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Файл:English Grammar for Electrical Specialists. Учебное пособие для СПО
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When you use reported speech, you either report: statements, questions, requests /
Direct speech
Reported speech
(no backshift)
He says, “The tuner is
connected to the
detector”.
He says that the tuner is
connected to the detector.
(backshift)
He said, “They will use a
two-hundred-and-twentykilohm resistor”.
He said that they would
use a two-hundred-andtwenty-kilohm resistor.
commands, other types of sentences.
Reporting statements. When transforming statements, make sure you know what
you have to change (pronouns, tense, place and time expressions).
As for pronouns, you often have to change the pronoun depending on who says
what, e.g.: She says, “We compile this electronic device of common basic units”. – She
says that they compile that electronic device of common basic units.
As for tenses, if the sentence starts in the present, there is no backshift of tenses in
reported speech. If the sentence starts in the past, there is often backshift of tenses in
reported speech.
Do not change the tense if the introductory clause is in the present tense (e g.: He
says). Note, however, that you might have to change the form of the present tense verb
(3rd person singular), e.g.: He says, “I use a two-hundred-and-twenty-kilohm resistor”. –
He says that he uses a two-hundred-and-twenty-kilohm resistor. You must change the
tense if the introductory clause is in the past tense (e.g.: He said).
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Examples of the main changes in the tenses
Tense
Direct speech
Reported speech
Present simple
“We receive our certificates
in June”.
She said (that) they
received their certificates
in June.
Present continuous
“I am completing my course
of studies now.”
She said (that) she was
completing her course of
studies at that time.
Past simple
“I wanted to increase the
current capacity.”
He said (that) he had
wanted to increase the
current capacity.
Past continuous
“I was increasing the current
capacity”.
He said (that) he had
been increasing the
current capacity.
Present perfect
“We have already discussed
this problem”.
They said (that) they had
already discussed that
problem.
Past perfect*
“I had recharged the batteries
before your arrival”.
She said (that) she had
recharged the batteries
before his arrival.
will
“I’ll increase the current
capacity”.
He said (that) he would
increase the current
capacity.
would*
“I would increase the current
capacity”.
He said (that) he would
increase the current
capacity.
can
“A scanner can do away with
most of the hard labor
involved in getting a hardcopy manuscript onto disk”.
He said (that) a scanner
could do away with most
of the hard labor
involved in getting a
hard-copy manuscript
onto disk.
could*
“I could use a scanner at
work”.
He said (that) he could
use a scanner at work.
shall
“I shall increase the current
capacity”.
He said (that) he would
increase the current
capacity.
should*
“I should use a scanner at
work”.
She said (that) she should
use a scanner at work.
might*
“I might be late for the
meeting”.
She said (that) she might
be late for the meeting.
must
“I must recharge the
batteries”.
She said (that) she had to
recharge the batteries.
*doesn’t change
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As for place expressions, demonstratives and time expressions, they change if the
Direct speech
Reported speech
Time expressions
today
that day
now
then
yesterday
the day before
… days ago
… days before
last week
the week before
next year
the following year
tomorrow
the next day / the following day
Place expressions
here
there
Demostratives
this
that
these
those
Types of questions
Direct speech
Reported speech
with a question word
(where, when, what, how)
“Why are you recharging
batteries?”
He asked why she was
recharging batteries.
without a question word
(yes or no questions)
“Will they use a twohundred-and-twentykilohm resistor?”
He asked if / whether they
would use a two-hundredand-twenty-kilohm
resistor.
context of the reported statement (i.e. the location and/or the period of time) is different
from that of the direct speech. In the following table you will find the different changes of
place, demonstratives and time expressions.
Reporting questions. When transforming questions, check whether you have to
change: pronouns, place and time expressions, tenses (backshift). Also note that you have
to transform the question into an indirect question and use a question word (where, when,
what, how) for special questions or if / whether for general questions.
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Reporting requests / commands. When transforming requests and commands, check
Direct speech
Reported speech
She says, “Start the project on
Monday”.
She asks to start the project on Monday.
She said, “Don’t recharge the batteries”.
She asked him not to recharge the
batteries.
whether you have to change: pronouns and place and time expressions. Tenses are not
relevant for requests.
Exercises
Ex. 1. Transform the following sentences using the rules of reported speech and
the models “They say…” and “They said…”.
