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Файл:English for Environmental Engineers (Английский для инженеров-экологов). Часть 2. Учебное пособие
.pdf
An even bigger problem for these butterflies is habitat loss. The
2
only known food of the Karner blue butterfly is the wild lupine, a small
blue flowering plant. Wild lupine grows best in sandy soils, in areas that
are occasionally cleared by wildfires. Land development and lack of
wildfire have reduced the growth of this plant. Without the wild lupine,
Karner Blue butterflies cannot exist2.
www.englishprograms.state.gov
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Unit 2. AIR POLLUTION
А
1) air pollution
2) dirty air
3) smog
4) harmful mixture of
5) mist
6) exhaust fumes
7) smoke
8) to threaten
9) to be responsible for
10) acid rain
11) ozone depletion
12) global climate change
13) normal composition of air
14) major environmental
problem
15) to affect
16) to cause cancer
17) upper atmosphere
18) dangerous air pollutants
19) invisible to the human
eye
20) forest fires
B
a. главная экологическая проблема
b. нести ответственность за
c. загрязнение воздуха
d. грязный воздух
e. кислотный дождь
f. невидимы для человеческого глаза
g. туман
h. нормальный состав воздуха
i. промышленные загрязняющие
вещества
j. влиять, воздействовать
k. смог
l. утомляемость, усталость
m. опасные загрязнители воздуха
n. истощение озоновогго слоя
o. выхлопные газы
p. вредная смесь
q. глобальное изменение климата
r. ископаемое топливо
s. угрожать
t. очистительный, нефтеперегонный
завод
1. Read and translate the international words:
smog, ozone, problem, global, climate, planet, atmosphere, natural, gas,
volcano, material
2. Read and translate the verbs:
to ask, to define, to face, to affect, to increase, to pollute, to cause, to
produce, to present, to concentrate, to threaten
3. Match the English word combinations in column A to their Russian
equivalents in column B
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21) volcanoes
22) decaying material
23) plant decay
24) man-made pollutants
25) visibility
26) fossil fuel
27) refinery
28) fatigue
29) odor
u. лесные пожары
v. дым
w. видимость
x. вызывать рак
y. верхние слои атмосферы
z. гниение растений
aa. вулканы
bb. гниющий материал
cc. запах
4. Read and translate:
Ask people to define the term air pollution and most of them will
mention dirty air or smog, that harmful mixture of mist, exhaust fumes or
smoke that is found in big cities all around the world. But there is much
more to air pollution than dirty air. Air pollution threatens everyone and is
responsible for some of the biggest environmental problems facing the
world today: acid rain, ozone depletion, and the possibility of global
climate change.
So, what is air pollution? Air pollution is any visible or invisible
substance found in the air that is not part of the normal composition of air.
Some air pollution is natural and has always been a part of the earth's
history. However, over the past one hundred years or so, pollution created
by humans has become a major environmental problem.
Air pollution affects everyone. It is a threat to the health of human
beings and many other living things on the planet. Pollutants in the air
produce smog and acid rain. They also cause cancer and many other
serious health problems. They cause ozone depletion in the upper
atmosphere, and they increase the possibility of global climate change.
Most people are familiar with visible air pollution, like smog, but some of
the most dangerous air pollutants are invisible to the human eye. Since
polluted air can move from region or area to another, it has the possibility
of affecting nearly everyone on earth.
millions of year. Dust and a variety of gases from forest fires, volcanoes,
and decaying material in rivers, oceans, and other bodies of water
continually enter the atmosphere. Sometimes this natural pollution can have
dramatic effects. For example, scientists believe that natural gas from plant
Air pollution is not new. Natural air pollution has been around for
Air Pollution
13
decay may have been one of the main causes of global climate change in
3
the past.
Of course, not all air pollution is produced naturally. The
atmosphere contains pollutants produced by humans, and these man-made
pollutants present a far more serious problem than natural air pollution.
Man-made pollutants are not only sometimes more harmful, but they are
usually concentrated over large cities where large populations of people
live and work3.
5. Answer the questions:
1) What does the phrase means ‘air pollution’?
2) What are some noticeable signs of air pollution in your country/city?
3) What are the causes of air pollution in your country/city? What does the
air pollution in your city come from?
4) How does air pollution affect humans?
5) How does the quality of air in your city compare to cities close to you?
6) How does the quality of the air in your city compare to places far from
you?
http://exchanges.state.gov/education/engteaching/
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15 16
6. Выполните задания:
4
1) Write up a list of ways to reduce air pollution.
2) Write a short summary on what you have learned about air pollution.
7. Retell the text from the exercise 4.
8. Translate the following English text into the Russian language:
Air pollution is pollution of the air which can affect the health,
survival, or activities of many organisms (living things), including humans.
