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Файл:English Grammar for Electrical Specialists. Учебное пособие для СПО
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8.4 The ways of expressing the object
The object is a secondary part of the sentence which completes or restricts the
meaning of a verb or sometimes an adjective, a word denoting state, or a noun.
The general semantic types of the object are: direct, indirect (recipient or nonrecipient) and cognate. The direct object denotes a person or thing directly affected by the
action of the verb. The indirect object denotes a living being to whom the action of the
verb is directed. There are also cases when it denotes a thing. The indirect object may be
of two types: recipient (which denotes the addressee of the action) and non-recipient
(which does not always express the addressee of the action). The cognate object is a
special kind of object that is expressed by a noun which is of the same root as the verb it is
used with, the verb is intransitive though it has no preposition, e.g.: to live a happy life –
to live happily; to laugh a sad laugh – to laugh sadly; to die a heroic death – to die
heroically, etc.
The object is expressed by the following parts of speech: a noun in the common
case, a pronoun (personal in the objective case, possessive, defining, reflexive,
demonstrative, indefinite), a substantivized adjective or participle, an infinitive, an
infinitive phrase, or an infinitive construction, a gerund, a gerundial phrase, or a gerundial
construction, any part of speech used as a quotation, a prepositional phrase with a noun or
a gerund, a group of words which is one part of the sentence, i.e. a syntactically indivisible
group, a clause.
Exercises
Ex. 1. Define the object in the following sentences, its type and what it is
expressed by.
1. Most monitoring systems consist of radio transmitters and receivers. Some
systems employ lasers atIR or visible wavelengths. A few employ wire or cable links.
Some have mechanical hardware, such as robots, that are controlled by the signals
reaching the receiver. 2. Compliance can be monitored by having the person carry a
conventional beeper (pager). A police or probation officer can page the person at random
91
times; the person must then call the officer within a couple of minutes. 3. The simplest
device for detecting an unwanted visitor is an electric eye. 4. A person breaking into a
property cannot avoid interrupting at least one beam if every possible point of entry has a
large enough number of electric eyes spaced at suitable intervals. 5. Such a machine is
equipped with various sensors that keep it informed about goings-on in the work
environment. 6. Someone has to make sure the robots keep working properly! 7. It is
tempting to suppose that a robot should never need more than three degrees of freedom,
because, after all, space has only three dimensions. 8. Machine hearing and vision can
allow robots to locate, and in some cases classify or identify, objects in the environment.
9. This makes the sun shine. 10. Ionized air makes it possible for a lightning stroke to take
place, for example.
8.5 The ways of expressing the adverbial modifier
The adverbial modifier is a secondary part of the sentence which modifies a verb,
an adjective or an adverb. The adverbial modifier can be expressed by: an adverb, a noun
with or without accompanying words, a participle or a participial phrase; a noun, pronoun,
adjective, infinitive, participle, or prepositional phrase with a subordinating conjunction; a
prepositional phrase, absolute constructions: the nominative absolute participial
construction, the nominative absolute construction, the prepositional absolute participial
construction, the prepositional absolute construction; a prepositional phrase or
construction with a gerund; an infinitive, an infinitive phrase, or an infinitive construction,
a clause.
According to the meaning we distinguish the following kinds of adverbial modifiers:
of time, frequency, place and direction, manner, attendant circumstances, degree and
measure, cause, result (consequence), condition, comparison, concession, purpose.
92
Exercises
Ex. 1. Define the adverbial modifier in the following sentences, its type and
what it is expressed by.
1. Different elements can join together to share electrons. 2. One of the most
common compounds is water, the result of two hydrogen atoms joining with an atom of
oxygen. There are literally thousands of different chemical compounds that occur in
nature. A compound is different than a simple mixture of elements. If hydrogen and
oxygen are mixed, the result is a colorless, odorless gas, just like either element is a gas
separately. 3. Under the right conditions, there will be a violent explosion, because the two
elements join eagerly. 4. Compounds often, but not always, appear greatly different from
any of the elements that make them up. At room temperature and pressure, both hydrogen
and oxygen are gases. But water under the same conditions is a liquid. 5. If it gets a few
tens of degrees colder, water turns solid at standard pressure. If it gets hot enough, water
becomes a gas, odorless and colorless, just like hydrogen oroxygen.6. Sometimes, dashed
lines are used to represent conductors, but usually, dashed lines are drawn to partition
diagrams into constituent circuits, or to indicate that certain components interact with each
other or operate in step with each other. Conductor lines are almost always drawn either
horizontally across or vertically up and down the page. This keeps the diagram neat and
easy to read. 7. When two conductor lines cross, they aren’t connected at the crossing
point unless a heavy black dot is placed where the two lines meet. The dot should always
be clearly visible wherever conductors are to be connected, no matter how many of them
meet at the junction. 8. A resistor is indicated by a zigzag. A variable resistor, or
potentiometer, is indicated by a zigzag with an arrow through it, or by a zigzag with an
arrow pointing at it. 9. Powdered-iron cores are common at high and very high radio
frequencies. Ferrite is a special form of powdered iron that has exceptionally high
permeability, causing a great concentration of magnetic flux lines within the coil. Ferrite is
used at audio frequencies, as well as at low, medium, and high radio frequencies. 10. The
main trouble with ferromagnetic cores is that, if the coil carries more than a certain amount
of current, the core will saturate. This means that the ferromagnetic material is holding as
much flux as it possibly can. 11. The result is that the inductance changes, decreasing with
93
coil currents that are more than the critical value. In extreme cases, ferromagnetic cores
can also waste considerable power as heat.
