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Файл:Materials processing and manufacturing technologies. Учебное пособие
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Synthetic or artificial building materials include brick,
cement, glass, plastics, concrete, etc. They are obtained from
artificial or natural raw materials, industrial or agricultural byproducts with the help of special technologies. They differ from raw
materials both in structure and chemical composition, due to their
radical industrial processing.
According to their use, all materials are divided into several
groups:
− structural;
− acoustic;
− hermetic;
− heat insulating;
− waterproofing and roofing;
− finishing;
− for special purposes.
Structural materials perceive and transmit loads in building
structures.
Acoustic materials are sound-absorbing and sound-insulating
materials.
Hermetic materials are to be used for sealing joints and
seams.
Heat insulating materials are designed to keep the heat inside
a product, a room or any other space.
Waterproofing and roofing materials insulate building
structures and elements from moisture.
Finishing materials are to improve the decorative qualities of
building structures and products, as well as protect them from
various external influences.
Materials for special purposes include refractory or acid
resistant materials.
On a technological basis, building materials and products can
be classified as follows:
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Natural stone materials. This type includes wall blocks, facing
tiles, crushed stone, gravel, etc. Rocks are used for their manufacture.
Products from mineral melts. They include materials made
from glass and other similar substances.
Concrete and mortars are made from a mixture of binder,
water, fine filler, sand, lime or gypsum. The resulting structure is
often used for foundations.
Timber-based material products are obtained by mechanical
processing of wood.
Organic binders and organic binders-based materials include
bituminous and tar binders, roofing and waterproofing materials,
S-isol, glassine, mastic.
Inorganic binders are mainly powdery components that form
a viscous structure when interacting with water.
Polymeric materials are a group of materials obtained on the
basis of synthetic polymers.
Metals and metal substances include ferrous metals and their
alloys and non-ferrous metals.
Ceramic materials and products include such materials as bricks,
tiles, ceramic tiles, porcelain and faience products. They are made from
clay by special processing like annealing, firing, and drying.
Task 1. Find the English equivalents for the following words
and word combinations.
Дерево; камень; бутовый камень; щебень; песок; гравий;
кирпич; известь; гипс; мелкий наполнитель; цемент; стекло;
пластмасса; бетон; облицовочная плитка; смесь вяжущего раствора и воды; изоляция; стекловолокно; полистирол; черный
металл; цветной металл; проволока; профиль; арматура; кера-
мическая плитка; фарфор; фаянсовые изделия.
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Task 2. Translate the words and word combinations into Russian.
Simple treatment; chemical composition; resulting structure;
plumbing system; cladding work; annealing; firing; agricultural byproducts; acoustic; hermetic; heat insulating; technological basis;
acid resistant materials; bituminous materials; mineral melts;
organic and inorganic binders; finishing; to transmit loads; to seal
joints and seams; to interact with liquid; to insulate from moisture;
to improve the decorative properties; to protect from external
influences.
Task 3. Complete the sentences using the information from the
text 4.
1. According to the origin, building materials are divided
into … .
2. According to their use, all materials are divided into … .
3. On a technological basis, building materials and products
can be classified as … .
4. Rock, crushed stone, sand, and wood are the examples of … .
5. Natural materials are obtained from … .
6. The examples of synthetic or artificial building materials
are … .
7. Artificial materials are obtained from … .
8. Artificial materials differ from raw materials both in …
and … .
9. Timber-based materials and products are obtained by … .
10. Ceramic materials and products are most often used for … .
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Task 4. Match two parts from columns A and B to make up
a sentence.
A
B
1. Natural materials include …
1) keep the heat inside a product
or a space
2. Synthetic or artificial
building materials are …
2) improve decorative qualities
of structures and protect them
from external influences
3. Structural materials …
3) are used for sealing seams and
joints
4. Acoustic materials …
4) wood, rocks, crushed stone,
sand
5. Waterproofing materials …
5) are used for sound-absorbing
and sound insulation
6. Finishing materials …
6) insulate structures from
moisture
7. Hermetic materials …
7) perceive and transmit loads
8. Heat-insulating materials …
8) brick, cement, glass, plastics,
concrete, etc.
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Text 5. Read the text.
MATERIALS SYNTHESIS AND PROCESSING
Fig. 6. Materials synthesis and processing
Part 1
Material processing holds the central place in the field of
Materials science and is a crucial point in the production process.
Materials synthesis and processing involves a complex series
of chemical, physical, and thermal processes leading to the creation
of a material with a given micro-nanostructure.
These processes are used to prepare the initial material, create
the desired shape, fix this shape and improve the structure of the
material. Developing such material’s characteristics as shape, size,
crystalline structure and microstructure is the main challenge facing
the Material processing. If these characteristics are studied and
selected properly, the final product will serve safely and sustainably.
From an engineering point of view, before the use of any
material in industry, a cost-effective production method must be
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developed for it. There are many different methods of synthesizing
or processing materials. For example, physical metallurgy, which is
essentially the processing of metals, is studied in the field of
Materials science. Chemical and physical methods are also used to
synthesize other materials such as polymers, ceramics, thin films,
etc. At the beginning of the 21st century, new methods for
synthesizing materials are being developed. Production of graphene
can be an example of synthesis of the advanced nanomaterial.
