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Файл:English Grammar for Electrical Specialists. Учебное пособие для СПО
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Exercises
Ex. 1. Put the verbs in brackets into the past simple, past perfect or past
continuous form.
1. By the end of the last century scientists (to make) the first attempts to obtain
synthetic materials. 2. Henry (to experiment) with and (to improve) the electromagnet,
which (to invent) in 1823 by the Briton William Sturgeon. 3. He (to be) the first to use the
terms electric force, electric attraction, and magnetic pole.4. In 1908 Coolidge (to develop)
a process to make tungsten ductile, or capable of being drawn into a wire without
breaking. 5. Apparently, the biggest challenge in space exploration (to develop) a pen for
astronauts to use in orbit as ordinary ballpoint pens don't work in space. 6. A study of
chlorine, which Faraday (to include) in his researches, (to lead) to the discovery of two
new chlorides of carbon. 7. The lights (to go off) because we (not / pay) the electricity bill.
8. Crews later (to determine) that an old lightening strike on a utility pole (to cause) it to
eventually fall. 9. By 2001, however, the natural gas “bubble” predictably (to burst) taking
prices through the roof and bankrupting many of the independent power producers that (to
respond) to the deregulation of wholesale electricity production in the 1990s. 10. By
October 1879, Edison (to have) a working incandescent lamp, and within months (to
patent) the direct current electric distribution system. 11. By 1886, Edison’s firm (to
install) 58 power stations and some 500 isolated lighting plants in the United States,
Russia, Chile, and Australia. 12. An engineer at Florida Power and Light, the state’s
largest utility, who (to diagnose) a relatively minor substation problem inadvertently
caused a short circuit that could not be contained. 13. By 1829 he (to develop)
electromagnets of great lifting power and efficiency and essentially of the same form used
later in dynamos and motors.14. Faraday also (to establish) the principle that different
dielectric substances have different specific inductive capacities. 15. Swan's active interest
in using electricity for lighting (to begin) in about 1848, when he (to start) experimenting
with passing a current through a carbon filament in a vacuum.
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3.4.3 The future perfect active
Affirmative
Negative
Question
I will (‘ll) have
recharged the batteries
before you come.
I will not (won’t) have
recharged the batteries
before you come.
Will you have recharged
the batteries before I
come?
By that moment the
voltage will (‘ll) have
reached intermediate
values.
By that moment the
voltage will not (won’t)
have reached
intermediate values.
Will the voltage have
reached intermediate
values by that moment?
The future perfect tense indicates that an action will have been completed (finished
or “perfected”) at some point in the future. This tense is formed with “will + have” and
the past participle of the verb (which can be either regular or irregular in form).
Exercises
Ex. 1. Translate the sentences into English using the perfect tenses.
1. В последние несколько десятилетий эксперты в области искусственного
интеллекта были сильно разочарованы. 2. Так как нагрузка перешла на четыре
другие линии, они были перегружены, и в результате вышли из строя реле на всех
четырех линиях. 3. Компьютеры были созданы для того, чтобы выполнять задания,
за которые люди не захотели бы браться, например, исследование проб из космоса.
4. Вы когда-нибудь использовали желтые лампы, не привлекающие насекомых или
ультрафиолетовые ловушки? 5. К 1959 году максимальные передачи напряжения
достигли 345,000 вольт. 6. Мы перезарядим батареи до начала работы. 7. У
человеческого глаза всегда было превосходное оптическое разрешение. 8. Более
века ученые мечтали создать «умных андроидов»: роботов, которые выглядят как
люди, действуют как люди и могут даже рассуждать как люди. 9. Сопротивление
возрастет, прежде чем мы успеем что-то сделать. 10. К тому моменту ток нагреет
тэн, и тепловая энергия уйдет в атмосферу. 11. В тот период фабрики уже
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производили новые пластиковые материалы, что привело к производству новых
Affirmative
Negative
Question
I have (‘ve) been
recharging the batteries
for two hours already.
I have not (haven’t) been
recharging the batteries
for two hours.
Have you been
recharging the batteries
for two hours?
The number of the
components has (‘s) been
steadily increasing.
The number of the
components has not
(hasn’t) been steadily
increasing.
Has the number of the
components been steadily
increasing?
