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Файл:English for Environmental Engineers (Английский для инженеров-экологов). Часть 2. Учебное пособие
.pdf
to make new cans, we save energy because the recycling process uses much
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less energy than it would take to make new paper, glass, or aluminum cans
from raw materials. Reusing saves even more energy than recycling, since
no energy is required when we simply use things again without changing
them.
Recycling is important because fewer raw materials are used and
natural resources are saved. Because the recycling process uses old
materials to make new products, fewer raw materials are needed. Recycling
also saves natural resources because it saves some of the coal, natural gas,
wood, or water that would have been used to manufacture new products.
Reusing old products instead of buying new ones also saves resources,
because no raw materials are needed to create the new products they would
have bought.
Recycling reduces air and water pollution because the recycling
process requires less energy. This reduces the amount of air pollution
produced by power plants and the amount of water pollution produced by
chemicals used in the manufacturing process. Reusing reduces air and
water pollution even more, because no energy is required to reuse items,
and reusing items does not involve the manufacturing process23.
United States Environmental Protection Agency (1990). Let’s Reduce and
Recycle: Curriculum for Solid Waste Awareness. Washington, DC: United States
Government Printing Office.
51
Unit 10. WASTE MANAGEMENT
A
1. waste management
2. reduction
3. wastebasket
4. solid waste
5. emission
6. disposable
7. toxicity
8. recyclable
9. non-refillable
10. trash
11. reliable
12. recycling
13. to burn in combustors
14. produce energy
15. durable
16. non-disposable
17. bulk of waste
18. reusing
B
a. управление отходами
b. твердые отходы
c. мусорная корзина
d. одноразовый
e. мусор
f. вредные выбросы, эмиссия
g. подвергаемый переработке
h. надежный, длительного пользования
i. переработка
j. производить энергию
k. повторно незаправляемый
l. сжигание
m. куча мусора
n. токсичность
o. многоразовый
p. сжигать на мусорке
q. уменьшение
r. невыбрасываемый после одного
использования
1. Read and translate the international words:
method, modern, product, material, problem, natural, role, resource,
function, process, energy
2. Read and translate the verbs:
to repair, to save, to design, to manage, to recommend, to reduce, to
provide, to participate, to pack, to encourage, to reuse, to recycle, to rmove,
to cause, to burn, to send
3. Match the English word combinations in column A to their Russian
equivalents in column B
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4. Read and translate:
Waste Management
People today often discard items that years ago would have been
repaired or saved for other uses. In fact, many modern products (e.g.,
disposable razors and non-refillable pens) are designed for a relatively
short life that ends in a wastebasket.
How to manage waste in an environmentally sound manner is a
complex and sometimes controversial issue. There is no single, simple
solution to the solid waste problem. The use of a variety of waste
management practices is recommended to reduce waste management
problems most effectively and safely. There are three levels to the
hierarchy of waste management: first, source reduction; second, recycling;
and third, combustion and landfill.
Source reduction means reducing the amount and the toxicity of the
waste that is produced. Individuals and families can participate in source
reduction by buying more products that are durable and non-disposable,
and more products that have fewer toxic components and less packaging.
Reusing items that we usually throw out is a good way to reduce the waste
disposal problem. Manufacturers have a big role to play in source
reduction. They should be encouraged to produce products that have less
packaging and fewer toxic components.
Recycling is the second level of waste management. Reuse of
materials not only saves energy and natural resources, but it prevents
potentially useful materials from being buried in landfills or burned in
combustors.
Waste combustion and landfills are the third level of waste
management. Combustion has two great benefits: it reduces the bulk of
waste, and it also produces energy. Source reduction and recycling help to
make combustion and landfills safer and more efficient by reducing both
the quantity and the toxicity of waste, and by removing recyclable
materials that might be difficult to burn or that could cause harmful
emissions. Landfills are needed to handle waste that cannot be recycled or
safely burned. Also, ash from waste combustion must be sent to specially
designed landfills.
Waste reduction, recovery, treatment, and recycling processes are
becoming more efficient, but no matter how efficient they become, there
will be some amount of waste needing landfills. People can, however,
greatly reduce this amount by becoming aware of how they contribute to
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the solid waste problem and by changing their habits to promote more
24
efficient use and reuse of resources24.
