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Файл:English for Environmental Engineers (Английский для инженеров-экологов). Часть 2. Учебное пособие
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Overcrowding: A situation in which there are more people or animals in a
location than it can support.
Overfishing: When a body of water has been fished to such an extent that
it causes an overall loss of living creatures.
Overgrazing: When animals graze vegetation excessively, causing damage
to the vegetation.
Ozone depletion: the reduction in the ozone gas that lies about 12 to 25
miles above the earth and that prevents the sun's harmful rays from
reaching the earth.
Ozone layer: the layer of gases that prevents dangerous rays from the sun
from reaching the Earth.
Ozone: a colorless gas that if formed when pollutants react with sunlight
and that is a major cause of smog.
Ozone: a poisonous form of oxygen.
Ozone-depleting substances: chemicals that destroy ozone.
Pampas: A huge plain in south-central South America.
Parasitic wasp: An insect of the class Hymenoptera that lays eggs on or in
the bodies of their live prey.
Particulate matter: very small pieces of dust and other matter, including
small drops of liquids.
Particulate: A minute particle of a substance.
Pathogen: An agent that causes disease in an organism or person.
Pension: Money paid regularly as a retirement benefit.
Per capita: For each individual person.
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs): Chemical substances that persist in
the environment and which are hazardous to human health.
Pest: Any animal or plant injurious to human interests.
Pesticide: A type of chemical used to kill pests of all kinds, but most
commonly insects.
Petabecquerel (PBq): A unit of measurement of radioactive waste or
escaped material in the environment.
Petroleum: a mineral oil obtained from below the surface of the earth, and
used to produce petrol.
Ph: The measure of a substance’s acidity or alkalinity.
Phosphate: An organic compound containing phosphate used in fertilizers.
Phosphorus: Nonmetallic, explosive element (P) used in incendiary
devices.
Photosynthesis: The production of carbohydrate in plants using carbon
dioxide and water with sunlight.
121
Phytoplankton: Photosynthetic plankton such as algae.
Plant: a building or group of buildings for the manufacture of a product; a
factory.
Planter: a container for a plant or small tree.
Plowing: Making land ready for crop growing using a plow.
Pneumonia: A bacterial lung disease.
Poaching: The illegal hunting of protected animals; illegally taking
protected animals or plants.
Pollination: The transfer of pollen to the stigma of a flower to complete the
reproduction of plants.
Pollutant: any substance that dirties or spoils the air, land, or water.
Pollutant: any substance that makes the air, water, or soil dirty or harmful.
Polluted: dirtied, spoiled, contaminated.
Pollution abatement: Legislation aimed at the prevention, reduction, and
elimination of pollution.
Pollution: Harmful substances or other agents introduced to the
environment.
Pollution: the dirtying or spoiling of air, land, or water.
Pollution: the dirtying or spoiling of air, land, or water.
Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB): A toxic environmental pollutant that
can accumulate in animal tissue.
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC): A widely used hard-wearing plastic.
Population density: The number of people living in a particular area.
Population growth rate: The rate at which a population of plants, animals,
or people grows.
Population: the number members of a species living in a particular area.
Population: the number of members of a particular species living in a
particular area.
Population: The total number of inhabitants in a particular area or of a
particular race or class.
Potassium: A silvery, soft, explosive metallic element (K)
Potato blight: A destructive fungal disease of potatoes.
Poverty: A state of existence in which human beings lack the means of
providing all their basic material needs.
Power plant: a large building in which electricity is made.
Precipitation: Any form of water-related weather such as rain and snow.
Predation: The capture of prey for food.
Prey: to hunt for and take by force.
production from agriculture to industry.
122
Protein: A fundamental component of all living cells including enzymes
and antibodies.
Public sector: A section of the economy providing government services.
Public transport: A transport system within a country or city that is used
by people to travel.
Pulp: wood and other vegetable materials that have been softened and are
used to make paper.
Purse seine: A large fishing net drawn into the shape of a bag for catching
fish shoals.
Quarrying: The extraction of stone from open pits or quarries.
Radiation: rays of heat and light given off by the sun.
Radioactive particles: Particulate radioactive matter.
Radioactive: containing or giving off nuclear radiation.
Rag: an old cloth.
