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Файл:Business writing for economists and managers = Деловая корреспонденция для экономистов и менеджеров. Учебно-методическое пособие
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Citation
Writers should follow the author-date method of in-text citation. This method
implies that the author’s last name and the year of publication for the source appear
in the text and a complete reference is found in the reference list at the end of the paper.
In-text citation. All the words in the title of a source should be capitalised. The
format differs for longer and shorter works. Writers should italicise the titles of longer works such as books, edited collections, movies, television series, documentaries,
or albums. As regards shorter works (journal articles, articles from edited collections,
television series episodes, and song titles), it is necessary to put quotation marks
around the titles. Writers should capitalise the first word after a dash or colon: Book
and article.
Shocking headlines in the press spread very quickly. Becky Little writes about un-
believable science news in the article “How One Bad Science Headline Can Echo across
the Internet”. She gives examples about true discoveries in medicine: the possibility to
disrupt fish reproduction, which could affect the aquatic ecosystem (Little, 2017).
Short quotations. Direct quotes from a work require information about
the author’s last name, year of publication in parentheses, and page number for
the reference (preceded by “p.”).
Nowadays it can be hard to find good articles with accurate scientific data. I
was surprised to learn that academic journals may publish fake news. Kirchherr ex-
plains this by “pressure in the academic system to publish in high-impact journals”
(Kirchherr, 2017, p. 2). So scientists try to show surprising findings to readers, which
may not exist.
Long quotations. Direct quotations of 40 words or more should be placed
in a free-standing block of typewritten lines and omit quotation marks.
Writers should start the quotation on a new line, indented ½ inch from the left
margin. The same indent applies to the first line of any subsequent paragraph. Writers
should maintain double-spacing throughout. The parenthetical citation should come
after the closing punctuation mark.
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It was exciting to read Klemetti’s (2016) examples about volcano research:
… the volume of magma needed to accumulate in order to create a 1914-scale
eruption is the same as the 1914 eruption. They also never get into what might
trigger such an eruption, just that sufficient volume might be present if their
models are accurate. (p. 3)
For more information go to
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_styl
e_guide/in_text_citations_author_authors.html
Reference list. The reference list labelled as References (centred at the top
of the page) should appear at the end of the paper on a new page. Each source cited
in the paper must be presented in the reference list; likewise, each entry in the reference list must be cited in the text.
Hanging indentation is typical of all lines in the reference list. That means
indenting each entry ½ inch from the left margin after the first line.
Information about the author includes a list of seven authors’ last names and ini-
tials. In case of more than seven authors, ellipses appear after the first six authors.
The authors’ names should be inverted, which means placing the last name before
the first name. The reference list entries should be alphabetised.
The journal title should be presented in full. Writers should capitalise all major
words in journal titles. However, capitalisation applies only to the first letter
of the first word of a title when writers refer to books, chapters, articles, or web
pages. Titles of longer works (books and journals) should be italicised, unlike titles
of shorter works (journal articles and essays in edited collections).
RESPONSE PAPER
References
Brown, A. K. (2013). Cultural perspective on African American culture. International
Journal of Education & Literacy Studies, 1(2), 54-68.
doi:10.7575/aiac.ijels.v.1n.2p.54
Klemetti, E. (2016, September 16). How to be a savvy science reader. Wired. Re-
trieved from https://www.wired.com/2016/09/savvy-science-reader/
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Menand, L. (2001). The metaphysical club: A story of ideas in America. New York:
Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
Myers, M. D. (2004). Hermeneutics in information systems research. In J. Mingers &
L. Willcocks (Eds.), Social theory and philosophy for information systems
(pp. 103-128). Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
For more information go to
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_styl
e_guide/reference_list_author_authors.html
MLA Style
Overview
The Modern Language Association (MLA) citation and format style mainly
describes peculiarities about in-text citation and the Works Cited page. MLA Style
establishes standards of written communication concerning formatting and page layout, stylistic technicalities, citing sources, and preparing a manuscript for publication
in certain disciplines.