типов изоляторов. 12. Некоторые вычислительные проблемы всегда сбивали с толку
инженеров, работающих над данными системами. 13. Как только постоянный ток
пойдет вокруг всей петли, магнитное поле достигнет своего максимума и
выровняется. 14. По некоторым показателям роботы всегда имели преимущество
перед людьми. 15. К 1990 году рабочие в США возвели 10 200 миль (16400 км) 765
000-вольтных линий передач.
Ex. 2. Choose some scientific problem and make up a summary on its history,
using the perfect tenses.
3.5 The perfect continuous tenses
3.5.1 The present perfect continuous
The present perfect continuous is used for the following meanings: 1) the action
has been going on for some time by now and is still going on; adverbs of time: for an hour;
for a week; for a long time; for five years; for years; all day; all morning; since; 2) the
action has been going on lately, additional context may indicate whether the action has
been finished by now; usually used without adverbs of time.
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Note: Stative verbs are used in the present perfect tense instead of the present
perfect continuous. In the meaning “the action has lasted for some time by now”, the
present perfect may be used instead of the present perfect continuous with those verbs
which already express continued action in their lexical meaning, for example, “live, sleep,
teach, walk, work”. The difference between these tenses in such cases is not very big: the
present perfect stresses the result of some continued activity by now, while the present
perfect continuous stresses the duration of such activity by now. However, the difference
in meaning between the two tenses may be significant in some cases, e.g.: What have you
been doing since I left? / What have you done since I left?
Ex. 1. Put the verbs in brackets into the present perfect or the present perfect
continuous, using short forms where appropriate, translate the sentences into
Russian.
1. Engineers (to work) to bring about two revolutionary changes in the field of
communications and control: digital systems are replacing analog ones at the same time
that fiber optics are superseding copper cables. 2. Engineers in this field (to bring) about
several important developments since the late 1970s. 3. The electrician (to drill) hoses in
the wall for three hours. 4. Overvoltages which we already (to describe) rarely exceed
three to five times the normal phase to neutral “peak” voltage of the system. 5. ConEd (to
supply) the energy that powers New York for more than 180 years. 6. Other individuals (to
use) computers to electronically embezzle funds and alter credit histories. 7. Indeed, much
of the same innovative technology that transformed the monopoly telecommunications
industry 30 years ago (to stand) ready ever since to do the same for electricity. 8. To turn
these goals into reality, we (to engage) and (to stimulate) extraordinary, creative, bigpicture thinking by electricity industry technologists and leaders. 9. Viconics (to develop)
micro-controller-based HVAC temperature control solutions since the early 1990s. 10.
Still controlled by analog, electromechanical switches and relays that (to progress) very
little in the past century, the nation’s graying electrical infrastructure cannot keep pace
with the quality and reliability demands of today’s microprocessor-based devices in
homes, offices, factories, hospitals, and even farms.
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Ex. 2. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.
1. The lithium-ion battery (to demonstrate) more than 3,000 deep-discharge cycles.
2. This field (to pertain) to the efficient use of machinery, labor, and raw materials in
industrial production. 3. Harvard University, for example, (to operate) its own internal,
interconnected energy supply system for 80 years. 4. Components (to become) faster,
cheaper, and more versatile. 5. Nylon (to have) excellent abrasion resistance, and
neoprene, silicone rubber, epoxy polyesters, and polyurethanes can provide protection
against chemicals and moisture. 6. Johnson Controls (to expand) its traditional line of
automotive products to include battery controls for hybrid electric vehicles, along with
systems engineering and service expertise. 7. The light bulb (to undergo) various
improvements since Edison’s work. 8. Theorists of chemistry, computer science,
mathematics, and physics now (to work) to determine the possibilities and limitations of
quantum computing. 9. The term engineer properly (to denote) a person who (to receive)
professional training in pure and applied science, but is often loosely used to describe the
operator of an engine, as in the terms locomotive engineer, marine engineer, or stationary
engineer. 10. Since every atom (to contain) both positively and negatively charged
particles, electricity is connected with the physical properties and structure of matter and is
an important factor in physics, chemistry and biology.
3.5.2 The past perfect continuous
The past perfect continuous tense is used in the following meanings: 1) the action
lasted for some time before another action in the past happened (the latter is denoted by
the past simple); 2) the action lasted for some time before a specific point of time in the
past. Adverbs of time used with the past perfect continuous are “by the time; before; after;
when (in the meaning “by the time”); for two hours; for a long time”.
