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Файл:Materials processing and manufacturing technologies. Учебное пособие
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material; to develop innovative techniques and technologies; to
process a product; to design the structure of a material; to synthesize
new materials; to find applications; to offer tremendous growth
prospects and breathtaking career opportunities.
Task 3. Read the text above. Then decide whether the statements
are true or false. Rewrite the false statements if necessary.
1. Materials scientists do research on finished materials.
.............................................................................................
2. New products are based on new materials only.
.............................................................................................
3. The main building element of any matter is the molecule.
.............................................................................................
4. Materials engineers investigate the correlation between
a material’s structure and its properties.
.............................................................................................
5. Materials science includes aspects of electronics,
manufacturing and production along with elements of
chemistry and applied physics.
.............................................................................................
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Text 2. Read the text.
FROM THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Fig. 3. Material Engineering equipment
Today it is possible to make an evolutionary historical
periodization of the development of Materials science according to
the varieties of materials used by man (Stone Age, Bronze Age, etc.)
in terms of their origin. Our century is the age of natural, artificial
and synthetic materials. As a science, Materials science is about 200
years old, despite the fact that man began using metals and alloys
several millennia before our era. Only in the 18th century the
individual scientific results emerged, allowing us to speak of the
beginning of a meaningful study of all that mankind has accumulated
over the entire period of existence. Materials science has defined the
development of civilizations since the very beginning of humankind.
The term "Silicon Age" is sometimes used to refer to the modern
period of history from the late 20th to early 21st centuries.
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The technologies of Materials science should be understood
as technologies of processing natural materials, obtaining artificial
and synthetic materials, and further modification (alloying) of
their structure, properties and processing of materials into final
products.
At the beginning, people fulfilled their needs for food,
housing, weapons, clothing, etc. only at the expense of natural
materials. They are primarily wood, plants and stone (materials for
fire and cooking, clothing or as building materials for dwellings,
etc.). And with the use of primitive technologies for the materials
processing or processing at the level of mechanical impact on
products, tools like spearheads, scrapers or stone knives, etc.
appeared. The history singles out the "Stone Age".
Over time, however, as needs grew and technology evolved,
human influence on natural materials resulted in materials modified
at the level of physical and chemical structure (such as ceramics,
glass, or iron). These materials today are called artificial materials.
In addition, some of these materials could have been produced in
nature without human intervention as a result of volcanic eruptions.
Only in the 19th century scientists began to understand the
relationships between the structural elements of materials and their
properties. For example, semiconductor materials, which are used
in satellites, computers, cars, telephones, were the product of
Materials science research of the electronic properties of the
element germanium.
Finally, mankind has learned to create qualitatively new
synthetic materials not existing in nature, such as polyethylene,
polycarbonate, etc., which are obtained by isolating low-molecularweight compounds (monomers) from natural chemicals followed
by polymerization (polycondensation) or synthesis of highmolecular-weight compounds. Synthesis is the combination of
"simple" − "monomeric" − elements into a single whole.
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Task 1. Find the English equivalents for the following words
and word combinations.
Развитие цивилизации; материалы, используемые человеком; технологии материаловедения; искусственные и синтетические материалы; цивилизация; химический состав; сплавы;
древесина; камень; металл; строительство жилья; модификация;
высокомолекулярные соединения; спутники; автомобили; теле-
фоны; компьютеры; керамика; стекло; железо; современный период истории; свойство материала; производить; понимать;
определять.
Task 2. Find the Russian equivalents for the following words
and word-combinations.
Individual scientific results; meaningful study; existence;
period of history; processing natural materials; food; housing;
weapons; clothing; primitive technologies; primitive technologies;
tools; stone knives; human influence on natural materials; Stone
Age; Bronze Age; Silicon Age; materials for fire and cooking,
clothing; chemical structure; volcanic eruptions; semiconductor
materials; scientific research; electronic properties; to create
qualitatively new synthetic materials; polycarbonate; processing
natural materials; elements of materials.
Task 3. Fill in the blanks with the correct word(s) from the
word bank.
Properties, computers, humankind, artificial, metals, materials
1. Our century is the age of natural, … and synthetic
materials.
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2. Man began to use … and alloys several millennia before
our era.
3. Materials science has defined the development of
civilizations since the very beginning of … .
4. Ceramics, glass are called today as artificial … .
5. Only in the 19th century scientists began to understand the
relationships between the structural elements of materials
and their … .
6. Semiconductor materials are used in satellites, … , cars,
and telephones.
Task 4. Answer the following questions.
1. Is our century the age of natural, artificial and synthetic
materials?