In most cases, MLA style is used to cite sources within various humanities
disciplines: English Studies — Language and Literature, Foreign Language and Literatures, Literary Criticism, Comparative Literature, Cultural Studies. Writers should
consult the recent edition of the official MLA Handbook (MLA Style Manual).
General Format
The basic page layout. Writers should type their papers on a computer and print
them out on standard, white 8.5 x 11-inch paper. The margins of the document should
be set to 1 inch on all sides. Writers should indent the first line of paragraphs ½ inch
from the left margin.
It is necessary to double-space the text of the paper, and use a legible font
(e.g. Times New Roman); the font size should be 12 pt.
Writers need not justify the lines of text at the right margin. Also, it is highly recommended to turn off any automatic hyphenation feature in the selected writing program.
Title page. The title page is not typical of MLA writing. Writers should flush
the following information with the left margin in the upper left-hand corner: your
name, your instructor’s name, the course number, and the date on separate lines.
On a new line, it is necessary to center the title and write it in standard capitalisation.
Italics and quotation marks are possible only when referring to other works, as writers would in the text.
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Running head. The header should number all pages consecutively with Arabic
numerals (1, 2, 3, 4, etc.), ½ inch from the top and flush with the right margin. The
header in the upper right-hand corner should include the writer’s last name, followed
by a space with a page number.
Headings. Although section headings are not obligatory they may improve
readability of a document. One approach says that MLA papers should be divided
into numbered sections, with an Arabic number and a period before the section name.
Consult the table for formatting section headings in accordance with the second
approach:
Level
Format
1
Bold, flush left
2
Italics, flush left
3
Centred, bold
4
Centred, italics
5
Underlined, flush left
Donnelly
Gerry Donnelly
Associate Professor Elena Zorina
English 103
17 April 20…
The Magical Power of Essays
According to conventional wisdom, writing is one of people’s most crucial
skills; in our society, almost all fields require people should write and most people are
able to do it. But it is hard for them to present really good works so how can we cre-
ate good papers? I think the answer is to inject “magical power” into our essays. Hav-
ing “magic” in papers sounds unreal but it is very important in writing a good essay.
Based on my writing experience, here are a few ways to make essays magical: using
attractive titles, presenting pearls of wisdom, resorting to reading good papers, prac-
ticing writing skills, having a good start in essays, and establishing a well-organized
structure and excellent content.
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Attractive titles
No one can deny the fact that when we begin reading an article, an essay or
even a piece of news, we always read the title first. The title usually contains only a
few words, but it can always stand for the main idea of the essay. The problem for the
writer is how to make the title magical. Here are some ways to do it. Firstly, write the
title after finishing your essay, because the title should be short and must show what
will be described in the whole essay. Sometimes the title may not correspond to the
main idea of the essay if we decide to write it first. Secondly, most titles are normal
and boring; they simply suggest what will happen in the following passage.
Citation
In-text citation. The author-page method of in-text citation is typical
of MLA Style. In particular, the author’s last name and the quoted page number
in the parentheses must appear in the text, and a complete reference should be found
on the Works Cited page.
Referring to other authors’ works in the text is done by using parenthetical citation. This method involves placing relevant source information in parentheses after
a quote or a paraphrase. It is also necessary to include a complete reference
on the Works Cited page.
When you directly quote the works of others in the paper it is important to know
how to format short and long quotations borrowed from secondary sources.
Short quotations. Short quotations are embedded in the writer’s own sentences.
That means four typed lines should be within double quotation marks, after which
relevant punctuation marks appear. The quotation should be supplied with the author
and specific page citation in the text.
