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Файл:English for Environmental Engineers (Английский для инженеров-экологов). Часть 2. Учебное пособие
.pdf
1) “Green” ingredients provide the carbon in a compost pile.
2) A compost pile works best when the “brown” and “green” ingredients
are placed in alternating layers.
3) Bacteria and other decomposing microorganisms are added to the
compost pile.
4) The product of a compost pile is called humus.
5) Banana peels and crumpled paper are just garbage.
6) Fungi do most of the decomposition in a compost pile.
7) Organic things will never decompose.
8) A compost pile gets nutrients from the organic material that is put in
the pile.
6. Choose the correct answer for the following questions:
1) What percent of the decomposition of a compost pile is due to bacteria?
a. 100 percent b. 90 to 100 percent c. 80 to 90 percent d. 70 to 80 percent
2) Which of these are decomposing microbes that are involved in
composting?
a. fungi b. yeast c. bacteria d. all of the above
3) Which of the following substances does a compost pile not need?
a. metal b. nutrients (nitrogen and carbon) c. oxygen d. water
4) Which of the following is considered a “brown” ingredient in a compost
pile?
a. paper bags b. egg shells c. tea bags d. banana peels
5) Which of the following is considered a “green” ingredient in a compost
pile?
a. coffee filter b. apple core c. autumn leaves d. straw
6) Which of the following items is the only one that can be put into
compost?
a. glass b. plastics c. inorganic items d. organic items
7. Answer the questions:
1. Explain how composting takes advantage of a natural process.
2. Imagine that organic things did not decompose. What would our Earth be
like?
3. List at least five items that are considered either “brown” ingredients or
“green” ingredients in a compost pile.
71
4. (a) Why does a compost pile need oxygen and water? (b) Explain how
33
the compost pile gets the oxygen and water it needs.
5. (a) How long does it take a compost pile to turn into humus/compost? (b)
What can be done with the humus once it is formed?
6. (a) Explain why things that are not organic cannot be put into a compost
pile.
(b) List at least five substances that cannot be put into a compost pile.
7. Explain why composting is an example of how biotechnology can help
the environment.
8. Translate the text from Russian into English:
Компосты - это удобрения, получаемые в результате
разложения смеси различных органических веществ естественными
микроорганизмами. Практика компостирования свидетельствует о
существенном резерве санитарной эффективности компостирования
(ферментации) отходов, обработанных специально подобранными
композициями естественных аэробных микроорганизмов. Внесение в
готовое к компостированию органическое сырьё богатого
термофильными аэробными микроорганизмами микробного
биопрепарата, обеспечивает более динамичное и интенсивное
протекание процесса компостирования, существенно повышает
санитарно-бактериологические показатели продукции
компостирования – гумуса33.
9. Retell the text from the exercise 4.
10. You are a journalist of a local newspaper. Your editor wants you to
write an article on the following topic: “The Role of Biotechnology in
Environmental Protection”.Use the following questions:
• Why people are concerned about the environment?
• What biotechnology is?
• How people are using biotechnology to help the environment?
http://www.aveal.com.ua/docs/view/35/
72
Unit 15. ADVANCES IN MICROBIOLOGICAL PROCESSING OF
А
1) fodder yeast
2) beyond argument
3) derivatives
4) nutritious value
5) harmlessness
6) lubricants
7) petroleum
8) microbiological processing
9) purified
10) deparaffmization
B
a) очищенный
b) смазочные масла
c) нефть
d) бесспорно
e) микробиологическая
переработка
f) питательность
g) производные
h) депарафинизация
i) кормовые дрожжи
j) полезность
PETROLEUM
1. Read and translate the international words::
argument, biomass, epoch, biosynthesis, protein, technology, distillate,
corrosion
2. Read and translate the verbs:
to present, to deal with, to obtain, to discuss, to direct, to analyze, to purify,
to enter, to provide
3. Match the English word combinations in column A to their Russian
equivalents in column B
4. Read and translate:
Congress dealt with microbiological processing of petroleum for the
purpose of obtaining protein-rich microbial biomass. Since then significant
advances have been made in this field. Industrial production of fodder
yeasts from purified liquid n-paraffins has been started in a number of
countries.
Advances of Microbiological Processing of Petroleum
A number of reports presented at the 8th World Petroleum
73
The importance of this development lies in the expansion of protein
34
resources for humanity. But more important yet is the practical realization
of the first step to the production of principally new fodder product hydrocarbon yeasts.
