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Файл:English for engineers in construction mechanization and automation (Коммуникативный метод обучения профессиональному английскому языку). Учебное пособ
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CURRENT ELECTRICITY
An electrical phenomenon is caused by flow of free electrons from
one atom to another. The characteristics of current electricity are oppo-
site to those of static electricity. Wires are made up of conductors such as
copper or aluminum. Atoms of metal are made up of free electrons, which
freely move from one atom to the next. If an electron is added in wire, a
free electron is attracted to a proton to be neutral. Forcing electrons out of
their orbits can cause a lack of electrons. Electrons, which continuously
move in wire, are called electric current. For solid conductors, electric
current refers to directional negative-to-positive electrons from one atom
to the next. Liquid conductors and gas conductors, electric current refers to
electrons and protons flow in the opposite direction.
Current is flow of electrons, but current and electron flow in the opposite direction. Current flows from positive to negative and electron flows
from negative to positive. Current is determined by the number of electrons passing through a cross-section of a conductor in one second. Current
is measured in amperes, which is abbreviated "amps". The symbol for
amps is a letter "A".
Electric current is flow of electrons in a conductor. The force required
to make current flow through a conductor is called voltage and potential
is the other term of voltage. For example, the first element has more positive charges, so it has higher potential. On the other hand, the second element has charges that are more negative so it has lower potential. The difference between two points is called potential difference.
Electromotive force means the force which makes current continuously flows through a conductor. This force can be generated from power
generator, battery, flashlight battery and fuel cell, etc. Volt, abbreviated
"V", is the unit of measurement used interchangeably for voltage, potential, and electromotive force. One volt means a force which makes current
of one amp move through a resistance of one ohm.
Electrons move through a conductor when electric current flows. All
materials impede flow of electric current to some extent. This characteristic is called resistance. Resistance increases with an increase of length or
decrease of cross-section of a material. The unit of measurement for
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resistance is ohms and its symbol is the Greek letter omega (Ω). The
resistance of one ohm means a conductor allows a current of one amp to
flow with a voltage of one volt.
All materials are difference in allowing electrons flow. Materials that
allow many electrons to flow freely are called conductors such as copper,
silver, aluminum, hydrochloric solution, sulphuric acid and saltwater. In
contrast, materials which allow few electrons to flow are called insula-
tors such as plastic, rubber, glass and dry paper. Another type of materials, semiconductors have characteristics of both conductors and insulators. They allow electrons to move while being able to control flow of
electrons and examples are carbon, silicon and germanium, etc.
1. Fill in the gaps.
Electricity consists of a (1) ________ of free electrons along a conductor. To produce this current flow, a generator is placed at the end of the
conductor in order to move the (2) ________.
Electricity needs a material which allows a current to pass through
easily, which offers little (3) _______ to the flow and is full of free electrons. The most commonly used (4) ______ are wires, available in many
sizes and thicknesses. Semiconductors such as silicon and germanium are
used in transistors and their conductivity is halfway in between a conductor and an (5) ________. Small quantities of other substances, called impurities, are introduced in the material to (6) ___________ the conductivity.
A material which contains very (7) __________ electrons is called an insulator. Glass, rubber, dry wood and (8) _______ resist the flow of electric
charge, and as such they are good insulating materials.
2. Complete the table with the missing information.
Unit of measurement
What does it measure?
1
the number of electrons passing a given point in
a conductor in one second
2
the quantity of electricity transferred by a steady
current of one ampere
3
the amount of electric energy used
4
the difference of potential between two points on
a conductor
5
rate at which work is done
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3. Translate sentences from Russian into English.
1. Электричество — это поток заряженных электронов, также
электричеством называют полезную энергию, получаемую от потока
заряженных частиц.
2. Причина возникновения электричества заключается в том,
что при трении заряд делится на положительные и отрицательные
заряды.
3. Заряды с одним знаком отталкиваются друг от друга, а с разными – притягиваются.
4. Двигаясь по металлической проволоке, которая является проводником, эти заряды и создают электричество.
5. Ток, который движется только в одном направлении, называется
постоянным.
6. Ток, меняющий направление дважды за цикл, называется
переменным.
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Unit 5. ELECTRONICS
Find the meaning of these words and phrases in the dictionary and
remember them:
engineering revolutionary (перен.)
to control a cable channel
to develop a device a device
radio transmission to assemble
electromagnetic to maintain
to spread interconnected
complicated incredibly
to be required to consume
a manual to accelerate
motionless broadcasting
Text 1.
WHAT DOES THE WORD “ELECTRONICS” MEAN?
Electronics or Electronic Engineering is a branch of engineering that
controls electricity to transmit a signal using semiconductors. These signals are sounds, letters, numbers, images, computer manuals or any other
information. Radio systems have been developed for reading and understanding these signals and in 1920 radio transmission began, allowing
electromagnetic waves to spread over long distances.
