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Файл:English for University Students. Учебное пособие
.pdf
SPEAKING REFERENCE
Appendix 2
Presentation structure
Phase Purpose Vocabulary
INTRODUCTION
Signalling
the start
Greeting
the
audience
Self-identication
Stating the
target
Providing
an
overview
Good. Let’s begin.
Perhaps we should begin…
OK, let’s get started.
Let’s start.
Good morning, ladies and gentlemen.
Good morning (evening, afternoon) everyone.
Hello, everyone (everybody) and welcome to…
My name is …
I’d like to welcome you to… on behalf of …
For those of you who don’t know me already, … .
My aim today is to discuss the prospects for…
My purpose (objective, aim) today is to
present the recent (inform you about, describe,
analyse, explain our position, brief you on) …
I’d like to talk to you about …
We are here today to decide (agree, learn about)
…
This morning I’m going to be talking to you
about( telling you, showing you, reporting on,
taking a look at) …
I’ve divided my presentation into three parts:
Firstly / rst of all …, Secondly / then / next …,
Thirdly / and then we come to …, Finally /
lastly / last of all …
This talk is divided into four main parts: The
subject can be looked at under the following
headings: …) (Let me begin with / Firstly, I’d
like to look at…, Then, I’ll be talking…
1
1
Гордина Е. А. Effective Presentations = Эффективные презентации: практ.
Новосибирск: НГУЭУ, 2016. 100 с.
231
Phase Purpose Vocabulary
INTRODUCTION
Stating the
rules
This will take about half an hour. To save time,
could we leave questions until the end.
My presentation (talk) will take (last) about
20 minutes.
Inviting
questions
I’d be glad to answer any questions at the end of
my talk.
If anyone has any questions, please feel free to
interrupt me at any time.
If you have any questions you’d like to ask, I’ll
be happy to answer them.
Perhaps we can leave any questions you may
have until the end of the presentation.
MAIN
BODY
Providing
basic
information
on the topic
Let’s move on to ... / take a look at ...
This leads me to the next point which is ...
Let’s examine this in move detail.
I’d like to stress / emphasize that ...
Let me explain with an example.
CONCLU-
SION
Summary So, to sum up,…
Let me now sum up.
Let me just run over the key points again.
Concluding Let me end by saying…
In conclusion I’d like to say…
Closing
courtesies
Inviting
questions
That concludes my talk. Thank you all for your
attention.
Please feel free to ask questions.
If you have any questions or comments, I’ll be
happy to answer them.
Closing Thank you for your attention.
Thank you for listening.
Окончание табл.
232
WRITING REFERENCE
Essay Structure
Element Content Vocabulary
THE
INTRODUCTION
PART
In the introduction
part you should write
sentences relevant to
the topic given and
generally accepted
ideas about it. Never
just copy the
sentence of the
question. If you
really need to, use
synonyms and
different sentence
structure.
Many/some people claim/believe that...
There is no denying that...
It is often said that...
These days... / Nowadays... / In this day
and age...
It goes without saying that...
It is universally accepted that...
We live in an age when many of us
are...
People are divided in their opinion
regarding...
.... is one of the most important issues...
Whether .... or .... is a controversial
issue...
Let us examine both views before
reaching a concrete decision.
The following paragraphs discuss
whether ...... or ...... and reach a
reasonable conclusion.
The following essay takes a look at
both sides of the argument.
My two cents go for...
However, I strongly believe that...
I oppose the view and my reasons will
be explained in the following
paragraphs.
I will support this view with arguments
in the following paragraphs.
I personally believe that...
Thus the advantages far outweigh the
disadvantages...
I wholeheartedly believe that this trend
should be changed.
Appendix 3
233
Element Content Vocabulary
THE
OPINION
PART
Use one of the
following connective
words/ linking
phrases to write
down your opinion.
However remember
that if the question
does not ask you to
give your opinion
but to compare
advantages and
disadvantages, then
you should not
strongly express your
opinion. Opinion
should only be
written for opinion
essays.
In my opinion...
I strongly agree with the idea that...
I strongly disagree with the given
topic...
In my view...
I believe...
Apparently...
As far as I am concerned...
From my perspective...
It seems to me that...
To my mind...
My own view on the matter is...
It appears that...
In the same way...
Likewise...
Similarly...
At the same time...
On the other hand...
On the contrary...
However...
Nevertheless... / Nonetheless...
Although...
Alternatively...
Meanwhile...
As an example...
For instance...
For example...
As an evidence...
To illustrate...
When it comes to...
Research shows that...
Research has found that...
As a result...
Consequently...
Thus...
Therefore...
Eventually...
For this/that reason...
Продолжение табл.
234
Element Content Vocabulary
THE
CONCLUSION
PART
The conclusion part
usually begins with a
special concluding
phrase that links it to
the rest of the essay.
In essays of
approximately 250
words the conclusion
can be just one or
two sentences long.
The conclusion
should briey sum
up what you have
said in your essay
In conclusion...
To conclude with...
To sum up...
In general...
To summarise...
In short...
Overall...
On the whole...
To draw the conclusion...
All things considered...
By and large...