Many of the world's large cities today have bad air quality. Even 2,000
years ago, the Romans were complaining about the bad air in their cities (at
that time, the air was thick with smoke from fires and the smell of sewers).
Air pollution has been a danger to human health and Earth's many
ecosystems for a long time.
Air pollutions are usually described as either primary pollutants or
secondary pollutants. Primary pollutants are pollutants that are put directly
into the air by humans or natural sources. Examples of primary pollutants
are exhaust fumes (gas) from cars, soot from smoke, dust storms and ash
from volcanic eruptions (as seen in the picture on the left).
Secondary pollutants are pollutants that are made from chemical
reactions when pollutants mix with other primary pollutants or natural
substances like water vapor. Many secondary pollutants are made when a
primary pollutant reacts with sunlight. Ozone and smog are secondary
pollutants. Ozone is a gas that is helpful and takes in harmful rays from the
sun. When it is near the ground, though, ozone is a dangerous pollutant that
influences the health of all organisms4.
9. Translate the following Russian text into the English language::
Одна из основных причин загрязнения воздуха - это сгорание
природного топлива, например нефти, угля и природного газа. Эти
горючие вещества используются для получения электроэнергии,
заправки автомобильных двигателей, производства химикатов и
пластмасс, для отопления домов, офисов, заводов... Отходы,
образующиеся при сгорании природного топлива, выбрасываются в
http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution
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атмосферу через дымоходы и выхлопные трубы. Сюда относится
5
угарный газ, молекулы которого представляют собой соединения
равного количества атомов углерода и кислорода. Этот газ образуется,
когда топливо сгорает при малом содержании воздуха, например, в
автомобильных двигателях. Угарный газ – это токсичное вещество,
которое губительно действует на живые организмы, препятствуя
переносу кислорода красными кровяными клетками.
Диоксид серы - ещё один загрязнитель воздуха, получаемый в
результате сгорания природного топлива, в первую очередь угля. Его
присутствие в воздухе является основной причиной возникновения
заболеваний дыхательной системы, таких как эмфизема лёгких и
астма5.
http://lifesweet.ru/poznavatelnoe/44-istochniki-zagryazneniya-vozduha.html
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Unit 3. HUMAN POPULATION
А
1) world population
2) population growth rate
3) less developed countries
4) more developed countries
5) benefits
6) health care
7) populous country
8) family planning
9) resources
10) to damage to the
environment
11) to create pollution
12) consumption
13) standard of living
B
a. наносить вред окружающей среде
b. скорость роста населения
c. мировое население
d. выгода
e. ресурсы
f. густонаселенная страна
g. потребление
h. создавать загрязнение
i. менее развитые страны
j. здравоохранение
k. более развитые страны
l. планирование семьи
m. стандарт жизни
1. Read and translate the international words:
method, population, plan, economic, resource, problem, role, decade,
process
2. Read and translate the verbs:
to declare, to reach, to rise, to seem, to damage, to use, to create, to
increase, to expect, to cause, to improve, to solve, to move, to occur, to
crowd into
3. Match the English word combinations in column A to their Russian
equivalents in column B
4. Read and translate:
On October 12, 1999, the United Nations declared that Earth's
population had reached 6 billion. Of these 6 billion people, more than one-
Human Polution
19
third live in either one or the other of two countries: India with its
6
population of 1 billion, or China with its population of 1.2 billion.
World population first reached one billion in the year 1804. It took
123 years to reach go from one to two billion, but it took only 12 years to
go from five to six billion. Since 1950 the population growth rates of the
less developed countries have risen very rapidly, and they are now much
higher than those of the more developed countries. As a result, most
population growth in the past 50 years has been in the poorer areas of the
world. Today 98 percent of population growth occurs in the less developed
countries, where the benefits of health care, education, family planning, and
economic opportunities are least available.
At first glance the effects of population growth on the environment
seem obvious. More people use more resources, damage more of the earth,
and create more pollution. As the population of a country increases, so
does its consumption. Because of this, we might expect the poorer nations,
which have the highest populations and the fastest rates of population
growth, to cause the most damage to the environment. The truth is more
complicated than that.
The greatest danger to the environment comes not just from poor
people in developing countries who damage their resources in order to find
food and housing. An equally big danger comes from the richest people,
who use the most resources and create the most pollution. In addition, there
are all the other people in between who increase their consumption as they
try to improve their standard of living.
Reducing population growth rates does not solve all population
problems. At the beginning of the 20th century, most of the world's people
lived in the countryside. Today nearly half of them live in cities, and the
fastest growing cities are in the less developed countries. As more people
move to the cities, they use more resources and create more pollution. What
other environmental problems could occur as more and more people crowd
into cities?6
5. Translate the following English text into the Russian language:
Population and the Environment
In 1999 the world's population reached six billion, and it is growing
faster than ever before. Every three years, global population grows by
http://exchanges.state.gov/education/engteaching/
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