There are three steps in transformation of the starting material
to the final product. They include:
1) preparation of the starting material;
2) processing operation;
3) post-processing operation(s).
Based on the state of matter, five categories of processing
operations are identified. They are:
1) solid;
2) melt;
3) powder;
4) dispersion or solution;
5) vapor.
Metals, polymers and ceramics are formed by the operations
of each category, so general scientific and engineering concepts can
be understood and applied to different types of materials.
Task 1. Find the Russian equivalents for the following words
and word combinations used in the text 5 (part 1).
Materials synthesis and processing; complex series of
chemical, thermal, and physical processes; crystal structure; micronanostructure; starting material; final product; polymers, ceramics,
thin films; melt, solid, powder, dispersion; solution; vapor; postprocessing operations.
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Task 2. Find the English equivalents for the following words
and word combinations in the text 5 (part 1).
С инженерной точки зрения; синтезировать такие материалы, как полимеры; керамика; синтезировать наноматериалы,
такие как графен; превращение исходного материала в конечный продукт; материал в жидком, твердом или пластичном со-
стоянии; изменение свойств вещества.
Part 2
People have been trying to process different materials by hand
since the beginning of civilization. The era of mechanization
coincided with the Industrial revolution of the late 18th and early
19th centuries, when the first machines for molding, casting, and
cutting metals began to appear in Europe.
In order to give the desired shape for a material, being in a
solid state, it is necessary to apply a certain force and pressure. The
material to be processed may be in a relatively solid and stable state
in the shape of a bar, sheet, granule or powder, or it may be in a
soft, plastic or putty form. Both cold and hot states can be used in
order to give the desired shape to a solid material.
Manufacturing Process Cycle is required for turning materials
into parts and products. To start the cycle, raw materials must be
produced from basic natural or chemical substances, or extracted
from minerals.
The main functions of converting raw materials into finished
products with these processes are to give the material the desired
shape and improve the properties of that material.
Forming and shaping processes may be classified into two
main types − those performed on the material in a liquid state and
those performed on the material in a solid or plastic condition.
Casting is the common name for processing such materials as
glass, metals, and ceramics, being in a liquid form. If the
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processing involves plastics and some other nonmetallic materials,
it is called molding.
The “joining process” includes welding, brazing, soldering, and
adhesive and chemical bonding. One type of energy or a combination
of chemical, thermal, and mechanical energy can be used to create
a bond between two pieces of material in most joining processes. If
further modification of material properties is required, some types of
radiation, mechanical operations, heat or cold treatment are used. As
a result, the microscopic structure of the material changes.
The process where the temperature of a material rises or falls,
resulting in changes of the original material properties, is called heat
treatment. The basis of most heat treatment processes are timetemperature cycles. The stages of heating, holding at temperature and
cooling are integral parts of these cycles. In some cases, a "finishing
process" is required. It is used to protect the surface of a material
from corrosion, mechanical wear, oxidation, or deformation. This
method is also widely used to give the material special decorative
effects, provide special surface characteristics, and improve its loadbearing properties, reflectivity, insulation, electrical conductivity.
There are two main groups of finishing processes. The first
group is a process in which a coating, usually of a different
material, is applied to the surface. Organic finishing (e.g.
painting); metallic coating (e.g. electroplating) and porcelain
enameling are included in the first group. The second group is
a process in which the surface of the material is changed by
chemical action, heat, or mechanical force.
Task 1. Find the Russian equivalents for the following words
and word combinations used in the text 5 (part 2).
Materials processing by hand; mechanization; “joining
process”; forms of bars, sheets, pellets, powder; soft, plastic,
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puttylike form; welding, chemical bond; machines for forming,
shaping, and cutting; casting; molding; brazing; soldering; thermal
treatment; cooling; oxidation, corrosion or mechanical wear;
electroplating; painting; porcelain enameling.
Task 2. Find the English equivalents for the following words
and word combinations in the text 5 (part 2).
В зависимости от состояния вещества; процессы, используемые для преобразования сырья в готовую продукцию; применение силы или давления; сочетание трех видов энергии:
тепловой, химической и механической; горячая или холодная
обработка, пластичная или мягкая форма; защита материала от
окисления, коррозии или механического износа; термическая
обработка; охлаждение; придание материалу особых декоративных эффектов; улучшение отражательной способности,
электропроводности или изоляционных свойств; металличе-
ское покрытие; цикл производственных процессов.
Task 3. Complete the sentences using the information from the
text 5.
1. Mechanization began with the Industrial Revolution of the
18th century, and in the early 19th century in … .
2. Materials in their solid state are formed into… .
3. The processes used to convert raw materials into finished
products perform the following functions: … .
4. Forming and shaping processes may be classified into… .
5. The “joining process” includes … .
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6. The properties of materials can be modified by … .
7. Heat treatment is a process in which … .
8. The integral parts of time-temperature cycles are … .
9. There are two main groups of finishing processes: … .
Task 4. Answer the following questions.
1. What does Materials synthesis and processing mean?
2. What is the purpose of Materials processing?
3. Do different materials demand different processing
synthesis methods?
4. What methods are used to synthesize polymers and
ceramics?
5. What are the general functions of converting raw materials
into finished products?
6. Is there any difference between the processes of casting and
molding?
7. What are two main types of forming and shaping
processes?
8. What does “a joining process” include?
9. What is heat treatment of materials?
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