Rain forest: a thick evergreen forest with at least 100 inches (254 cm) of
rainfall a year; may be tropical (e.g., Amazon) or temperate (e.g., Pacific
Northwest).
Random: without any pattern.
Range: the geographical area naturally occupied by an animal or plant
species.
Rangeland: a large area of grassy land.
Raw materials: natural substances that are used to make industrial
products.
Reading: figure shown by a measuring instrument.
Reclaim: to do something to materials that have been collected for
recycling, in order to separate the materials that are reusable from those that
are not.
Reclaimed land: Land that has been reclaimed from the sea through
engineering.
Recyclable: is treated so that it can be used again.
Recycle: to collect and treat waste products so that they can be used again
to manufacture new products; to use again, especially in a new way; to
recondition and adapt to a new use or function; to treat something that has
already been used so that it is fit to be used again.
Recycling center: a place where people can bring materials they have
collected for recycling.
Refillable: can be filled again.
Refinery: a factory for purifying metals, oil, or sugar.
Reforestation: The replanting of trees and forests.
123
Refrigerant: a substance used to provide cooling, either as the working
substance of a refrigerator, or by direct absorption of heat.
Refugees: People who flee a troubled area in search of safety in times of
war or political unrest.
Refuse: discarded material considered to have no worth or use.
Regenerate: to replace lost or damaged parts by growth.
Reintroduction: to place members of a species in their original habitat.
Renewable energy: Energy generated from renewable sources such as
wind, sunlight, and waves.
Renewable: that gets some more in its place as it used or lost.
Reptile: an animal, such as a snake, with rough skin whose blood changes
temperature according to the temperature around it.
Resistance: When pests become immune to pesticides through natural
selection.
Resource: something that a place possesses and that can be used.
Respiratory: connected with breathing.
Reuse/Reusable: to use again; can be used again.
Reuse: to use something again.
Rhizofiltration: The removal of toxins from water through plant growth.
Rice: The starchy grain of a cereal used as a staple food throughout the
world.
River blindness: A parasitic worm disease spread by blackfly that can
cause blindness.
Root crop: A crop with large roots such as the potato or beet.
Rotation system: The successive planting of different crops in the same
area to control disease and enhance the soil.
Rubbish: anything that is thrown out or discarded.
Ruminant digestion: The specialized way in which ruminants eat by
regurgitating partially digested food.
Ruminant: An animal such as a sheep, cow, or goat, with a stomach
divided into four parts.
Runoff: Precipitation, snow, and ice melt, and all other water that flows
from the land into the ocean.
Rural decline: The process by which people leave rural communities.
Rural: Related to the countryside.
Sahara Desert: The largest desert in the world, located in North Africa.
Salinity: A measure of how much salt a liquid contains.
Salinization: The accumulation of salt in soil.
124
Sanitation: The clean and safe disposal of sewage; means for protecting
public health, especially by removing and treating waste.
Satellite mapping: The use of satellite cameras to map large areas of earth.
Savannah: The large flat grasslands found in the tropics and subtropics.
Schistosomiasis: A tropical disease common in poorer countries caused by
consuming water infected with schistosomes.
Scrap: discarded industrial waste material that is often suitable for
recycling.
Scratch paper: paper for preliminary or hasty writing, notes, or sketches
Seal: a large sea animal with tail and broad flat limbs for swimming; seals
live mostly on cool seacoasts.
Sediment: solid material that settles at the bottom of a liquid.
Seizure: A sudden convulsion.
Selective breeding: The selection of plants or animals used for breeding to
develop better varieties or breeds.
Settle: to go and live somewhere.
Sewage: the waste material and water from people’s houses and from
factories carried away in large pipes under the ground; Liquid and solid
human waste and rainfall carried away in sewers.
Sewer: A system of pipes for the safe disposal of sewage and rainwater.
Sex pheromone: A scent released by insects and other animals to attract
members of the opposite sex.
Sheet: a broad area or piece of something thin.
Shore: The area of land adjacent to a body of water that is covered at high
tide and submerged at low tide.
Shore: the land along the edge of a sea or other large area of water.
Shred: to cut or tear into small or narrow pieces.
Shutter: a wooden or metal cover that can be unfolded in front of a
window.
