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Файл:Materials processing and manufacturing technologies. Учебное пособие
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PART 2
WORDS AND WORD-COMBINATIONS TO REMEMBER:
Advantage – преимущество, выгода
Disadvantage – недостаток
Purity – чистота, очищение
Quality – качество
Density – плотность
Installation – установка, размещение, оборудование
Ductility – пластичность, вязкость, ковкость
Humidity – влажность
Combustibility – горючесть, пожароопасность
Frost resistance – морозостойкость
Impregnation – пропитка, насыщение
Contamination – загрязнение
Solution – раствор, электролит; способ; решение
Foundation – основание, фундамент
Pile – свая, опора, балка; связка
Appearance – внешний вид, появление
Equipment – оборудование
Shape – форма, вид, формирование
Liquid – жидкость
Moisture – влажность, влага
Design (n) – схема, чертеж, проект, дизайн, разработка, модель;
(v) – проектировать, создавать, рассчитывать
Improvement – улучшение, усовершенствование
Binder – вяжущее вещество
Ferrous Metals – черные металлы
Non-Ferrous Metals – цветные металлы
Fire Clay – огнеупорная глина
Service Life – срок службы, эксплуатации; технический ресурс
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Thermal Treatment – тепловая обработка
Sound-absorbing – звукопоглощающий
Thermal Stability – жаропрочность
Facing Process – облицовка, защитная облицовка, отделка
Materials Scientist – материаловед
Compressive Strength – прочность на сжатие, предел прочности
при сжатии
Heat Insulation – теплоизоляция
Mechanical Working – механическая обработка
Soldering – низкотемпературная пайка, сварка
Pressing – штамповка, прессовка, обжим
Treatment – воздействие, обработка
Welding – сварка
Casting – литье, обшивка, облицовка
Coating – слой, покрытие, нанесение покрытия
Firing – обжиг, горение, огневой обогрев
Drying – сушка
Cutting – резка
Grinding – шлифование, измельчение
Molding – формование
Blasting – дробеструйная обработка
Bonding – склеивание
To create – создавать
To determine – определять
To contribute – способствовать, содействовать, делать вклад
To harden – твердеть
To depend on – зависеть от …
To maintain – поддерживать
To improve – улучшать, усовершенствовать
To charge – заряжать
To increase – увеличивать
To decrease – уменьшать
To add – добавлять
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Text 1. Read the text.
MANUFACTURE OF WOODEN MATERIALS,
ITEMS AND STRUCTURES
Fig. 7. Wooden materials and items
Wood is one of the most widespread and versatile natural
organic materials. Produced by many botanical species, wood is
available in various colors and grain patterns. As a material, wood
has been in service since humans appeared on the Earth.
Wood has advantages and disadvantages.
Advantages
The main advantages of wood are:
− Eco-friendliness;
− Durability;
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− Long lifetime;
− Easy repair.
The main advantage is undoubtedly the ecological purity of
this material. People who are attentive to regulating the
environmental friendliness of their homes prefer products that are
made of natural wood.
High durability and long service life can be called one common
advantageous parameter. A piece of furniture created from a durable
sort of timber, in most cases is of high quality; it is not subject to
contamination by microorganisms. It is these characteristics that
guarantee resistance to wear and tear, and a long service life.
The advantages of wood as a building material are:
1. Low weight. Wood weighs several times less than concrete,
stone building materials and metal materials, therefore it will not
require a weighty and expensive foundation, as for stone houses,
and this is also a significant reduction in material costs.
2. High strength and long service life.
Disadvantages
The disadvantages of wood as a structural material include:
− Anisotropy of the wood structure;
− Susceptibility to rotting and insect infestation;
− Combustibility in fire conditions;
− Change of physical and mechanical characteristics under
the influence of external factors (moisture, temperature);
− Drying, swelling, deforming and cracking under the
influence of atmospheric influences.
Wood as a raw material is used to produce many types of
products. It is furniture, carpenter's and construction products
(windows, doors, parquet), musical instrument, sports equipment,
containers (boxes, barrels, bottles), building materials including:
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− Beams and floorboards;
− Partitioning boards;
− Elements of panel and frame houses, etc.
The quality of the above products is determined by many
different parameters, the main of which is the humidity of the raw
material entering the processing.
Veneer is manufactured by gluing together thin layers of wood.
By purpose the veneer can be construction, industrial,
packaging, furniture and constructive.
By type veneer is often divided into two popular types:
moisture resistant and increased moisture resistance.
By type of processing, it is laminated.
By appearance the veneer is determined by the number of
surface defects of the outer layer of veneer. Decorative veneer is
made of thin sheets of birch, alder, lime.
Wallpaper, available in a great variety of patterns and color, is
used for decorative finishing of interior walls. According to application
and service characteristics, wallpaper is subdivided into common,
washable (moisture-proof) and sound-absorbing (felt) varieties.
