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Файл:English for Environmental Engineers (Английский для инженеров-экологов). Часть 2. Учебное пособие
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19) long-term
20) hazardous wastes
21) environmental friendly
22) short-term
23) sustainable development
24) waste reduction
20. сокращение отходов
21. предотвращение загрязнения
22. опасные отходы
23. личное удовлетворение
24. готовность к обучению на
протяжении всей жизни
4. Read and translate:
Ecologists examine the relationship between the environment and
actions that affect it, including rainfall, pollution, temperature shifts, and
industrialization. The basic principle that they follow is that all life on Earth
is connected and it is supposed to fit together harmoniously, although we
have seen over time that it does not.
Sustainable development, which is loosely the idea of meeting the
needs/satisfying demands of the present without compromising the ability
for future generations to meet their own needs, is a very important field of
study. Ecologists study how humans consume and produce for their own
personal, short-term benefit, without considering the long-term effects of
their actions. Ecologists try and promote sustainability ideas, getting more
people to understand that we must sometimes act in ways that will help the
future environment and ecosystem.
The vision of an ecologist as a bearded, outdoorsy, mountain-man
standing on a pile of litter is based on about 1 out of 100 of all ecologists.
“We’re not all Grizzly Adams!” wrote one ecological scientist, and she is
right; the most accurate picture of an ecologist would be in a lab coat
analyzing volumes of collected data. Some fieldwork is required-at the
most, three to six months per year, but more often two to four weeks per
year. Ecologists also work with scientific and mathematical models to
analyze and interpret correlations between actions and effects on the
environment.
Ecologists usually specialize in one or more of the following
biological areas: botany, marine biology, microbiology, soil science,
toxicology, zoology or related disciplines concerned with conservation of
the environment.
Often working as part of multi-disciplinary teams, ecologists
conduct research studies into problems such as the effects of dam
construction, mining, logging and recreational use on natural habitats, the
Ecologist
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management of fish, wildlife and forestry resources, and the effects of
-Agricultural engineering;
-Biology;
-Chemical engineering;
-Chemistry;
-Civil engineering;
-Ecology;
-Geography;
-Geology;
-Hydrogeology;
-Public health;
-Solid waste;
-Hazardous waste;
-Water treatment;
-Wastewater treatment;
-Statistics.
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pollutants discharged into the air by factories or vehicles on natural
vegetation and wildlife.
Some ecologists work for not-for-profit environmental groups;
others work for large corporations or the government. Ecologists need to be
safety conscious and take all necessary precautions as they may be exposed
to hazardous chemicals or travel in dangerous areas37.
5. Read and translate:
Environmental engineer
Briefly speaking, the main task of environmental engineers is to
protect public health by protecting (from further degradation), preserving
(the present condition of), and enhancing the environment. Also, they
develop new forms of energy and ways to increase the efficiency of
generating and using energy. They try to get people to convert to
environmental friendly energy and products.
Environmental engineering is a diverse field, which emphasizes
several areas: process engineering, environmental chemistry, water and
sewage treatment (sanitary engineering), waste reduction, and pollution
prevention.
Environmental engineering is a synthesis of various disciplines,
incorporating elements from the following:
Environmental engineering training offers you opportunities to
work in any aspect of environmental protection. The major areas include air
pollution control, industrial hygiene, radiation protection, hazardous waste
Английский для специалистов по защите окружающей среды и
безопасности жизнедеятельности: учебное пособие / О.В. Ульянова;
Юргинский технологический институт. – Томск: Изд-во Томского
политехнического университета, 2011. – 127с.
82
management, toxic materials control, water supply, wastewater
38
management, storm water management, solid waste disposal, public health,
and land management.
And, within each of these major categories are many subspecialties. Environmental engineering provides limitless opportunities as
to type of work, for whom you work, and where you work. A career in
environmental engineering provides a comfortable salary, job security, and
considerable personal satisfaction. Since before the turn of this century,
there have always been many more jobs than environmental engineers to
fill them.