Skin cancer: A malignant tumor or growth in the skin often attributed to
exposure to ultraviolet radiation.
Slums: An urban area or district that is usually heavily populated with
inferior housing and squalid living conditions.
Smog: pollution from cars and factories that mixes with the air and forms
dirty air that is harmful to plants, animals, and humans.
Social services: Services such as welfare and healthcare provided by
governments to help improve the general standard of living of the
population.
125
Sodium carbonate: A crystalline compound produced in large quantities,
used in the manufacture of glass and chemicals.
Soil degradation: The spoiling of soil by regressive processes in which it
becomes less fertile.
Soil erosion: The loss of soil by the action of wind or rain; the wearing
away, by wind, water, or acid, of the top covering of the earth.
Solar energy: energy produced from sunlight.
Solvent: a substance, usually a liquid that can change a solid substance into
a liquid.
Sort: to separate according to type.
South Pole: the most southern point on the surface of the Earth.
Spawning ground: An area that fish move to in order to spawn (release
eggs).
Speciation: An evolutionary process whereby a biological species is
formed from the division of a species into two or more distinct separate
species.
Species: a group of animals or plants of the same kind.
Species: a group of animals or plants that have one or more characteristics
in common.
Standard of living: the degree of wealth and comfort in everyday life that
a person, a group, or a country has.
Statistics: The use of numbers to characterize a population.
Steel: iron made harder or stronger by mixing it with other substances
Sterile male technique: The sterilization of male insects so that the
females will produce infertile eggs.
Storm surge: A temporary rise in sea level along a coast as a result of
storm winds.
Stratosphere: Layer of the atmosphere in which ozone concentration is at
its highest.
Stratosphere: the region of the atmosphere, above the troposphere, where
the ozone layer is located.
Struggle: to use great effort.
Stunted: prevented from reaching full growth or development.
Sulfur dioxide: a colorless gas that is one of the major causes of smog.
Subsistence: Existing with a minimum level of resources.
Sulfur: A yellow non-metallic element (S), used in pharmaceuticals and
rubber vulcanization.
Sulfur dioxide (SO2): A toxic colorless gas present in industrial
emissions.
126
Sulfuric acid: A highly corrosive acid.
Sulfur oxide (SOx): Any of several oxides of sulfur.
Sustainable development: Social development that meets the needs of
people without compromising the needs of future generations by
environmental damage.
Surface: the outside or top of something.
Symbiotic: A close association between two or more species.
Synthetic: man-made, artificial.
Task: a piece of work that is assigned and has to be done.
Temperate zone: a geographical area where the weather is neither too hot
nor too cold.
The Americas: North, Central, and South America collectively.
The Earth Summit: Popular name for the United Nations Conference on
Environment and Development (UNCED) held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992.
Tilling: Preparation of land for the growing of crops.
Tobacco: A crop cultivated for its leaves, which are smoked.
Toothed whale: Any of the whales that have teeth, such as killer whales
and dolphins.
Topography: The land features of a place or region.
Topsoil: The uppermost layer of soil.
Toxic components: poisonous ingredients or parts.
Toxic: Any chemicals or substances capable of causing injury or death to
an organism.
Toxic: poisonous.
Toxicity: the degree to which something is poisonous.
Trait: Any genetic or physical characteristic such as eye color.
Transgenic: An organism containing genes from a different species or
breed.
Transmigration: The movement of large numbers of people across
political borders.
transportation, roads, and schools.
Trash: material that is considered worthless, unnecessary that is usually
thrown away.
Trash: rubbish, waste material, garbage.
Tributary: A stream that flows into larger streams or rivers.
Tropic of Cancer: an imaginary line around the earth, parallel to and north
of the equator.
Tropic of Capricorn: similar to the Tropic of Cancer, but to the south of
the equator.
127
Tropical cyclone: A storm originating over tropical or subtropical waters.
Tropical forest: A forest found within the tropics, including rainforests.
Tropical: of the hot region of the earth that lies between the Tropic of
Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn.
Tropical: relating to the very hot and wet areas of the world.
Troposphere: the layer of the atmosphere is closest to the surface of the
Earth.
Trypanosome: A microscopic protozoan parasite spread by biting insects,
which causes diseases such as sleeping sickness.