The past perfect continuous tense is used mostly in writing, for example, in literary
works, in formal correspondence and in scientific literature. In a number of cases, the past
perfect may be used instead of the past perfect continuous, with the same adverbs of time.
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Stative verbs (non-progressive verbs) are used in the past perfect instead of the past
Affirmative
Negative
Question
I had (‘d) been
recharging the batteries
for two hours before you
came.
I had not (hadn’t) been
recharging the batteries
for two hours before you
came.
Had you been
recharging the batteries
for two hours before I
came?
The number of the
components had (‘d)
been steadily increasing
by last Monday.
The number of the
components had not
(hadn’t) been steadily
increasing by last
Monday.
Had the number of the
components been steadily
increasing by last
Monday?
perfect continuous.
Ex. 1. Put the verbs in brackets into the past perfect or the past perfect
continuous, translate the sentences into Russian.
1. By 2001, however, the natural gas “bubble” predictably burst taking prices
through the roof and bankrupting many of the independent power producers that (to
respond) to the deregulation of wholesale electricity production in the 1990s. 2. I tried to
convince my family and colleagues to do the same, but after a month, some of my
colleagues went back to consuming the same amount of electricity as they (to use) before.
3. By 1829 he (to develop) electromagnets of great lifting power and efficiency and
essentially of the same form used later in dynamos and motors. 4. It also included studies
that researchers (to work) on for years. 5. By October 1879, Edison had a working
incandescent lamp, and within months (to patent) the direct current electric distribution
system. 6. Swan's active interest in using electricity for lighting (to begin) in about 1848,
when he started experimenting with passing a current through a carbon filament in a
vacuum. 7. New York City, for example, (to draw) about 300 MW from the network just
before the failure. 8. In 1908 Coolidge (to develop) a process to make tungsten ductile, or
capable of being drawn into a wire without breaking. 9. The resultant surge knocked out
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the Power Authority’s main east–west transmission line and shut down seven units that (to
feed) the northeastern grid. 10. This theorem, which (to challenge) mathematicians for
centuries, is still called “the fundamental theorem of algebra”.
Ex. 2. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.
1. A few weeks after this seminar, one of the attendees e-mailed me and told me that
he (to discuss) the formula with a master electrician. 2. He also (to work) out a new
method for calculating the orbits of heavenly bodies. 3. None of the maintenance
technicians (to notice) it. 4. Six lines run into Ontario from the Beck plant, and the line
controlled by the faulty relay (to carry) 300 MW. 5. In 1967 electrical engineers Charles
Kao and George Hockham of Britain’s Standard Telecommunications Labs (to speculate)
that these high losses were due to impurities in the glass. 6. However, it was later
discovered that the unexpected damage (to occur) because of a temperature issue. 7. What
Kirchhoff (to express), when he wrote his second law, is the principle that voltage cannot
appear out of nowhere, nor can it vanish. 8. There was one older electrician named Walter
who (to work) at the plant for over 40 years. 9. The state’s largest utility, who (to
diagnose) a relatively minor substation problem inadvertently, caused a short circuit that
could not be contained. 10. Suddenly, the job description of the master electrician (to
change) forever, bringing with it new responsibilities.
3.5.3 The future perfect continuous
The future perfect continuous is used for the following meanings: 1) the action
will last for some time before another future action happens (the latter usually denoted by
the present simple, because the future tense forms are not allowed in subordinate clauses
of time); 2) the action will last for some time before a specific point of time in the future.
Adverbs of time usually used with this tense are “by the time; by 2025; by tomorrow;
before; when (in the meaning “by the time”); for two days; for a long time”.
The future perfect continuous tense is rarely used in speech. It is used mostly in
writing, for example, in formal correspondence and scientific literature.
37
Affirmative
Negative
Question
I will have (‘ll) been
recharging the batteries
for two hours by the time
you return.
I will not have (won’t)
been recharging the
batteries for two hours by
the time you return.
Will you have been
recharging the batteries
for two hours by the time
I return?
The number of the
components will have
(‘ll) been steadily
increasing by tomorrow.
The number of the
components will not have
(won’t) been steadily
increasing by tomorrow.
Will the number of the
components have been
steadily increasing by
tomorrow?
Ex. 1. Put the verb in brackets into one of the perfect continuous tenses.
