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– memory – память
– mobile phone – мобильный телефон
– smartphone – смартфон, «умный телефон»
– to replace – заменять
– search engine – поисковая система
– to stay in touch – оставаться на связи
– to text – набирать смс, текстовое сообщение
– to track – следить
– to train – тренировать
– vice versa – наоборот
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Unit 6. AUTOMATION & AUTOMATION TECHNOLOGIES
Find the meaning of these words and phrases in the dictionary and
remember them:
an area of progress
self-regulating
to transfer
significantly
to be widely used
to adopt
a feedback controller
to introduce
the productivity
dangerous to
health
with the exception
systematic approach
an evaluation
characteristic
computer-aided
an actuator
operation man-
agement system
a trend
a solution method
the point of view
to bypass
Text 1.
AUTOMATION
Automation is one of the areas of scientific and technological progress that uses self-regulating technical means and mathematical methods to free a person from participation in the processes of obtaining,
converting, transferring and using energy, materials, products or information, or significantly reducing the degree of this participation or the
complexity of the operations performed. The term «automation», based
on the earlier word «automatic» (coming from the machine), was not
widely used until 1947, when Ford created the automation department. It
was at this time that the industry quickly adopted feedback controllers
that were introduced in the 1930s.
Automation allows us to increase productivity, improve product quality,
optimize management processes, and remove a person from industries
dangerous to health. Automation, with the exception of the simplest cases,
requires an integrated, systematic approach to solving the problem. The
applied calculation methods sometimes copy the nervous and mental
functions of a person. This whole set of tools is usually called systems.
The concept of a level (degree) of automation can serve as an evaluation
characteristic.
44
The main types of automation systems:
– automated planning system,
– automated research system,
– computer-aided design system,
– automated experimental complex,
– flexible automated production and an automated process control
system,
– automated operation management system and automatic control
system.
Modern automation systems can be very complex. Automation systems include sensors (sensors), input devices, control devices (controllers),
actuators, output devices, computers, servers, workstations.
The main trend in the development of automation systems is towards
the creation of automatic systems that are able to perform specified functions or procedures without human intervention. The role of a person is to
prepare the initial data, choose an algorithm (solution method) and analyze
the results. Also, such systems provide for gradually increasing protection
against non-standard events (accidents) or ways to bypass them (from the
point of view of disaster science, this is not the same thing).
Find the definitions for the following words:
1. automation
2. converting
3. complexity
4. applied
5. approach
6. degree
7. set of tools
8. flexible
9. specified
10. sensor
___________________________________
a) (an) amount or level of something;
b) stated or described clearly and exactly;
c) changing in form or character;
d) a way of considering or doing something;
e) an area of scientific and technological progress;
f) able to change or be changed easily according to the situation;
g) a device used to record that something is present or that there are
changes in something;
45
h) the state of having many parts and being difficult to understand or
find an answer to;
i) a number, a group of instruments;
j) relating to something, that has a practical use.
Text 2.
ROBOTICS AND DOMOTICS/HOME AUTOMATION
The incredible improvements in automation technology lead to a
number of other technologies have developed from it, such as robotics and
domotics.
Robotics is closely associated with automation. Robotics (from Eng. –
robot and technology) is an applied science engaged in the development of
automated technical systems and is the most important technical basis for
the development of production.
The word «robot» was first used by the Czech playwright Karl Čapek
in 1921. In his work «Rossum’s Universal Robots», it was a class of
slaves, artificially created human-like servants fighting for their freedom.
The Czech word “robota” means forced slavery. The word «robotics» was
first used by the famous science fiction author Isaac Asimov in 1941.
A robot is a programmable mechanical device that can perform tasks
and interact with the environment without human assistance. Robotics is a
scientific and technical basis for the design, production and use of robots.
The theory of robotics is based on such disciplines as electronics,
mechanics, computer science, as well as radio engineering and electrical
engineering. Construction, industrial, domestic, aviation and extreme
(military, space, underwater) robotics are allocated.
Today, mankind has come very close to the moment when robots will
be used in all spheres of life. Therefore, courses in robotics and computer
programming must be introduced in educational institutions. Also, the
study of robotics is possible in the course of mathematics (the implementation of basic mathematical operations, construction of robots), technology
(construction of robots), physics (assembly of designer parts necessary for
the movement of the robot chassis).
46
Robotic technology for use in the home is called «Domotics». This
concept is inextricably linked with concepts «home automation» and
«smart home».
Home automation is a complex system of home devices that can perform actions and solve certain everyday tasks without human intervention.
Home automation in modern conditions is an extremely flexible system
that the user designs and configures independently, depending on their
own needs. This assumes that each owner of a smart home independently
determines which devices to install and which tasks they will perform.
The most common examples of automatic actions in a «smart home»
are automatic turning the light on and off, automatic correction of the heating system or air conditioner, and automatic notification of an invasion,
fire, or water leak.
Home automation is considered as a special case of the Internet of
things, it includes home devices accessible via the Internet, while the
Internet of things includes any devices connected via the Internet in
principle.
1. Choose the missing words from the list:
– revolution
– impetus
– smartphones
– breakthrough
– followed by
– online
– to store
– programmable
– to configure
– self-learning
The ____________ in home automation technologies occurred in
the 2010s, the _______for it was the emergence of the iPhone (2007) and
other______________. Several ___________ developments appeared on
the home automation market, ______________hundreds of new devices.
In 2010, Dropcam introduced an inexpensive ($ 200) CCTV camera
with a modern design, ________access to video from a smartphone and
the ability____________ recordings in the cloud. In 2011, Nest introduced
a ____________thermostat, designed to solve the problems of the previous
ones: they were too complex, and users were not able________ them the
way they wanted, and save energy. In contrast, the Nest thermostat was
__________, and in addition, it made it possible to control from a
smartphone. In 2014, both companies bought Google.