Task 1. Find the Russian equivalents for the following words
and word combinations.
Concrete, stone building materials; costs; combustibility in
fire conditions; physical and mechanical characteristics; drying,
swelling, deforming and cracking, moisture; raw material;
atmospheric influences; windows, doors, parquet; boxes, barrels,
bottles; beams and floorboards; partitioning boards; elements of
panel and frame houses; processing; different parameters; increased
moisture resistance; manufactured by gluing; sound-absorbing
wallpaper.
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Task 2. Match the terms with their definitions.
1. Service Life
a) a thick, often decorative, paper
used for covering the walls of a
room
2. Ecofriendliness
b) thin layers of wood
3. Wear And Tear
c) the duration throughout which a
product or item is used
economically
4. Veneer
d) the ecological purity of the
material
5. Wallpaper
e) a term for damage that naturally
and inevitably occurs as a result
of normal use or aging
Task 3. Match English and Russian equivalents.
1. Service life
a) долговечность
2. Advantage
b) высокое качество
3. Disadvantage
c) бетон
4. High quality
d) балки
5.Wear and tear
e) фанера
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6. High strength
f) влагостойкий
7. Beams
g) загрязнение
8. Durability
h) недостаток
9. Contamination
i) износостойкость
10. Concrete
j) высокая прочность
11.Veneer
k) преимущество
12. Moisture resistant
l) срок службы
Task 4. Answer the following questions.
1. Is wood one of the most widespread and versatile natural
organic materials?
2. What are the advantages of wood?
3. What are disadvantages of wood?
4. Does wood weigh several times less than concrete, stone
building materials and metal materials?
5. What is veneer?
6. How is veneer manufactured?
7. What is wallpaper?
8. What types is wallpaper subdivided according to its
application and service characteristics?
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Text 2. Read the text.
BRICK MANUFACTURING
Fig. 8. Brick manufacturing
Part 1
Raw Materials for Brick Manufacturing
Brick is a building material generally available as rectangular
blocks. Clay or shale is used for brick production. During the
manufacturing process the raw materials are shaped, then dried and
fired. Brick laying is a very simple process compared to stone
masonry.
The major steps in brick production remain fundamentally
the same as they were centuries ago. Only thanks to technological
progress, the quality of the product has improved considerably due
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to automation and the introduction of new modern plant
equipment. A more complete knowledge of raw materials and their
properties, better control of firing, improved kiln designs and
more advanced mechanization have all contributed to advancing
the brick industry.
Clay is one of the most abundant natural mineral materials on
the earth. Not all types of clay can be used in brick production. For
high-quality brick manufacturing, clay grades with certain
characteristics and specific properties such as ductility and high
strength are required. When mixed with water, in the process of
kneading, such clay should be easily molded. Moreover, its particles
should easily fuse with each other when exposed to high temperature.
Types of Clay
In nature, clay occurs in three basic forms. The chemical
composition of all varieties is very similar, but each type has unique
characteristics.
Surface Clays are mined near the surface of the earth as the
name implies.
Shales are clays that have been subjected to high pressure
until they have nearly hardened into slate.
Fire Clays own refractory qualities and are found at deeper
levels than other clays.
Task 1. Find the English equivalents for the following words
and word combinations in text 2 (part 1).
Глина; огнеупорная глина; сланец; сланцевая смесь; каменная кладка; кирпичная кладка; производство кирпича; обжиг; прямоугольный блок; похожий химический состав; разные физические характеристики; процесс замешивания глины;
пластичность; прочность материала во влажном состоянии.
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Task 2. Find the Russian equivalents for the following words
and word combinations in the text 2 (part 1).
Clay; brick; surface clay; shales; fire clay; clay grades; slate;
raw materials; kiln design; high pressure; strength; plasticity;
chemical composition; technological progress; major steps in brick
production; control of firing; overall quality of the product; advanced
mechanization; refractory qualities; certain characteristics and
specific properties; subject to high pressure.
Part 2
General Phases of Brick Manufacturing
Brick manufacturing process consists of mixing ground clay
with water, forming the clay into the desired shape, drying and
firing. Ancient people made bricks by hand. In modern construction
bricks are manufactured by brick-making machines. Since their
invention at the end of the 19th century, the production has been
automated and the process has become in-line.
The manufacturing process has seven general phases:
1) mining and storage of raw materials; 2) preparing raw materials;
3) forming the brick; 4) drying; 5) hacking; 6) firing and cooling;
7) de-hacking and storing finished products.
Mining and Storage. Special power equipment is used to
mine surface clays, shales and some fire clays from open pits. Then,
the clay or shale mixtures are transported to plant storage areas.
Preparation. With the help of special machines, large stones
and lumps of clay are crushed. Then, they are mixed with the raw
material and processed with inclined vibrating screens to control
the particle size.
Forming. The first stage of the forming process is called
tempering. Due to this process clay mass becomes plastic and
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