It seems beyond argument that humanity enters a new epoch of
various usage of microorganisms, first of all, in fodder and food
production. Petrol hydrocarbons — as a new source of energy for
biosynthesis — make a turning point of tremendous importance in the life
of humanity.
Microbiological processing of oil products and their derivatives
into single-cell protein is discussed. Special attention is directed both to the
principles of technology providing the high nutritious value and
harmlessness of the product and to the definition of their fields of
application (technical, feed, food). The microorganism applications of
deparaffmization of gas oils, oil-distillates, lubricants and for the
production of pharmaceutical and other preparations from hydrocarbons are
analyzed.
The problem of oil-products protection against microbiological
corrosion and investigations of microbiological protection of the
environment against pollution by oil products are discussed in the below
articles34.
5. Give the English equivalents for the following words and phrases:
ряд докладов, микробиологическая переработка, с целью получения,
значительные успехи, очищенные жидкие н-парафины,
углеводородные дрожжи, одноклеточный белок, особое внимание,
область применения, защита окружающей среды от загрязнения
6. Translate the text from Russian into English:
1) 3а последние годы достигнуты значительные успехи в области
микробиологической переработки нефти с целью получения
микробиологической биомассы, богатой белком.
Мельникова В.А., Барановская М.Е., Халикова Д.Г. Microbiology and
Biotechnology: учебно-методическое пособие / Уфим. гос. нефтяной техн.
ун-т. - Уфа, 2005.
74
2) В ряде стран началось промышленное производство кормовых
дрожжей из очищенных жидких н-парафинов.
3) Человечество вступает в новую эпоху различного использования
микроорганизмов.
4) Нефтяные углеводороды - это новые источники для биосинтеза.
5) В данной статье будет рассматриваться микробиологическая
переработка нефтяных продуктов и их производных в одноклеточный
белок.
6) Особое внимание было уделено принципам технологии,
обеспечивающим высокую питательность продукта.
7. Answer the questions:
l) Did reports presented at the World Petroleum Congress deal with
microbiological processing of petroleum?
2) What has been started in a number of countries?
3) Does humanity enter a new epoch of various usage of microorganisms?
4) Is microbiological processing of oil products and their derivatives into
single-cell protein discussed here?
5) Why must you pay attention to the principles of technology?
6) Microbiologists will discuss the problem of oil-products protection
against microbiological corrosion, won't they?
8. Retell the text from exercise 4 using the following plan:
1) The purpose of microbiological processing of petroleum.
2) The importance of industrial production of fodder yeasts from purified
liquid n-paraffins.
3) Petrol hydrocarbons.
4) The problems discussed in the article.
75
Unit 16. EXPLORING THE LIMITS OF NATURE
А
1) to convert light into
2) extreme purity
3) fuel cells
4) to be shaped magnetically
5) laws of day-to-date world
6) wave-like properties
7) semiconductors and isolators
8) surprising properties
9) to be prone to react
10) to be based upon
11) surface tension of water
12) to fluoresce
13) sustainable society
14) metallic conductor
15) artificial conditions
16) to be in stark contradiction
17) to be coated with other
substances
18) the capabilities of living
nature
B
a) основываться на
b) металлический проводник
c) возможности живой природы
d) быть готовыми к реакции
e) удивительные свойства
f) противоречить
g) флюорисцировать
h) полупроводники и изоляторы
i) законы повседневного мира
j) превращать свет в
k) волновые свойства
l) топливные батареи
m) устойчивое сообщество
n) искусственный условия
o) наносить на другие вещества
p) абсолютная чистота
q) изменять форму с помощью
магнита
r) поверхностное натяжение воды
1. Read and translate the international words::
nature, temperature, metallic, ceramics, vacuum, quantum effects,
nanocosmos, nanometre, nanoscopically, catalyst, oxide, ribosome,
popularity
2. Read and translate the verbs:
to be based upon, to restrict, to include, to pass through, to acquire, to
convert, to increase, to be coated with, to reduce, to intimidate
3. Match the English word combinations in column A to their Russian
equivalents in column B
76
4. Переведите текст
35
Exploring the Limits of Nature
Nanotechnology is based upon pure nature: yet the capabilities of
living nature are restricted, it cannot work at either high temperatures, such
as those needed for ceramics, or with metallic conductors. Modern
technology on the other hand has a wide range of artificial conditions
available - extreme purity, cold, vacuum – under which matter reveals some
surprising properties. These include, in particular, quantum effects, which
sometimes appear to be in stark contradiction to the laws of our day-to-day
world. In this way, particles of the nanocosmos can sometimes take on
wave-like properties: an atom, which is apparently a “solid” entity, can pass
through two small gaps at the same time, like a wave, subsequently
emerging again whole on the other side.