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1. Answer the questions.
1. What does robotics mean?
2. Who the word «robot» for the first time is used by?
3. What spheres of life are the robots today introduced in?
4. Can you name some other applications of automation technologies?
5. How does a smart house differ from an ordinary house?
6. What does the concept «the Internet of things» mean?
2. Think of what robots can do nowadays and say yes or no:
Modern robots can ...
Reproduce themselves…
Express emotions…
Perform actions according to a given algorithm…
Negotiate with other robots…
Collect soil samples…
Foresee human actions…
Jump, run, overcome obstacles…
Keep up the conversation…
Learn something new…
Perform complex surgical operations…
3. If you had your own robot-android, what would you want it to
do? Look at the following functions and features and talk about which
ones you like.
The robot can go to the university instead of me.
It can do all the boring homework: wash, iron, clean, cook, etc.
It can prepare reports and presentations for my studies.
It can go to various organizations instead of me if I have no time or no
wish.
I can discuss all my secrets with it and it will not tell them to anyone.
It can pretend to be me when I need it.
4. In pairs, discuss the impact of automation on your own life and
list its main advantages and disadvantages.
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Additional Text.
Sensors Types in Robotics
Sensor is a term for control systems, a primary converter, an element
of a measuring, signaling, regulating or controlling device of a system that
converts a controlled quantity into a convenient signal for use.
Currently, various sensors are widely used in the design of automated
control systems. Sensors are essentially the robot’s nervous system and
serve to provide feedback between the controller and the outside world.
Since «the behavior» of an automatic system can be influenced by many
physical factors, there are many different sensors that can capture these
factors.
Tactile sensor
The touch sensor implements one of the most demanded feelings of
primitive BEAM robots and other crawling electronic creatures. The
simplest version of such a sensor is a small piece of steel wire with a
spring at the end. In the center of the spring, a short rod of a strong inflexible wire is soldered into the board. Touching to the obstacle, there
is a closure between the spring and the central shaft, which is interpreted
as a collision.
Angle (rotation) sensor
To determine the position of the articulated actuators in space and to
position the wheeled robots, angle sensors are used. As a rule, two types of
such devices are used: sensors based on a potentiometer and encoders.
There are other types of angle sensors, including selsyn, magnetics, rotary
transformers and inductions.
Distance sensor, range finder
To assess the distance to the object, ultrasonic (ultrasonic range
finder), as well as optical infrared (IR range finder) and laser (laser
range finder) range finders are used.
Gyroscope
A classical mechanical gyroscope is a device consisting of a massive
body (rotor) rotating at high speed around its axis of symmetry. The gyro-
49
scope has two remarkable properties, which are based on the law of conservation of torque. These properties make the gyroscope an indispensable
tool for navigation.
1. Read and translate the additional text from English into Russian.
2. Decide if the statements are true (T) or false (F).
1. Gyroscope is a pressure sensor.
2. With the tactile sensor it is possible to measure the degree of bending of the piezoelectric plate, as well as the magnitude of its vibration,
which is used to detect sound.
3. The potentiometer is the most sophisticated angle sensor in production and use.
4. Unlike potentiometers, the output signal of the encoder is digital
and not analog.
5. The principles incorporated in rotation sensors cannot be applied in
linear motion sensors.
6. Optical range finders for short distances (up to hundreds of meters)
are based on an approach called triangulation.
7. The size and weight of the gyroscopes allow them to be used in aircraft models.
8. Due to the high manufacturing complexity, the price of a true mechanical gyroscope for aviation starts at $ 1,500.
50
Unit 7. HOUSE SYSTEMS
Find the meaning of these words and phrases in the dictionary and
remember them:
to include
a hard-wired appliance
an electrical line
a circuit breaker
an interrupter
to ask for
supply
a switch
a meter box
an electric panel board
Text 1.
ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
An electrical system includes the electrical service, lighting outlets
and hard-wired appliances. The electrical service is usually between 100
and 200 amps. Electrical lines run from the street to a meter box (situated
outside the house), then to the electric panel board which contains the
switches to control the electricity in each room of the house. It is there that
the amps are divided up across circuits to supply the different areas of the
house with electricity.
Electrical systems must follow a number of safety measures including, for example, circuit breakers, ground fault circuit interrupters and
smoke alarms.
If you have specific needs, you can ask your electrician for advanced wiring systems, which may also include modern computer lines to
help you work at home.
1. Decide if the statements are true (T) or false (F).
1 An electrical system and an electrical service are the same thing.
2 A meter box should not be placed inside the house.
3 There is an electric panel board in each room of the house.
4 There are many circuits for supplying the different areas of the
house with electricity.
5. Modern computer lines can be installed by an electrician.
51
2. Here is a list of household appliances, read it and find the Rus-
sian equivalents.
extractor (fan)
dryer, a tumble dryer (BrE), a tumble drier (AmE)
blender
juicer
coffee grinder
coffee maker
cooker
electronic kitchen scale
hand mixer
microwave oven
kettle
deep fryer
food steamer
iron
fridge
dishwasher
vacuum cleaner
hairdryer
washing-machine
3. Tell in English what functions these objects perform using
«to be for…».
Утюг для того, чтобы гладить одежду – The iron is for ironing
clothes.
Миксер для того, чтобы смешивать и взбивать продукты – The
mixer is for mixing and shaking up food.
Блендер для того, чтобы измельчать фрукты и овощи –
………………………………………………………………………...…….
Холодильник для того, чтобы хранить продукты и готовую еду –
……………………………………………………………………………....
Стиральная машина для того, чтобы стирать одежду – ……...……
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