts may be designated as historic landmarks
may also confer benefits such as property tax reductions, zoning variances, or
Architectural review
many historic districts are subject to review by architectural review boards or
may have binding or advisory authority, and often work in conjunction with
Growth management
growth management strategies aim to control the pace, location, and quality
investments.
Urban growth boundaries
urban growth boundaries (UGBs) are lines drawn around a city or metropolitan
aim to promote compact, efficient development patterns and prevent sprawl into
Eminent domain powers
eminent domain is the power of government to take private property for public
be controversial.
boards
strategies
●
destruction of critical habitat;
● development projects may require consu
and mitigation measures to avoid impacts;
● some states and localities have additional protections for rare or sensitive species
and habitats.
●
sites from demolition or alteration;
●
links to a community’s past;
●
●
based on their age, architecture, or cultural significance;
● designation typically requires owner consent and may entail certain restrictions
on demolition, alteration, or use;
●
eligibility for preservation grants.
●
commissions;
● these bodies are responsible for evaluating proposed changes to historic properties
for compatibility with district character;
●
planning and zoning officials.
●
of urban development;
● seek to balance economic growth with environmental protection, infrastructure
capacity, and quality of life;
● may involve a combination of regulatory tools, financial incentives, and public
●
area to limit outward expansion;
● development is encouraged within the boundary, while land outside is reserved
for agriculture, open space, or low-density uses;
●
rural areas.
●
use, with just compensation to the owner;
● considered an inherent sovereign power, but subject to constitutional limitations
and due process requirements;
● often used for projects such as roads, utilities, parks, or redevelopment, but can
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Exercise 27. In pairs, discuss the presented legal regulations in the field of land use planning
and management. Give examples of situations when each regulation can be applied.
Exercise 28. Translate the sentences from Russian into English.
1. Постановления о зонировании — это местные законы, регулирующие землепользование
и застройку в определенной местности.
2. В строительных нормах и правилах устанавливаются минимальные требования для
проектирования и строительства.
3. Строительные нормы и правила устанавливают требования к целостности конструкции,
пожарной безопасности и энергоэффективности.
4. После того как по результатам проверки здание было признано безопасным, выдают
разрешение на его эксплуатацию.
5. Отклонения от нормативов — это специальные разрешения, которые позволяют владельцу
недвижимости в определенных случаях не полностью соблюдать требования строительных
норм и правил.
6. Экологические нормы имеют целью защиту природных ресурсов от негативного воздействия землепользования и застройки.
7. Водно-болотные угодья — это территории с особыми экосистемами, которые защищают
от наводнений, помогают фильтровать воду и являются средой обитания диких животных.
8. Прибрежные районы требуют регулирования в связи с их уязвимостью к стихийным
бедствиям.
9. Закон о видах, находящихся под угрозой исчезновения, запрещает уничтожение уникальных
видов животных, в том числе уничтожение критически важных мест их обитания.
10. Законы о сохранении исторических памятников имеют целью защиту ценных зданий
и сооружений от разрушения или изменения.
11. Отдельные объекты могут считаться историческими достопримечательностями на
основании их возраста, архитектурной ценности или культурной значимости.
12. Состояние многих исторических районов подлежит оцениванию архитектурными
комиссиями.
13. Стратегии управления ростом городской среды направлены на контроль темпов и качества
городского развития.
14. Границы роста городов представляют собой линии, проведенные вокруг города для
ограничения расширения его территории.
15. Отчуждаемая собственность — это право правительства отбирать частную собственность
для общественного использования, выплачивая соответствующую компенсацию владельцу.
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