More complicated technologies were required during World War II,
and the invention of radar (radio detection and distance detection) was another step in electronics that allowed to determine the height, direction and
speed of motionless objects and objects in motion.
In the 1926 the invention of television broadcasting represented one of
the most revolutionary and important inventions in the human history and
demonstrated the electronics meaning in certain industrial sectors. For the
first time ever it is now possible to convey images and sound using cable
channels.
The first computer was assembled in 1946. This machine, capable of
solving the most extensive range of computer tasks, was made in three
years by a group of American researchers from the Pennsylvania University. It was a huge device of almost 50 tones.
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In 1957 the first transistor was made by the group of scientists who
were working in the Bell Labs in the USA. And it was the beginning of
the new age of science, the birth of electronics and of the world as we
know it, because the transistor replaced the use of vacuum lamps. Transistors were very small, to operate and maintain, cheap and they consumed little power.
In the 1960s the transistors were followed by the silicon-base chips
that could contain several thousand transistors assembled and interconnected in layers under the surface. These chips were incredibly small (less
than one square centimeter and about half a millimeter thick) and were the
beginning of the microelectronics epoch.
Electronic Engineering have dramatically changed the way by which the
information was stored, processed, and distributed. Its development has profoundly affected the life of society and every person and accelerated financial, business, medical, educational and scientific progress in the 20th century.
1. Fill the table.
№
Invention
Year
Function
1
reading and understanding e-signals
2
Radio detection radar
3
1926
4
5 6
2. Find the phrases in the text.
Используя полупроводники, сложное устройство, движущиеся
и неподвижные объекты; отрасль промышленности; проводные
схемы; транслировать изображение; наступление эры электроники;
быть простым в обращении; уложенные слоями; способ хранения,
обработки и распространения информации
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Text 2.
ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS
A typical electronic circuit consists of single components affixed to a
PCB – printed circuit board. Before production the electronic circuit must
be repeatedly put in the test on an experimental board named a breadboard.
It is made of a plastic block with perforation and some snap clamps linked
by copper conductors. It does not need soldering, since his component
parts can be inserted directly into the holes, so it is very easy to maintain.
As a rule, it is used to develop temporary prototypes and circuitry experiments. A microcircuit or integrated circuit or microchip can rightfully be
considered one of the main developments of the last century.
Nowadays microcircuits are used in the vast majority of electrical devices, for example, in watches, calculators and various devices for information processing. The integrated circuit consists of a huge number of
complex electronic components connected in a single high-tech kit on a
small piece of silicon or another semiconductor. The size of microchips
decreases every year, they are produced by industry in large quantities,
these factors significantly reduce the cost of their production. Since the
signals from the microchips travel short distances, the circuits work quickly,
require a small amount of energy and generate a lot of heat themselves.
They demonstrate a very high degree of reliability, since there is practically
nothing to break into them.
Logical integrated circuit is capable of sequential operations in accordance with requests from various input devices. It is the basis of all
ordinary computers – from the simplest ones that we use daily to the complex ones used in serious technological schemes. An integrated circuit
does not have a large amount of memory, so it is not able to work alone, it
needs support for other integrated circuits to use peripheral devices.
The "most important" microprocessor of the computer is located
inside and is called the central processing unit or CPU. To work correctly,
the central processor must receive the correct commands from the memory
chip. These instructions are decrypted by the processor and executed to
achieve the desired results. The most sophisticated microprocessors in-
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clude 10 million transistors and carry out 300 million operations per second. This means that a computer can execute about a billion instructions
every second.
1. Insert the missing words.
1 Before being finalized and manufactured, the ______ must be tested
many times.
2 It is generally used _________ temporary prototypes.
3 Logical_________circuit is capable of sequential operations.
4 They are also more____ given the limited amount of ______ which
could fail.
5. A modern computer can execute _______instructions every second.
2. Answer the following questions:
1. What does a typical electronic circuit consist of?
2. What is it necessary to do before the electronic circuit production?
3. What is an experimental board made of?
4. Where are microchips used nowadays?
5. What does an integrated circuit consist of?
6. Why does a microcircuit need support for other integrated circuits
to work effectively?
7. How many operations per second can microprocessors perform?
8. What is a CPU?
3. Find the definitions of the following words:
1) peripheral a information about how to do or use something
2) perforation b a hole in something
3) solder c the first model of something
4) memory d the part of a computer where information is stored
5) prototype e to join pieces of metal together
6) instruction f assistive devices
Read the text about smartphones and complete it with the words
from the list.
coverage introduced fixed hardware widespread
gyroscope functionality features cordless access
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Nowadays our life cannot be imagined without a mobile device –
since the mobile Internet became (1), users began to spend even more time
in front of a smartphone screen than at a computer.