5. Answer the questions:
1) Do you and your family do anything to reduce waste production? If so,
what do you do?
Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection (1999). The
Environmental Shopper. See: http://www.prc.org/resources_shopping.html.
54
2) What more can local government, and organisations like GAIN, do to
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reduce and reverse the growth in waste?
3) What happens to waste when it leaves your home or school?
6. Read the text from exercise 4 again. Decide whether the following
statements are true or false:
1) Wastes are "things that are thrown out when they are used up or no
longer needed".
2) Washing and reusing plastic bags is unhealthy.
3) Plastic can be recycled.
4) Used tires can be used to make roads.
5) Latex paint cannot be recycled into new paint.
6) Large mailing envelopes that have been used before can be reused for
mailing.
7) A dump is a place where garbage is taken and left.
8) A landfill is a place where garbage is buried.
9) Combustor is a place where garbage is burned.
7. Retell the text from the exercise 4.
8. Translate the following English text into the Russian language:
Waste Reduction Habits
1. Buy paper products made from recycled paper. 2. Buy paper
products made from unbleached paper. 3. When using dangerous cleaning
products, buy and use only the amount you need for the task. 4. Buy
refillable pens, lighters, flashlights, and cameras. 5. Reuse plastic
containers and glass jars to store pencils, crayons and other items. 6. Share
magazines with friends. 7. Reuse envelopes and file folders. 8. Use both
sides of writing paper. 9. Keep plastic bags and reuse them at home or at
stores. 10. Repair, rather than replace, broken items25.
Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection (1999). The
Environmental Shopper. See: http://www.prc.org/resources_shopping.html
55
Unit 11. ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION
А
1) ecological community
2) ecological succession
3) pioneer-plants
4) stable
5) climax community
6) impact
7) colonization of an area
8) previously occupied
9) rock or sand surfaces
10) lava flows
11) glacial tills
12) primary succession
13) secondary succession
14) grassy stage
15) shrubs
16) pre-existing community
17) soil development
18) seed
19) remaining organic matter
20) residual living organisms
21) residual fertility
B
a. влияние
b. колонизация области/ареала
c. экологическое сообщество
d. горные и песчаные поверхности
e. растение-пионер
f. ледниковые наносы
g. потоки лавы
h. климаксное сообщество
i. экологическая сукцессия
j. устойчивый
k. стадия травянистого покрова
l. оставшаяся органика
m. оставшиеся живые организмы
n. ранее занятый
o. первичная сукцессия
p. вторичная сукцессия
q. почвообразование
r. остаточное плодородие
s. ранее существовавшее сообщество
t. семена
u. кустарники
1. Read and translate the international words:
ecological, succession, process, structure, pioneer, climax, ecosystem,
colonization, dynamics, organic, natural, type, agriculture
2. Read and translate the verbs:
to observe, to change, to begin, to develop, to become, to cause, to occupy,
to expose, to include, to return, to reach, to influence, to colonize
3. Match the English word combinations in column A to their Russian
equivalents in column B
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4. Read and translate:
26
Ecological Succession
Ecological succession is the observed process of change in the
species structure of an ecological community over time. The community
begins with relatively few pioneering plants and animals and develops
through increasing complexity until it becomes stable or self-perpetuating
as a climax community. The ʺengineʺ of succession, the cause of ecosystem
change, is the impact of established species upon their own environments.
A consequence of living is the sometimes subtle and sometimes overt
alteration of one's own environment.
Successional dynamics beginning with colonization of an area that
has not been previously occupied by an ecological community, such as
newly exposed rock or sand surfaces, lava flows, newly exposed glacial
tills, etc., are referred to as primary succession. The stages of primary
succession include pioneer plants (lichens and mosses), grassy stage,
smaller shrubs, and trees. Animals begin to return when there is food there
for them to eat. When it is a fully functioning ecosystem, it has reached the
climax community stage. Parts of Acadia National Park in Maine went
through primary succession.