So, you will never be out of work. However, the work of an
environmental engineer changes with changing government policies and
the public's priorities – for a time you might work with wastewater, then for
another time with solid waste and still other specialties before retirement.
Accordingly, a commitment to life-long learning is essential – a college
degree is just the beginning of one’s education. Your work can take you
around the world. It can be done inside and out; typically, most jobs will
find you inside about 75 per cent of the time and 25 per cent outdoors.
However, there are many instances of 100 per cent either way. Since most
pollution problems are located where there are concentrations of people, the
largest number of job opportunities (your employer's location) will coincide
with where the greatest number of people live. However, modern
information technologies are operating to alter the above described historic
pattern38.
6. Explain your opinion about environmental engineers and
ecologists.
The job of environmental engineers/ecologists is important because
they help to … .
It is difficult because it requires… .
It’s interesting/not interesting because they deal with… .
7. Fill the gaps with the words below:
Английский для специалистов по защите окружающей среды и
безопасности жизнедеятельности: учебное пособие / О.В. Ульянова;
Юргинский технологический институт. – Томск: Изд-во Томского
политехнического универси-тета, 2011. – 127с.
83
Simulation, reliability, conservation, sustainable, safety, conditions,
samples, relationships, excessive, hazards
The purpose of ecologists’ job is to study the 1)________________
of people and their environment. They are concerned with
2)__________________ of environment. One of the ecological key ideas is
the idea of 3)___________________ development. The methods used in
their work include collecting air, water, plants 4)____________________;
analyzing the collected data; making 5)_____________ models in order to
evaluate possible solutions.
The purpose of industrial hygienists’ work is to minimize
6)_________________ at a workplace and to improve working
7)_____________________. Harmful factors at an enterprise include dust,
vapors, chemicals, 8)_______________________ noise, radioactivity. One
of the tasks on industrial hygienists is to test health equipment on
9)____________________. They make recommendations on improving
10)_________________ of workers.
8. Introduce yourself and tell about your major. Use the expressions
and question below.
I suppose...
I think...
It seems to me...
As far as I know (remember)...
I believe...
As a rule...
Usually...
Besides...
1. What University do you study at?
2. What faculty do you belong to?
3. When was it founded?
4. Are you a second-year student?
5. What specialists does the Faculty of Environmental Safety, Information
and Process Security train?
6. Why do you want to become an ecologist/engineer-ecologist/
Environmental engineer?
7. What subjects is the academic program composed of?
84
8. Why do our students study foreign languages?
9. What does the course of studies end with?
10. What problems do the students deal with in their course papers and
graduation theses?
11. Where do our graduates work?
12. In what way can graduates continue their study?
9. Act out the following situations:
-You have met your former classmate, who is a student of the Medical
Academy now. Exchange your opinions on the process of studying.
-Your acquaintance is going to enter our University this year. Prove
him/her to apply for your faculty.
-A group of American students is visiting our University. They are
interested in each faculty. Tell them about the Faculty of Environmental
Safety, Information and Process Security.
85
FINAL TEST
1. An organisms that breaks down dead and decaying matter
A) decomposer
B) herbivore
C) omnivore
D) predator
2. True or False? A volcanic eruption could be the cause of ecological
succession.
A) True
B) False
3. An organization system that is used in taxonomy to show relatedness
by ranking groups that increase in exclusivity below the greater group.
A) succession
B) harmony
C) saturation
D) hierarchy
4. True or False? An adaptation is a characteristic or inherited trait that
makes a species able to survive and reproduce in a particular
environment.
A) True
B) False
5. Many feeding relationships that are linked together are called a
________________.
A) food string
B) food link
C) food circles
D) food web
6. Which of the following is a producer?
A) mushroom
B) rabbit
C) clover
D) ant
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7. Which abiotic disturbance has affected the ecosystems in the area of
Wisconsin?
