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Файл:English for engineers in construction mechanization and automation (Коммуникативный метод обучения профессиональному английскому языку). Учебное пособ
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…………………………………………………………………………
Плита для того, чтобы готовить еду – …………………………...…
Пылесос для того, чтобы убирать в доме – ………...………………
Фен для того, чтобы сушить мокрые волосы – …………………….
Вытяжка для того, чтобы удалять неприятные запахи из кухни –
……………………………………………………………………………....
Кофемолка для того, чтобы перемалывать кофейные зерна –
……………………………………………………………………………....
Соковыжималка для того, чтобы готовить фруктовый или овощ-
ной сок – ……………………………………………………..……………
Посудомоечная машина для того, чтобы мыть посуду –
……...……………………………………………………………………….
Микроволновая печь для того, чтобы разогревать еду –
………………………………………………………………………...…….
4. Write sentences in English using the following words and
phrases.
to pull the plug
выдернуть штепсель из розетки
to increase the temperature
прибавить температуру
to reduce speed
убавить скорость
to run on battery power
работать на батарейках
to press the button «On/Off»
нажать кнопку «вкл/выкл»
to turn off
перекрыть
to pull out the batteries
вытащить аккумуляторы
to follow the user’s manual
следовать инструкции по эксплуатации
to misuse
использовать не по назначению
to insert batteries
вставить батарейки
5. In pairs, discuss which household appliances you use the most
and what you can’t do without.
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Text 2.
SOLAR COLLECTORS SYSTEMS
Recently, interest in the problem of using solar energy has increased
dramatically. Solar energy is the kinetic energy of radiation generated as a
result of reactions in the bowels of the sun. Since its reserves are almost
endless, it is classified as renewable energy. Solar energy can be used for
heat supply, in agriculture, drying of various products and materials, in
technological processes in industry.
Solar collector is a device for collecting thermal energy of the sun
(solar), carried by near infrared radiation and visible light. Unlike solar
panels that directly produce electricity, the solar collector heats the coolant.
Collectors were developed about two hundred years ago. In 1767, a
Swiss solar scientist Horace de Saussure produced a flat solar collector.
The efficiency of solar heating systems has been constantly increasing
since the 1970s thanks to the use of tempered glass with lower iron content
for improved collector coatings, improved thermal insulation and a durable
selective coating.Today, solar collectors are used for heating industrial and
domestic premises, for hot water supply of production processes and
domestic needs.
https://www.therenewableenergycentre.co.uk/solar-heating/
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Solar thermal collectors under the action of the sun heat the water
stored in the cylinder with hot water. A storage tank with water is installed
above or below the solar collectors on the roof. This system as a whole is
quite cheap and has a number of advantages, including renewability,
reduction of environmental pollution, cost reduction, maintenance and
resource saving. Such systems can work most of the year, but, of course,
this also depends on the climate.
1. Read the text and then match the two parts of the sentences.
1. Solar collector is …………………………………………………….
2. Solar energy can be used for ……………………………….……….
3. The solar collector systems …………………………………...…….
4. Solar energy is classified …………………………………………...
5. The interest in the problem of using solar energy ………….……….
6. Solar collectors heat the water ………………………………….….
7. The efficiency of solar heating systems has been constantly in-
creasing …………………………..................................................……..….
8. Solar collectors systems can ………………………………..……….
a) have a number of advantages;
b) has increased dramatically;
c) as renewable source;
d) due the use of tempered glass with lower iron content;
e) heat supply in technological processes in industry;
f) a device for collecting solar thermal energy;
g) work most of the year;
h) under the action of the sun.
2. Answer the following questions.
1. Why did interest in the problem of using solar energy increase?
2. What is meant by the phrase «solar energy»?
3. What purposes can solar energy be used for?
4. What is a solar thermal collector?
5. What is the main difference between solar panels and solar collectors?
6. When did the first solar collector appear?
7. What are the reasons for increasing the efficiency of using solar
heating systems?
8. What are the main advantages of using such systems?
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Additional Text.
