English for engineers in construction mechanization and automation (Коммуникативный метод обучения профессиональному английскому языку). Учебное пособ

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Данное учебное пособие составлено по дисциплине «Иностран­ный язык» и предназначено для аудиторной и самостоятельной работы студентов II курса, обучающихся по направлению 08.03.01 «Строи­тельство» («Механизация, автоматизация и энергоснабжение строи­тельства»). Целью пособия является подготовка студентов к примене­нию специфической технической терминологии на английском языке, что достигается при помощи соответствующих текстов и специально разработанной к ним системы упражнений.

На страницах данного пособия студенты знакомятся с професси­ональной лексикой и используют знания по профильным предметам для работы с текстами и заданиями. Один тематический раздел рас­считан как минимум на 2 практических занятия. Кроме того, пособие содержит и дополнительные тексты для развития навыков двухсто­роннего перевода (английский-русский, русский-английский) ориги­нальной технической документации.

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The earliest steam engines possessed the inaccuracy of early machine tools: the large cast cylinders of the engines often were bored inaccurately by machines powered by waterwheels and originally designed to bore can­non. Within 50 years of the first steam engines, the basic machine tools with all the fundamental features required for machining heavy metal parts were designed and developed. Some of them were adaptations of earlier woodworking machines; the metal lathe descended from woodcutting lathes used in France in the XVI-th century. In 1775 John Wilkinson from England built an accuracy machine for boring engine cylinders. In 1797 Henry Maudslay, also from England and one of the great inventors, de­signed and built a screw-cutting engine lathe. The most important feature of Maudslay's lathe was a lead screw for driving the carriage. Geared to the spindle of the lathe, the lead screw advanced the tool at a constant rate of speed and guaranteed accurate screw threads. In 1800 Maudslay had

British tools were exported to Europe and to the United States in spite of the ban and new tools were developed outside Britain. Among them was the milling machine invented by Eli Whitney, produced in the United States in 1818 and used by Simeon North for manufacturing firearms. The first universal milling machine was built in 1862 by J.R. Brown in the United States and was used to cut helical flutes in rotated drills. The turret lathe, also developed in the USA in the middle of the XIX-th century, was fully automatic in some operations such as making screws and it became a sign of the significant development of the XX-th century. Various gear­cutting machines achieved their full development in 1896 when F.W. Fel­lows, an American, designed a gear shaper that could quickly turn out almost any type of gear.

By the end of the XIX-th century a complete revolution had taken place in the working and shaping of metals. It created the basis for mass production and an industrialized society. The XX-th century has been marked by the introduction of numerous improvements of machine tools, such as multiple-point cutters for milling machines, the development of automated operations directed by electronic and fluid-control systems and non-conventional techniques, such as electrochemical and ultrasonic ma­chining. Even today the basic machine tools remain greatly the inheritance of the XIX-th century.