1. Engineers and technicians usually connect an ohmmeter in a circuit with the
meter set for the highest resistance range first. 2. Have you ever pulled out an old store
receipt and found that it was washed-out or blank? 3. Which of the following is a serialaccess medium? 4. All the electrons might be removed from an atom, leaving only the
nucleus. 5. How might this problem be resolved? 6. Have you used orange bug lights when
camping to keep the flying pests from coming around at night, or those UV devices that
attract bugs and then zap them? 7. How will a robot be able to feel something and transmit
these impulses to the human brain? 8. An ohmmeter must be calibrated at the factory
where it is made, or in an electronics lab. 9. How can this sense of texture be realistically
transmitted to the human brain? 10. It also eliminates the possibility that the meter
sensitivity will change in case the strength of the permanent magnet deteriorates. 11.
Would that begin to approach the level of sophistication in your body’s nervous system?
12. It works well when the value of the quantity does not change often or fast. 13. Is the
human brain nothing more than an amazingly complicated digital switching network? 14.
The compass needle will not give a clear deflection. 15. This resistor must be capable of
carrying the current without burning up. 16. That means their values must actually be what
the manufacturer claims they are. 17. For each meter scale, take down the number that the
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pointer has most recently passed. 18. Then refer to it frequently in the future, especially
when you see a symbol you don’t remember or recognize. 19. Write down the rest as you
go. 20. There are some situations in which a digital meter is a disadvantage. 21. The
amplifier volume should be kept down so that the meter doesn’t go past the zero mark and
into the red range. 22. Each electron flows only a short distance before transferring its
energy to another, and another, and so on around a circuit, eventually leading back to the
source. 23. Electric current in a wire, measured in amperes, is the simultaneous motion in
the same direction of enumerable electrons. 24. The first function of the transmission
system is to use “step-up transformers” to raise the voltage produced by the electricity
generator, typically about 20,000 volts, to the levels required for long-distance transport,
which is generally 230,000 volts or greater. 25. Energy is the elemental force upon which
all civilizations are built, and technology provides the means to harness that energy.
Ex. 2. Transform the sentences back into the direct speech.
1. He explained that an element might be both an ion and an isotope different from
the usual isotope. 2. He told us that we might think of it as a positive ion. 3. She said that
meters with a scale and pointer were known as analog meters. 4. He mentioned that it had
extremely high input resistance, along with good sensitivity and amplification. 5. We said
that the spark might jump an inch, 2 inches, or even 6 inches. 6. I told him that the resistor
would draw half the current. 7. The teacher asked what the resulting atomic weight was. 8.
He asked if we had noticed any strange things about the notation yet. 9. I asked whether
they had heard the terms “power” and “energy” used interchangeably. 10. He said that that
kept the diagram neat and easy to read. 11. She mentioned that sometimes it was desirable
to have an ammeter that would allow for a wide range of current measurements. 12. You
asked me what the conductance of a span of the wire that was 3 km long was. 13. He
asked how much power that represented. 14. The teacher said that Lomonosov organized
the first chemical laboratory in our country. 15. He said that by means of a transformer we
could change current.
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3.8 The non-finite forms of the verb
Participle I
Active
Passive
Indefinite
doing
being done
Perfect
having done
having been done
Participle II
done, compiled, broken,
formed, etc.
3.8.1 The participle. The absolute participial constructions
English verbs have two participles: participle I (denoting, writing) and participle II
(denoted, written). Participles have some qualities of adjectives and are used as attributes
in a sentence (a working device; broken relay).
A participle construction, that is, a participle together with the words closely
connected with it, can function as an attribute (the symbol representing a wire, the applied
voltage) or as an adverbial modifier (the relay being broken we couldn’t start the device).
Forms of the participle
Depending on the function in the sentence, on the context and meaning, English
participles are translated into Russian as participles, as adjectives, as adverbial participles,
as verbs.
Participles in constructions with complex object. In sentences like “I saw the
batteries being recharged. I found the resistor working.” the constructions “the batteries
being recharged, the resistor working” are often called “complex object” in Russian
grammar materials. Participle I is used in constructions with complex object after the verbs
of sense perception “hear, see, watch, observe, notice, feel” to indicate the action in
progress.
Absolute participial construction. The absolute participial construction has its own
subject (to which the action expressed by the participle refers) and can stand at the
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beginning or at the end of the sentence. Sometimes the preposition “with” introduces an
absolute participle clause. Absolute participial constructions are often used in literary
works and scientific writing, but are rare in ordinary speech, e.g.: The conditions allowing,
we started the project earlier. Nobody knowing what to do, we decided to do nothing. Two
of the electricians headed toward the director’s office, the other three staying in the hall.
Our work finished, we left. He listened to our repair plan quietly, with his eyes closed and
his face impassive.
Exercises
Ex. 1. Copy the sentences below and underline participles. Say what forms of
participles are used. Translate the examples into Russian in writing.