ENERGY EFFICIENT SOLAR HOUSES
Solar heating systems are fundamentally divided into two types:
a) Active systems. They retain the traditional heating system with a
boiler room and radiators, but partial heating of the water for the boiler
room is carried out using solar water heaters. As a battery, a water tank
is used in about half the volume of the heated building. Such a solar
house is 1.6 times more expensive than a traditional house.
b) Passive systems. According to the fact that the heating costs during the entire period of operation of the building are quite large, when
designing a building, the ability of structural elements of the building
and its architecture to retain solar energy as much as possible and reduce
heat loss is taken as a basis. The new solar architecture is based on the
geometry of the movement of the sun across the horizon throughout the
year, the accumulating ability of the southern wall, favorable planning
solutions in terms of reducing heat loss, taking into account the use of
modern heat-insulating materials. Capital costs increase by 10-15%.
Operating costs are minimized.
The construction of solar houses with passive heat storage is practically
unlimited by climatic conditions. The question is only about the share of
solar energy use. During the design, the traditional heating system is not
considered as an alternate system, and the environmental energy (wind
energy, water energy, etc.) is used to the maximum. Using an efficient
electric backup is more economical than a traditional heating system.
Of course, the path to creating an energy-efficient autonomous home
lies only through the use of passive solar heating systems.
Passive solar house has some design features. In the northern hemisphere, a significant part of its windows is oriented to the south (in the
southern – to the north). Solar radiation, mainly the visible part of the solar
spectrum, penetrates through the sun-oriented glazing of the windows of
the house or greenhouse and is absorbed by the surfaces of materials inside
the thermally insulated shell of the house.
Ideally, the internal surfaces are high-density materials: concrete,
brick, stone, adobe. Due to the effect of thermal inertia (the ability to ab-
56
sorb energy and give it away after some time), these materials can store
thermal energy for its constant slow emission, reducing temperature fluctuations in the building and the likelihood of overheating of indoor air.
Passive solar houses should be well insulated and have little ventilation loss to preserve solar heat within the building envelope.
https://www.nachi.org/passive-solar-building-design.htm
1. Decide if the statements are true (T) or false (F).
1. A passive solar house is more energy efficient than an active one.
2. The new solar architecture is based only on the geometry of the
movement of the sun across the horizon throughout the year.
3. For the construction of modern passive solar houses it is not neces-
sary to use heat-insulating materials.
4. Capital costs of passive solar buildings increase by 10-15%.
5. The construction of solar houses with passive heat storage is strictly
limited by climatic conditions.
6. Passive solar house has some design features.
7. In the northern hemisphere, a significant part of its windows is ori-
ented to the north.
8. In passive solar buildings the traditional heating system is consid-
ered as an alternate system.
57
2. Find the synonyms of these words in the text.
1) tendency,
2) piece of equipment,
3) decrease,
4) facilitate,
5) promise,
6) support,
7) plan.
3. Translate into English using the active words and phrases.
Поскольку существует множество типов солнечных систем
отопления, существует широкий спектр сырья, которое может быть
использовано в их производстве.
Пассивная система солнечного нагрева требует черной плоской
панели коллектора из стальной абсорбирующей пластины, покрытой
двумя листами стекла, и изоляционной прокладки из стекловолоконной изоляции или пенополиуретана с алюминиевой фольгой, которая
действует как барьер для влаги. Система содержится в мелкой коробке из дерева, оцинкованной стали или алюминия. Для системы также
обычно требуется резервуар для хранения тепла, содержащий сухие
гальки или камни. Это устройство сохраняет тепло, когда здание
достаточно нагрето.
Кроме того, для системы требуется дифференциальный термостат –
электронная система, которая позволяет осуществлять ручное управление уровнями тепла и, таким образом, температурой в комнатах
и модулем обработки воздуха, состоящим из соединительных каналов, воздушных фильтров, воздуходувки и автоматических демпферов.
Активная жилая система солнечного отопления, использующая
воду в качестве хранилища, требует плоский коллектор, состоящий из
одного или двух листов из стекла или прозрачного пластика с черной
металлической трубкой и изоляционной прокладки из стеклопластика
или аналогичного изоляционного материала. Система также требует
водяные насосы, резервуар для хранения, теплообменные катушки, автономный нагреватель, вентилятор, фильтры и регулирующий клапан.
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Все системы солнечного отопления используют уплотнение,
алюминиевый сайдинг и закрывающие полоски, скорее всего, из резины, краски и дерева.