Particles acquire completely new properties when their size
approaches a nanometre. Metals become semiconductors or insulators.
Some substances, such as cadmium telluride (CdTe), fluoresce in the
nanocosmos in all the colours of the rainbow, while others convert light
into electricity.
When particles become nanoscopically small, the proportion of
atoms on the surface increase greatly in proportion to those inside. Surface
atoms, however, frequently have different properties to those in the centre
of the particle, and usually become much more ready and prone to react.
Gold for instance becomes a good catalyst for fuel cells at nanoscopic sizes.
Nanoparticles can also be coated with other substances, allowing materials
of such composite particles to combine several properties. One example:
ceramic nanoparticles with organic shells, which reduce the surface tension
of water, for the coating of non-misting bathroom mirrors.
Specially-coated nanoparticles of magnetite, an iron oxide, in oil
create a ferro-fluid, a liquid that can be shaped magnetically. Ferro-fluids
are being used in an increasing number of applications, such as sealing
agents in rotary seals for vacuum containers and hard disk housings, or in
adjustable vibration dampers for machines and cars.
Yet nobody should be intimidated by the complexity of
nanotechnology. Even an apple is complicated - cells, ribosomes, DNA which has in no way impaired the popularity of this fruit35.
EUR 21151. Nanotechnology. Innovation for tomorrow’s world. Luxembourg:
Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. 2004. 56 pp.
77
5. Прочитайте и переведите цитату. Выучите высказывание
36
наизусть
“The problems of chemistry, ecology and biology can be greatly helped if
our ability to see what we are doing, and to do things on an atomic level, is
ultimately developed—a development which I think cannot be avoided.”
Richard Feynman
6. Translate the text from Russian into English:
Физики, химики и другие представители естественных наук
могут с полным правом заявить, что всегда так или иначе были
связаны с нанотехнологиями. Предметы изучения классической
физики атома, изучаемые химиками молекулы – все являются
обитателями нано-космоса. Имеющиеся на сегодняшний день
экспериментальные возможности, такие как тщательное атомное
структурирование скоплений, слоев, микросхем, а также наличие
веществ очень высокой степени очистки и исследования мельчайших
биологических структур, открывают новые горизонты возможностей,
в том числе и для инженерного дела36.
7. Write a summary about nanotechnologies.
8. Answer the questions:
1) What do people do to destroy the environment?
2) Why is it becoming impossible to escape the results of serious
environmental damage?
3) How can people avoide the environmental crisis?
4) What changes do we have to do to make our society more sustainable?
5) What is the sustainable society?
6) What is environmental pollution?
7) What kinds of pollution do you know?
8) What are the reasons of environmental pollution (water, soil, air,
thermal, noise and radiation pollution)?
http://stereoshnur.ru/transport/nanotekhnologii_novinki_zavtrashnego_dnja__m_
__2006__60_s_8.html
78
9. Complete the following sentences:
1) If we want to remain within the norms for environmental pollution,
then…
2) Intervention by man into environment has disrupted…
3) Local problems can…
4) The higher the scale level of pollution…
5) Sustainable development can help…
79
Unit 17. WHAT IS YOUR FUTURE OCCUPATION
А
1) pile of litter
2) conservation of the
environment
3) to take all necessary
precautions
4) collected data
5) fieldwork
6) public health
7) wastewater treatment
8) to increase the efficiency
9) natural habitats
10) pollutants
11) promote sustainability ideas
12) water treatment
13) natural vegetation
14) personal satisfaction
15) consume and produce
16) commitment to life-long
learning
17) meet the needs/satisfy all
demands
18) pollution prevention
B
1. устойчивое развитие
2. удовлетворять потребности
3. потреблять и производить
4. краткосрочный
5. долгосрочный
6. продвигать идеи
устойчивого развития
7. куча мусора
8. собранные данные
9. полевые работы
10. сохранение природы
11. естественные места
обитания
12. загрязняющие вещества
13. естественная растительность
14. принимать меры
предосторожности
15. здоровье общества
16. увеличить эффективность
17. очистка сточных вод
18. очистка воды
19. экологически чистый
1. Read and translate the international words:
ecologist, idea, correlation, mathematical, model, analyze, problem, natural,
group, corporation, effect
2. Read and translate the verbs:
to examine, to affect, to include, to follow, to connect, to suppose, to
increase, to meet, to reduce, to produce, to consider, to promote, to analyze,
to interpret, to specialize, to conduct
3. Match the English word combinations in column A to their Russian
equivalents in column B
80
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