Tsetse fly: A biting fly found in Africa, which is responsible for spreading
sleeping sickness.
Tuberculosis: An infectious, bacterial, and long lasting disease affecting
the lungs.
Tumor: a mass of diseased cells in the body.
ultraviolet (UV) radiation: Radiation within the ultraviolet range.
Unbleached: not made white or lighter than the natural color.
UNHCR: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.
Urban: Relating to a city or town environment.
Urbanization: The gradual migration of people from rural environments to
cities.
Vaccine: A substance that stimulates the immune system to fight off future
infections.
Vase: a container usually used to hold flowers.
Vector: An organism such as a mosquito that spreads disease.
Vegetation: plant growth.
Vehicle emissions: Gases and pollutants emitted frommotor vehicles.
Visibility: the degree of clearness with which objects can be seen under
given weather conditions.
Volatile substance: A substance that is unstable or likely to explode.
Warehouse: a large building for storing things, especially things that are
going to be sold.
Waste products: items that are no longer useful or wanted because they
are damaged or worthless.
Waste: material that has been discarded because it has worn out, is used
up, or is no longer needed, such as packaging, newspapers, used writing
paper, and broken appliances.
Water pollution: Harmful material that damages the quality of water or
organisms within it.
128
Waterborne diseases: Any diseases which are usually related to the lack
of adequate sanitation such as cholera and typhoid.
Wattage: the amount of electrical power in a light bulb or other
electrically-powered tool or appliance.
Weeds: Any plants considered undesirable or damaging to human interests.
Welfare: Financial or other aid provided by the government to its people.
Wetland: Low-lying areas saturated with water such as swamps or
marshes.
WHO: The UN’s specialized agency for health, the World Health
Organization.
Wildlife: wild animals and plants, especially animals living in a natural
state.
Wind erosion: The movement of sediments and soil by the wind.
Windblown: moved around by the air or wind.
129
Appendix
Ac
actinium
[æk'tiniəm]
актиний
Ag
silver
['silvə]
серебро
Al
aluminium
[‘æljə'miniəm]
алюминий
Am
americium
[‘æmə'risiəm]
америций
Ar
argon
['ɑ:gɔn]
аргон
As
arsenic
['ɑ:s(ə)nik]
мышьяк
At
astatine
['æstəti:n]
астат
Au
gold
[gəuld]
золото
B
boron
['bɔ:rɔn]
бор
Ba
barium
['bɛəriəm]
барий
Be
beryllium
[be'riliəm]
бериллий
Bi
bismuth
['bizməθ]
висмут
Bk
berkelium
[bɜ:'ki:liəm]
берклий
Br
bromine
['brəumi:n]
бром
C
carbon
['kɑ:b(ə)n]
углерод
Ca
calcium
['kælsiəm]
кальций
Cd
cadmium
['kædmiəm]
кадмий
Ce
cerium
['siəriəm]
церий
Cf
californium
[‘kæli'fɔ:niəm]
калифорний
Cl
chlorine
['klɔ:ri:n]
хлор
Cm
curium
['kjuəriəm]
кюрий
Co
cobalt
['kəubɔ:lt]
кобальт
Cr
chromium
['krəumiəm]
хром
Cs
c(a)esium
['si:ziəm]
цезий
Cu
copper
['kɔpə]
медб
Dy
dysprosium
[dis'prəuziəm]
диспрозий
Er
erbium
['ɜ:biəm]
эрбий
Es
einsteinium
[‘ain'stainiəm]
эйнштейний
Eu
europium
[juə'rəupiəm]
европий
F
fluorine
['flɔ:ri:n ], ['fluə-]
фтор
Fe
iron
['aiən]
железо
Fm
fermium
['fɜ:miəm]
фермий
Fr
francium
['fræn(t)siəm]
франций
Ga
gallium
['gæliəm]
галлий
Gd
gadolinium
[‘gædə'liniəm]
гадолиний
Ge
germanium
[ʤɜ:'meiniəm]
германий
H
hydrogen
['haidrəʤən]
водород
He
helium
['hi:liəm]
гелий
Hf
hafnium
['hæfniəm]
гафний
List of Chemical Elements with Transcription
130
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