Taking everything into consideration...
Weighing up both sides of the
argument...
and does not usually
contribute a new idea
unless it is a minor
point. However, it is
a good place to make
recommendations or
suggestions or to
give advice and offer
solutions, if you are
asked to do so.
Окончание табл.
235
Describing Trends
Very often reports and other business documents contain graphs,
tables, charts or diagrams. You have to know how to describe and
interpret information presented in the visual format.
You will need to describe trends, compare and contrast data or
report statistical information.
In order to do well, you need to know specic vocabulary related
to describing trends.
Verbs to describe an upward trend:
climb (past: climbed)
go up (past: went up)
grow (past: grew)
increase (past: increased)
jump (past: jumped)
rise (past: rose)
rocket (past: rocketed)
Verbs can to describe a trend or pattern that goes down:
decline (past: declined)
decrease (past: decreased)
drop (past: dropped)
fall (past: fell)
go down (past: went down)
plummet (past: plummeted) = to fall or drop suddenly in amount or
value
plunge (past: plunged) = to fall or drop suddenly in amount or value
* ‘Plunge’ and ‘plummet’, when describing trends, have the same
meaning.
Words and phrases used to describe a stable trend:
maintain at the same level (past: maintained)
remain stable (past: remained)
stay (past: stayed)
stand (stood)
constant
236
unchanged
to level out / off (at) (past: leveled vout / off)
do not change (past: did not change)
Words and phrases used to describe uctuation:
to uctuate (around) (past: uctuated)
to vary (past: varied)
to be volatile
Adjectives used when describing trends:
small, slow, slight
considerable, dramatic, sudden, signicant, rapid, quick, huge
steady, gradual, moderate
Adverbs used when describing trends:
sharply, rapidly, quickly, steeply
considerably, signicantly, substantially
steadily, gradually, moderately
slightly, slowly
Nouns used when describing trends:
decline
decrease
dip (= a momentarily small drop in the level of something)
drop
fall
uctuation (= an irregular rising and falling in number or amount;
a variation)
growth
increase
peak (= the highest point)
rise
slump (= a severe or prolonged fall in the price, value, or amount of
something)
variation (= a change or difference in condition, amount, or level)
237
Prepositions used in trends description:
There has been an increase in the number of people aged over thirty.
Between 1990 and 2000, there was a drop of 15 %.
Sales have increased from $5 million to $7 million.
Prots rose by 15 % to $5.6 billion.
Sales now stand at $2.3 million.
* Preposition ‘by’ is used with the verbs, and ‘of’ — with the nouns:
It increased by 20 %.
There was an increase of 5 %.
Phrases:
The chart is about ...
The bar chart deals with ...
The line graph clearly shows ...
According to the graph ...
As it may be seen from the chart ...
As the chart illustrates...
The graph presents data showing...
As it is evident from the graph ...
It may be concluded from the chart that ...
At the beginning
There was a sharp fall during March
Over the summer … remained stable
In mid April the prices started to increase strongly
This was followed by
It then uctuated around this level
Despite an overall increase, the … gures were characterized by a
number of peaks and troughs over the … years
It continued an upward trend with some uctuations
Over the period from … to …
Recovered slightly
238
Tips when describing trends:
Start by saying exactly what the chart shows and the time period.
Do not describe every small upwards or downwards movement.
You need to look at the important trends or characteristics and give a
general overview.
You will normally use verbs in the past tense when describing
trends though always look for dates to conrm which tense to use.
Do not write about things that do not appear in the graph. You
shouldn’t give an opinion, just describe the information that appears.
Conclude by saying what the main trends or changes are.
You can describe the changes presented in the graph in two
ways:
1. From October to December, attendance decreased steadily.
2. From October to December, there was a steady decrease in
attendance.
More examples:
Prices of Model X dropped signicantly once Model Y became
available on the market.
There was a signicant drop in prices of Model X once Model Y
became available on the market.
Company prots decreased in 2017 by 15 %.
There was a decrease in company prots of 15 % in 2017.
The number of enrolments increased signicantly between 2015
and 2018.
There was a signicant increase in the number of enrolments
between 2015 and 2018.
Production rose from 800 units in May to 1000 units the following
month.
There was a rise in production from 800 units in May to 1000
units the following month.
239
Example of a graph description:
The graph shows information regarding the income trends of four
cafés over the previous 12 month period.
There are two basic general trends: downward and upward. As
regards the rst, the earnings for the Tea Room were down over the
year, falling signicantly from almost $160,000 earnings a month to
just under $50,000 in December.
By contrast, the income for the other three cafes went up by
varying amounts. There was a rise In Café Cool’s sales over the rst
ten months, followed by a sudden increase to $120,000. Furthermore,
the income for both Internet Express and the Wi-Fi Café also ended
the year up in December. The former experienced a steady fall to June,
but after that, income rose steadily ending the year at approximately
$130,000. Likewise, the trend for Wi-Fi was upward. Between
January and July, earnings doubled from $50,000 to nearly $100,000,
and then rocketed to around $190,000.
It is noticeable that the income for the Tea Room is lower in the
winter months than for the other three cafés.
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