A mobile phone, as the name implies, is designed to be used anywhere at any time without reference to a (2) telephone line.
A cell phone (or cellular phone) – a mobile phone designed to work
in cellular networks; it uses a radio transceiver and traditional telephone
switching to carry out telephone communications within the (3) area of a
cellular network.
Currently, cellular communication is the most widespread of all
types of mobile communication, which is why a cell phone is usually
called a mobile phone, although mobile phones, in addition to cell phones,
are also satellite phones, (4) phones, DECT phones, some models of IP
phones and trunk communication devices.
As Wikipedia says, a Smartphone (eng. smartphone – smart phone)
is a mobile phone, usually with a touch screen, complemented by the (5) of
a pocket personal computer.
Smartphones differ from ordinary mobile phones in more powerful
(6) capabilities and a variety of mobile operating systems that provide the
ability to use a variety of software, provide Internet (7) and rich multimedia capabilities (listening to music, watching videos, possibly photo / video
shooting and games) along with the main phone (8) such as voice calls and
text messaging. Smartphones typically include various sensors that can be
used by their software, such as a compass, proximity sensors, barometer,
(9) and accelerometer, and support wireless protocols such as Bluetooth,
Wi-Fi and satellite navigation.
IBM developed the first smartphone in 1992 under the name Simon.
The smartphone was (10) as a concept device in Las Vegas at an exhibition of the computer industry known as COMDEX.
4. Say if the following statements are true (T) or false (F).
1. Mobile phones and cell phones are complete synonyms.
2. A cell phone is designed only for cellular networks.
3. Today, cellular communications are the rarest of all types of mobile
communications.
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4. Smartphones combine the features of mobile phones and computers.
5. Smartphones have less powerful hardware capabilities than mobile
phones.
6. Modern smartphones have huge multimedia capabilities.
7. It is impossible to use a smartphone as a compass.
8. A touchscreen is an element that is responsible for triggering and
responding to the icons on the display, it replaces the keyboard.
9. Smartphones are capable of supporting wireless protocols.
10. The first smartphone was introduced by Apple in 1999.
5. In pairs, talk about whether you can imagine your life without
your smartphone.
Translate into English using active words and phrases below:
Мобильные телефоны становятся очень популярным электронным устройством, и очень часто они даже заменяют домашние телефоны. Они также становятся более технологически усовершенствованными. Сегодня очень распространены смартфоны. Эти устройства
могут снимать и посылать фото и видео, подключаться к интернету.
Можно использовать смартфоны, чтобы смотреть погоду или найти
ответы на вопросы в поисковой системе. Многие дети становятся
обладателями смартфонов. Но мы должны знать как о преимуществах, так и о недостатках использования смартфонов.
Давайте начнем с преимуществ покупки такого аппарата ребенку.
Во-первых, смартфоны позволяют выходить в интернет, что
может помочь ребенку найти ответы на вопросы очень легко и быстро. Это может помочь в учебе и других простых вопросах, таких как
ежедневная погода или инструкции, как добраться куда-либо.
Во-вторых, некоторые смартфоны имеют устройства слежения.
Родители могут узнать в любой момент, где находится их ребенок,
чтобы убедиться, что он в безопасности.
В-третьих, смартфоны могут быть и средствами обучения. Существует много приложений, которые могут помочь выучить новые
слова или просто потренировать память.
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И последнее, но не менее важное, смартфоны позволяют родителям и детям оставаться на связи. Это очень важно в чрезвычайных
ситуациях.
В то же время есть и недостатки в использовании смартфонов
детьми. Первое и самое главное – это списывание. Учащиеся могут
отправлять ответы в виде смс под партой во время теста. Некоторые
пытаются найти ответы на вопросы в интернете, используя смартфоны. Более того, они могут отвлекать и от важных событий в жизни
учащихся, таких как учеба, выполнение домашних заданий и даже
переход улицы.
Кроме того, дети могут получать оскорбительные сообщения от
других учеников или от незнакомцев. И, наконец, смартфоны недешевы.
В целом мобильные телефоны уже стали важной частью нашей
повседневной жизни и общения. Мы просто должны пользоваться
ими разумно.
List of the active words and phrases:
– abusive – оскорбительный
– access – доступ
– advantages and disadvantages – преимущества и недостатки
– to allow – позволять, разрешать
– application – приложение
– to cheat – обманывать, зд. списывать
– communication – общение
– to connect – подключаться, связываться
– to cross the street – переходить улицу
– direction – указание, инструкция
– to distract – отвлекать
– emergency situation – чрезвычайная ситуация
– extremely – чрезвычайно
– house phone – домашний телефон
– learning tool – обучающее средство
– to look up – смотреть, искать (информацию в справочнике,
в интернете)
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