1. They … (to print) these designations with initial caps by the time the rules
changed. 2. It … (to turn) the chemical energy into electrical energy by the time it all
stops. 3. This current … (to heat) the resistor for indefinite time. 4. In recent years,
engineers … (to supplant) relays by switching transistors and diodes. 5. In recent years,
they … (to replace) LED displays largely by liquid crystal displays (LCDs). 6. What …
you … (to do) all this time? … you … (to switch) it off? 7. Before 1970ies they … (to use)
such abbreviations increasingly. 8. They … (to work out) its industrial application since
the middle of the twentieth century. 9. Experts in the field of artificial intellect … (to be
disappointed) in the past few decades. 10. They … (to design) the computer for many
years before it became light. 11. … they … (to run) the risk of having some of the acid
electrolyte spill out before the experiment is completed? 12. The desktop personal
computer … (to run) for a few minutes before the utility power fails. 13. The scientists …
(to consider) almost anything that would combine with oxygen to form energy before they
tried hydrogen. 14. … the sun … (to eject) protons and helium nuclei by the time it dies?
Ex. 2. Make up your own sentences with the perfect continuous tenses using the
following vocabulary.
Volume control, a potentiometer, an amplifier, power, to earth, a modulator, to
convert sounds, to generate, audio frequency signals, to modulate the RF carrier wave, to
38
transmit, semiconductor diodes, batteries, original voltage, to recharge, to use, a battery
charger, to switch on, fluctuations, resistance, to produce, a neon lamp, to change, to show,
to protect the transformer, to convert voltage, to connect the blocks, to make a recording, a
mastering machine, to remix sounds, stereo channels, to shape the sound, to link to a
microphone, to cause distortion.
3.6 Means of expressing a future action in English
Speaking about future actions we can use different means:
1. the present continuous tense to speak about a situation that began before the
moment of speaking, continues at or around, and after, the present moment, and into the
future, and is of limited duration, e.g.: The engineers are compiling this scheme today. It
can refer to a future situation that has been arranged before the present time. The
arrangement continues through the present until the situation occurs, e.g.: The workers are
finishing the project tomorrow.
2. to be going to + Infinitive is used to speak about the present intention as well as
about a future situation for which there is present evidence, e.g.: We are going to install a
microprocessor onto this household device (we have arranged it). This resistor is going to
fail (judging by its state).
3. the present simple is frequently used for a future situation that is part of a regular
series of happenings, e.g.: The laboratory opens on Monday. The new power station starts
working in a week.
4. the future simple is used for some predictions about the future or for some
instant decisions, e.g.: In the future electronics will become even more common in the
home as multimedia entertainment systems and computer-controlled robots are developed.
I’ll include a detector into this diagram.
39
Exercises
Direct speech
Reported speech
She says, “We start the project on
Monday”.
She says that they start the project on
Monday.
She said, “I’m leaving my old job next
Friday”.
She said that she was leaving her old job
the following Friday.
Ex. 1. Translate the sentences from English into Russian paying attention to
different means of expressing future actions.
1. We will make this electronic device of common basic units. 2. What components
are you going to use for this radio? 3. The tuner is going to be connected to the detector. 4.
This block starts functioning in a week. 5. I am completing my course of studies next
month. 6. We receive our certificates in June. 7. The course on Information Technologies
begins in three weeks. 8. In this course you will study electronics, control systems and
technical computing modules for technicians in employment. 9. The BTech will enable
graduates to attain the status of Incorporated Engineer after a period of industrial training
and experience. 10. This week we are studying the additional characteristics of zener
diodes. 11. They are going to use a two-hundred-and-twenty-kilohm resistor. 12. It
consists of a stretched or coiled filament of tungsten metal sealed inside a bulb filled with
a gas that will not react with the tungsten or the bulb. 13. Telling the public that “we are
doubling your electricity rates, but we aren’t going to improve the quality of your service
or your ability to control your monthly electricity bill,” is most certainly dead on arrival.
14. By then American consumers will need to switch to more energy-efficient compact
fluorescent bulbs or to LED lighting fixtures.
Ex. 2. Make up your own examples using different means of expressing future
actions.
3.7 The reported speech
The reported speech is when you tell somebody else what you or a person said
before. Distinction must be made between direct speech and reported speech.
Direct speech vs reported speech:
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