1. Having made a number of tests, the researcher got some useful results. 2. The
data obtained formed the basis for further activity. 3. The measures discussed are to be
used for determining the faults in the conducting wires. 4. Being a semiconductor,
germanium is widely used in transistors. 5. Decelerating trains and descending elevators
use negative, or braking torque. 6. Having been impregnated, paper is used as resistor. 7.
Water power is being used to drive a dynamo. 8. When being rubbed, some substances
produce electric charges. 9. Nuclear fuel is undergoing nuclear fission. 10. The energy lost
in the capacitor appears in the form of heat being generated in the dielectric.
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Ex. 2. Match the fragments of the sentences. Then translate paying
It consists of a dc voltage source, a
voltmeter, some wire, an ammeter,
they aren’t connected at the crossing
point unless a heavy black dot is placed
where the two lines meet.
That’s a little less than the voltage
and a calibrated, wide-range
potentiometer.
Suppose this potentiometer is set to 100
Ω,
also called the rule of significant digits.
After that, you can convert the
calculated current, voltage, or resistance
value to
dissipated by the potentiometer?
The total power consumed
named after the scientist who
supposedly first quantified it.
What is the power
connected in parallel, produce a net
resistance R.
Then you have to find out which bulb is
bad,
whatever size unit you want.
Five resistors of values R1through R5,
and replace it to get the lights working
again.
When two conductor lines cross,
the total resistance is equal to the
resistance of any one component
divided by the number of components.
Competent engineers and scientists go
by the rule of significant figures,
produced by a flashlight cell.
The interdependence among current,
voltage, and resistance in dc circuits is
called Ohm’s Law,
and the measured current is 10 mA.
When you have two or more resistors
connected in parallel and their
resistances are all the same,
by this network of resistors is 250 mW.
attention to participles.
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Ex. 3. Translate into English using participles.
1. Это приведет к тому, что через каждую из оставшихся лампочек будет
протекать больший ток, и довольно скоро еще одна лампочка перегорит из-за
переизбытка тока. 2. На каждой из лампочек в этой цепи, поскольку они
одинаковые, произойдет одинаковое падение напряжения. 3. Подсчитывая
мощность электроэнергии в цепи, содержащей последовательно подсоединенные
резисторы, вам нужно только выяснить силу тока (I), которая идет по цепи. 4. Тогда
мы бы наблюдали иллюзию ЭДС (электродвижущей силы), добавляющую или
забирающую напряжение. 5. Счетчик показывает одно и тоже, независимо от того,
думаете ли вы об измерении напряжения батареи Е или об измерении суммы
напряжений Еn в последовательной цепи сопротивлений. 6. Также помните, что вам
необходимо использовать такие единицы измерения, как вольт, ом и ампер при
подсчетах. 7. Их легко проглядеть, но они могут повлечь за собой большие ошибки
в повторяющихся процессах, где необходимы вычисления, производимые снова и
снова.8. Если добавить новые цепи, предполагая, что источник электроэнергии
справится с нагрузкой, это не повлияет на условия, существующие в предыдущих
цепях. 9. На практике оптимальные значения зависят от того, каким образом была
составлена цепь.
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3.8.2 The gerund
Active
Passive
Indefinite
doing
being done
Perfect
having done
having been done
The gerund is a non-finite form of the verb. Gerunds are formed from verbs by
adding -ing: be – being; work – working; design – designing. Gerunds can be formed from
most verbs (except modal verbs).
Forms of the gerund
The simple active form and the passive form usually express an action that is
simultaneous with the action expressed by the main verb. The perfect form and the perfect
passive form express an action that precedes the action expressed by the main verb. The
simple form of the gerund is the most common. The compound forms of the gerund are
used more rarely, mostly in writing.
Gerunds can be used in different functions in sentences (the subject, the object, part
of the predicate, etc.). Gerunds are often used with prepositions in the function of
adverbial modifiers.
Exercises
Ex. 1. Find the gerunds in the following sentences. Define their function.
Translate the sentences into Russian.
1. In this course, the idea is to familiarize you with schematic symbols by getting
you to read and use them in action.2. Remember Ohm’s Law for finding voltage. 3.
Certainly, shorting out one of the resistances cannot cause the battery voltage to change. 4.
Let’s use the four-significant-digit values to avoid the possibility of encountering the
rounding-off bug. 5. The second method involves finding the net resistance R of the
parallel combination. 6. When a voltage divider network is designed and assembled, the
resistance values should be as small as possible without causing too much current drain on
the battery or power supply. 7. The reason for choosing the smallest possible resistances is
that, when the divider is used with a circuit, you do not want that circuit to upset the
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