List of the active words and phrases:
raw materials – сырье,
an absorber plate – абсорбирующая пластина,
insulating pad – изоляционная прокладка,
aluminum foil – алюминиевая фольга,
galvanized steel – оцинкованная сталь,
a heat storage bin – резервуар для хранения тепла,
dry pebbles – сухая галька,
an air-handling module – модуль обработки воздуха,
connecting ducts – соединительные каналы,
a blower – воздуходувка,
a water pump – водяной насос,
heat exchanging coils – катушки теплообмена,
an auxiliary heater – автономный (вспомогательный)
нагреватель,
a control valve – регулирующий клапан,
caulking – уплотнение,
closure strips – закрывающие полоски.
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Unit 8. ON THE BUILDING SITE
Find the meaning of these words and phrases in the dictionary and
remember them
finishing work
is carried out
capital construction
inventionally
earthworks
a construction (building) site
depending on
to level the soil
to dig a pit
crawler-mounted
the function of
tracked
a blade
to remove
lifting capacity
to belong
to ensure
a working element
to deliver
deepened into
Text 1.
MACHINERY FOR CONSTRUCTION
The construction industry has many directions. If finishing work is
carried out mainly by hand (using a special tool), then capital construction
is difficult to imagine without the use of special equipment.
Conventionally, all types of construction special machines can be
divided into several categories:
For earthworks. Before you start building an object, you need to
prepare a site for construction. Depending on the type of work, the preparation may include leveling the soil, removing the top layer of the
earth, digging a pit, etc. This classification category includes: crawlermounted, wheeled, chain, rotary, mining excavators, mini-excavators,
excavators with the function of a loader; tracked and wheeled bulldozers
(the main working element of the blade), bulldozers with a rotary fixed
blade or universal; tracked and wheeled graders (the main working element is a blade with a knife) to remove the topsoil, as well as to level
the site.
For transportation. After the construction site is cleaned and the soil
is prepared, it is necessary to deliver all the necessary materials and tools
to the site. The following machines belong to this category:
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Tipping trucks with heavy lifting capacity. The main feature of these
machines is an automatic discarded body, which provides the simplest unloading, especially when it comes to bulk materials and building mixtures.
Loaders. At the construction site, it is often necessary to transport
tools and materials from place to place. In order to simplify the process of
loading and unloading trucks, loaders are used in construction. There are
many modifications of these machines with special attachments used depending on the type of cargo (telescopic, fork), mini-loaders for working
in a small space.
Construction cranes. The main task of this type of special equipment
is the delivery of building materials to a great height. The use of a construction crane is advisable in the process of constructing tall buildings or
objects significantly deepened into the ground. Cranes, depending on the
method of movement, are tracked and wheeled. According to the configuration and scope of use, truck cranes are divided into column, telescopic,
tower, hoisting, manipulators, etc.
Machines for the preparation of building mixtures. The most famous
example is a concrete mixer machine. This special equipment allows not
only mixing cement and other bulk materials in the right proportions, but
also ensures delivery of the mixture directly to the place of use.
1. Read the text again and answer the following questions.
1. What are the graders used for? How does it work?
2. What is the main working element of bulldozers?
3. What are the different types of excavators?
4. What is the main feature of tipping trucks?
5. What does a concrete mixer do?
6. What is the most famous example of a machine for the preparation
of building mixtures?
2. Find the words in the text for the following definitions.
– the main working element of excavator;
– a machine to remove the topsoil;
– construction materials such as plaster, sand, gravel, and cement;
– a machine with heavy lifting capacity;
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– special equipment delivering building materials to a great height;
– a crane with a jib consisting of several parts that can move relative
to each other.
3. Match the English terms and their Russian equivalents.
a) dozer
b) an excavator
c) a dump truck
d) a loader
e) a forklift
а) погрузчик
b) грузовик
с) бульдозер
d) грузоподъемник
e) экскаватор
4.Find the Russian equivalents for the words below and tell in
English what functions these objects perform using «to be used for»
a wheelbarrow – тачка. А wheelbarrow is used for carrying
things on the building site or in the garden.
a flat point shovel –
a masonry hoe –
a scale tape –
a balance weight –
an angle piece –
a hand hammer –
a mortar applicator –
a beam compass –
a turn screw –
a gas wrench –
an electric drill machine –
an edger –
a jointer –
a screwdriver –
a heat gun –
5.In pairs, discuss which professional building tools you need to
have at home and why
6. Read the English bedtime story for little boys and translate it
into Russian
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