2. How old is Materials science?
3. How do we sometimes call the modern period of history
from the late 20th to early 21st centuries?
4. What were the primary natural materials?
5. What materials are called artificial ones?
6. When did scientists begin to understand the relationships
between the structural elements of materials and their
properties?
7. Where is semiconductor material used?
8. How are polyethylene, polycarbonate, etc. obtained?
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Text 3. Read the text.
MATERIALS IN INDUSTRY
Fig. 4. Materials in industry
Materials are input substances for the manufacturing of
products and auxiliary substances for carrying out production
processes. There are the following types of materials: raw materials,
which are subjected to further processing. Material processing
involves giving it the required dimensions, shape, certain properties
and includes a wide class of the following processes: cutting,
grinding, pressing, heat treating, bonding, soldering, welding,
oxidizing, electrolysis, deep and surface hardening, blasting, waterjet and sand-blasting, high frequency current treatment, dissolution,
coloring, etc.
At the same time, stable industries are hiring materials
scientists to gradually improve and eliminate problems with the
materials now in use.
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The study of metal alloys is a significant part of Materials
Science. The most numerous types of metal alloys are made from
iron. Steel is an iron-based substance containing not more than
2.4 % of carbon and is used for making parts of industrial machines
and household equipment, water, land and air transport, tools and
devices. Steels are distinguished by the widest range of properties.
Common among these are strength and elasticity.
The main characteristics of alloy materials that affect their
suitability for use in a particular engineering design are:
− Hardness – characteristics of the strength to resist mechanical
stress and fracture; the ability to resist penetration of solids
into the material.
− Elasticity – the ability to restore the original shape of the
body after deformation caused by an external load.
− Plasticity is the inverse of elasticity. It determines the ability
of the material to change the shape of the structure without
destroying it under the applied load and maintaining this
new shape.
− Ductility is the ability to resist rapidly increasing (shock)
loads.
Plastics are organic materials based on synthetic or natural
polymer compounds. The peculiarity of this material is that it can
be influenced, melts easily, and under the action of pressure or high
temperatures takes a new shape, which it retains after cooling. The
great variety of types of plastics is due to the different properties of
the high-molecular-weight polymer compounds that make up
plastics. They can be either organic or inorganic.
Engineering plastics are valued for their unique characteristics
such as ultra-high strength, hardness, electrical conductivity, electrofluorescence, high thermal stability, dielectric, electrical and other
properties.
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Materials Science also studies the relationship between the
structure and properties of various materials such as ceramics and
polymers, as well as the patterns of their changes under the
influence of various external factors: physical (temperature,
pressure, electromagnetic field, ionizing radiation, etc.), chemical
and biological.
Task 1. Find the English equivalents for the following words
and word combinations.
Материал; исходные вещества; обработка; размер; форма;
определённые свойства; растворение и окрашивание; устранять
проблемы; материаловед; электропроводность; металлические
сплавы; бытовое оборудование; прочность и упругость; давление и высокие температуры; деформация; высокая термостабильность; керамика и полимеры.
Task 2. Match English and Russian equivalent.
1. Raw materials
a) нейтронная дифракция
2. Thermal stability
b) тепловая обработка
3. Thermal treatment
c) окисление
4. Neutron diffraction
d) струйная обработка
5. Oxidizing
e) термостабильность
6. Rolling
f) пайка
7. Casting
g) сырье
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8. Blasting
h) сварка
9. Welding
i) прокатка
10. Soldering
j) литье
Task 3. Answer the following questions.
1. What are the types of materials?
2. Are raw materials subjected to further processing?
3. Are cutting, grinding, pressing, heat treating, bonding,
soldering, welding, oxidizing, electrolysis kinds of
possessing of materials?
4. Do materials scientists help eliminate problems with the
materials now in use?
5. Does Materials science study metal alloys?
6. How many percent of carbon does an iron-based substance
contain?
7. What are the unique characteristics of engineering plastics?
8. Are plastics organic materials?
9. Does Materials Science also study the relationship between
the structure and properties of various materials such as
ceramics and polymers?
10. What various external factors influence the changes of
ceramics and polymers?
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Text 4. Read the text.
CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDING MATERIALS
USED IN CONSTRUCTION
Fig. 5. Materials used in construction
Building and finishing materials are classified according to:
− their origin;
− the use;
− the technological basis.
According to the origin, building materials are divided into
natural and synthetic.
The examples of natural materials are wood, rocks, crushed
stone, sand, etc. They are obtained from natural raw materials with
the help of simple treatment giving no changes in their original
structure and chemical composition.
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