94
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589349380Х
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Флинта, 2011. – 95 с. – ISBN 9785976501706
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97
Appendix A
(recommended)
98
Appendix B
Rule
Examples
Memorise
1. ‘ie’ or ‘ei’
Write i before e, except
after c
Write ie after c for
words with a shen sound.
Write ei when the
vowels sounds like an a as
in 'weigh'
achieve, believe, friend
receive, receipt, perceive
ancient, efficient,
sufficient, conscience
neighbour, vein, reign,
rein, deign
Exceptions:
Words like counterfeit,
either, neither, height,
leisure, forfeit , foreign,
science, species, seize,
weird
2. ‘s’ or ‘es’
Add es if a word ends
in ch, sh, ss, x or z
Add es for most words
ending in o
arch > arches, clash >
clashes, class > classes, box
> boxes, quiz > quizzes
tomato > tomatoes, hero
> heroes, go > goes, do >
does, echo > echoes
Exceptions:
Words like altos, duos,
pianos, radios, solos
sopranos, studios, videos,
typos
3. ‘y’ to ‘i’ or not
For words ending in y
preceded by a vowel, retain
the y when adding s or a
suffix.
For words ending in y,
retain the y when adding
ing.
For words ending in y,
preceded by a consonant,
change the y to i before any
other suffix
convey > conveys,
employ > employer
try > trying, justify >
justifying, certify >
certifying, study > studying
try > tried, justify >
justifies, certify >
certifiable, mystify >
mystified, laboratory >
laboratories
Exceptions:
Words like dryness, shyness
4. drop the final ‘e’
DROP the e when the
suffix starts with a vowel.
DROP the e when the
word ends in dge.
DROP the final e when
adding -ing
save > savable, use >
usable
judge > judgment
save >saving, manage >
managing, trace > tracing,
emerge > emerging
Exceptions:
DO NOT DROP the e if
the word ends in ce or ge
(e.g. manage >
manageable, trace >
traceable)
(recommended)
Ten common spelling rules
99
5. ‘t ’ or ‘tt’ when adding ing, -ed and some suffixes
to verbs
DOUBLE the t for
verbs of one syllable with a
single vowel, or a short
vowel sound.
DOUBLE the t for
verbs of more than one
syllable when the stress is
on the last syllable.
rot > rotting, rotted, rotten
fit > fitting, fitted
knot > knotting, knotted
abet > abetting, abetting
allot > allotting, allotted
commit > committing,
committed
emit > emitting, emitted
forget > forgetting,
forgotten (but forgetful)
Exceptions:
DO NOT DOUBLE the t
for verbs of one syllable
with a double vowel or a
long vowel sound (e.g. treat
> treating, treated; greet >
greeting, greeted)
6. ‘r’ or ‘rr’ when adding ing, -ed and some suffixes
to verbs
DOUBLE the r for verbs
of one syllable when the
final r is preceded by a
single vowel.
DOUBLE the r for words
of more than one syllable
when the stress does not fall
on the first syllable.
star > starring, starred,
starry
tar > tarring, tarred
war > warring, warred (but
warfare), scar > scarring,
scarred, stir > stirring,
stirred
concur > concurring,
concurred, concurrence
occur > occurring, occurred,
occurrence
defer > deferring, deferred,
(but deference)
deter > deterring, deterring,
deterrent
infer > inferring, inferred,
(but inference)
prefer > preferred,
preferring, (but preference)
refer > referred, referring,
referral
Exceptions:
DO NOT DOUBLE the r
for verbs of one syllable
when the final r is preceded
by a double vowel (e.g. fear
>fearing, feared)
DO NOT DOUBLE the r
for words of more than one
syllable, when the stress
falls on the first syllable
(e.g. prosper > prospered,
prospering)
7. ‘l’ or ‘ll’ when adding ing, -ed and some suffixes
to verbs DOUBLE the l
when it is preceded by a
single vowel.
cancel > cancelling,
cancelled, cancellation
enrol > enrolling, enrolled
(but enrolment)
fulfil > fulfilling, fulfilled,
fulfillment
level > levelling, levelled
travel > travelling, travelled,
traveller
Exceptions:
DO NOT DOUBLE the l
when it is preceded by a
double vowel (e.g. conceal
> concealing, concealed)
100
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