Successional dynamics following severe disturbance or removal of
a pre-existing community are called secondary succession. Dynamics in
secondary succession are strongly influenced by pre-disturbance
conditions, including soil development, seed banks, remaining organic
matter, and residual living organisms. Because of residual fertility and preexisting organisms, community change in early stages of secondary
succession can be relatively rapid. Woody plants have colonized more
rapidly (per unit area) on large and near by passage.
Secondary succession is much more commonly observed and
studied than primary succession. Particularly common types of secondary
succession include responses to natural disturbances such as fire, flood, and
severe winds, and to human-caused disturbances such as logging and
agriculture. Secondary succession has been occurring in Shenedoah
National Park following the 1995 flood of the Mormon River, which
destroyed plant and animal life. Today, plant and animal species are
beginning to return26.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_succession.
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5. Answer the questions:
1) What is ecological succession?
2) What is the difference between primary ecological succession and
secondary ecological succession?
3) List the kinds of natural disturbances that result in primary succession.
4) What are pioneer species? What is the role of the pioneer species?
5) What kind of organism would most likely be growing on an island
created by a volcanic eruption just two years before?
a) climbing vines
b) monkeys
c) lichens
d) hardwood trees
6) What kinds of disturbances result in secondary succession?
7) What might be the first step in the ecological succession of a small
pond?
8) What is the climax stage of an ecological succession?
9) The final stable community in an ecological succession is called the
a) final
b) ultimate
c) climax
d) seral
6. Complete the following tasks:
1. True or False (circle one): Ecosystems are constantly changing.
2. ____________________________________________ - the term for the series
of predictable changes that occurs in a community over time. Give an example of
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something that can cause succession:
_______________________________________________
3. ________________________________ - the term for succession that occurs on
surfaces where no soil exists. Give an example of a place where this type of
succession might occur:
___________________________________________________________
The first species to populate such an area would be called __________species.
What type of pioneer species are often found on volcanic rocks?
______________________________ This organism is made up of a __________
and a _________. As lichens grow they help to ________________ the rock.
When they die they help to form ______________. Why is this helpful in the
succession of the ecosystem?
_________________________________________________
4. Ecosystems may be disturbed by fires and other events. When the disturbance is
over, community interactions tend to restore the ecosystem to its original
condition. This is known as ________________ succession.
7. Retell the text from the exercise 4.
8. Translate the following Russian text into the English language:
Сукцессия (от лат. Successio — преемственность,
наследование) — процесс саморазвития сообществ. В основе
сукцессии лежит неполный биологический круговорот в данном
сообществе. Каждый живой организм в результате жизнедеятельности
меняет вокруг себя среду, изымая из нее часть веществ и насыщая ее
продуктами метаболизма. При более или менее длительном
существовании популяций они меняют свое окружение в
неблагоприятную сторону и в результате оказываются вытесненными
популяциями других видов, для которых вызванные преобразования
среды оказываются экологически выгодными. В ходе сукцессии на
основе конкурентных взаимодействий видов происходит постепенное
формирование более устойчивых комбинаций, соответствующих
конкретным абиотическим условиям среды.
Последовательный ряд постепенно и закономерно сменяющих
друг друга в сукцессии сообществ называется сукцессионной серией.
Сукцессии в природе имеют различные масштабы.
Иерархичность в организации сообществ проявляется и в
иерархичности сукцессионных процессов: более крупные
преобразования экосистем складываются из более мелких. Даже в
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стабильных экосистемах с хорошо отрегулированным круговоротом
27
веществ постоянно осуществляется множество локальных
сукцессионных смен, поддерживающих сложную внутреннюю
структуру сообществ.
Выделяют два основных типа сукцессий: 1) с участием как
автотрофного, так и гетеротрофного населения; 2) с участием лишь
гетеротрофов.
Сукцессии со сменой растительности могут быть первичными;
они начинаются на лишенных жизни местах, и вторичными —
восстановительными. В настоящее время практически вся доступная
жизни поверхность суши занята различными сообществами и поэтому
возникновение свободных от живых существ участков имеет
локальный характер27.
http://www.grandars.ru/shkola/geografiya/sukcessiya.html
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