A) nuclear explosion
B) volcanic eruption
C) passing/melting of glaciers
8. True or False? When an animal is hunted by its predator, this is called
parasitism.
A) True
B) False
9. Which takes longer for an ecosystem to recover from, primary
succession (like a glacial retreat), or secondary succession (like a rampant
forest fire)?
A) primary succession
B) secondary succession
10. An example of a decomposer would be ___________________.
A) bacteria that grows near the thermal vents of the ocean floor proving
food for the tubeworms
B) a garbage man
C) a parasitic worm such as a whipworm that lives in an animals intestines
D) bacteria that makes a fallen leaf look lacey
11. The living parts in an ecosystem are called
A) ecology
B) fossils
C) biotic factors
D) abiotic factors
12. The nonliving parts in an ecosystem are called
A) ecology
B) abiotic factors
C) biotic factors
D) producers
13. Which biome is typically more dry, desert or grasslands?
A) grasslands
B) desert
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14. Organisms that make their own food for energy without killing
another living thing are called
A) herbivores
B) carnivores
C) producers
D) consumers
15. Organisms that cannot make their own food and get energy from other
organisms are called
A) consumers
B) producers
C) plants
D) vegivores
16. The major source of energy for ecosystems is
A) plant growth
B) decomposers
C) sunlight
D) the water cycle
17. The living and nonliving factors in an environment and all their
interactions
A) community
B) ecosystem
C) food web
D) ecology
18. Out of the biomes listed, which biome tends to have the highest
biodiversity?
A) taiga
B) tropical rainforest
C) chaparral
D) tundra
19. All the members of a species that live in an ecosystem
A) community
B) kingdom
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C) population
D) species
20. True or False? If the equator is 0 degrees latitude and the poles are 90
degrees latitude, the tundra tends to be found in the lower latitudes.
A) True
B) False
21. Which adaptation would NOT help an arctic plant survive in the
tundra?
A) large wide, fleshy leaves
B) the ability to recover from dormancy
C) pine needles
D) thick insulating tree bark
22. Coyotes that hunt together in a pack would be an example of
A) symbiosis
B) mutualism
C) cooperation
D) competition
23. What type of interaction would you say this question is addressing,
"Could an invasive species or new consumer be eating the frog eggs
preventing the frog eggs from hatching?"
A) other organism
B) environment
C) reproduction
D) food
24. The guinea worm living inside Karim's leg is an example of
A) mutualism
B) parasitism
C) commensalism
D) predation
25. The number of different species living in an ecosystem is called
A) adaptation
B) climate
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C) a biome
D) biodiversity
26. Acknowledging how the number of moose in an ecosystem can effect
the number of songbirds through a series of feeding relationships is an
example of
A) interdependency
B) classification
C) carrying capacity
D) succession
27. A factor that may increase the population size of the kaibab deer in
the Kaibab Plateau is
A) hunting of deer
B) extermination of predators
C) reducing food source by the grazing of livestock
28. Give an example of a species and descibe three specific factors that
could impact the population size.
29. What is ecology? What is meant by interdependence?
30. Describe the biosphere.
31. Explain the levels of organization that are studied in ecology.
32. Describe the methods ecologists use to study the biosphere.
33. Explain how you interact with the land, water and air everyday.
34. What is a species? population? community? ecosystem? biome?
Give examples of each.
35. What is biotic and abiotic? Give examples of each.
36. How does energy flow through an ecosystem? Give examples
37. Where does the energy for life processes come from?
38. How efficient is the transfer of energy among organisms in an
ecosystem? Give examples.
39. What is the main source of energy in the biosphere?
40. List and explain the types of organisms that allow energy and matter
to flow throughout the biosphere.
41. What is a photoautotroph? What is a chemoautotroph?
42. What is photosynthesis? What is chemosynthesis?
43. Explain and give examples of the types of feeding relationships
within the biosphere.
44. What are trophic levels? Why are they important?
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