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Except “The Four Books”, Thoreau quotes other quotations as well. As the poet
Mr. Udd says, he noted in “Reading”: “Being seated, to run through the region
of the spiritual world; I have had this advantage in books. To be intoxicated by a sin-
gle glass of wine; I have experienced this pleasure when I have drunk the liquor of the
esoteric doctrines.” (Thoreau 96).
Long quotations. Long quotations, which are more than four lines, are blocked
off as distinct material. For that, writers should start a new line, with the entire quote
indented ½ inch from the left margin. It is necessary to use quotation marks, then
the closing punctuation mark, and only after that the parenthetical citation.
A good start can attract many readers; for example, the first paragraph of “Harry
Potter” by J. K. Rowling is full of “magic”:
“Mr. and Mrs. Dursley, of number four, Privet Drive, were proud to say that they
were perfectly normal, thank you very much. They were the last people you’d
expect to be involved in anything strange or mysterious, because they just didn’t
hold with such nonsense. Mr. Dursley was the director of a firm called Grun-
nings, which made drills. He was a big, beefy man with hardly any neck, alt-
hough he did have a very large moustache.” (Rowling).
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Works Cited page.
Donnelly
Works Cited
“Lao Tzu Quotes.” BrainyQuote, n. d.,
https://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/quotes/l/laotzu137141.html. Accessed
24 Aug. 20....
“Style, Wit and Word-Play: Essays in Translation Studies in Memory of David
Hawkes.” Edited by Tao Tao Liu et al., Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 20….
Rowling, Joanne K. “Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone: (Ch. 1) They Boy Who
Lived.” Genius, n. d., https://genius.com/Jk-rowling-harry-potter-and-the-
philosophers-stone-ch-1-the-boy-who-lived-annotated. Accessed 24 Aug. 20....
Thoreau, Henry D. Walden. Houghton Mifflin Company, 1995.
Vithoulkas, George, et al. “Conscience and Consciousness: A Definition.” Journal
of Medicine and Life, vol. 7, issue 1, 2014, pp. 104-108.
For more information go to
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/mla_style/mla_formatting_and_styl
e_guide/mla_works_cited_page_books.html.
Harvard Referencing Style
Overview
Different universities and publishers use variations of the Harvard style of referencing, and there is no single authority on Harvard style.
The Harvard referencing style is used widely across a range of disciplines:
in the humanities and social sciences subjects, although some sciences and business
subjects use it, too.
General Format
The main text is often 1.5 or double-spaced.
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Summarizing the Text
SUMMARIZING THE TEXT
by Karina Antipenko
English 103
Associate Professor Elena Zorina
Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation
Saint Petersburg
24 October 20...
1
109
Citation
The Harvard style consists of two elements: in-text citations and a reference list.
In-text citation. Harvard referencing uses the author-date system for in-text
citations. In-text citation includes the authors’ last name, the year of publication,
and page numbers placed in round brackets for direct quotes and paraphrasing.
All authors should be listed in the reference list in the order they are credited
in the original work.
In-text citations are found in the main body of the work and contain a fraction
of the full bibliographical information. There are three ways to cite your sources.
First, a summary of a work or a general reference to someone’s work or ideas
requires a citation. Writers should include the author and the date. The second way
relates to a paraphrase as the expression of the same idea in different words. Next,
a direct quote is the exact reproduction of someone’s words.
For short quotes, single quotation marks are used at the start and end
of the quote, a full stop is placed after the citation.
In particular, analysis of unicultural research involves considering a single coun-
try’s organisational management and relates to ‘the dynamics of country-specific and
culture-specific leadership processes’ (Bird and Mendenhall 2016 p. 118) associated
with leadership effectiveness.
As regard block quotes (more than about 30 words), they should be set off from
the body of the paper by indenting. Quotation marks are not required for block
quotes. Unlike the main text, the indented block quote should be both single-spaced
and a smaller font size.
According to the International Strategy Office (2015, p. 15),
fluency in information technology has thus become a central pillar of higher education — both implicitly
in how information is shared and explicitly in preparing students for the global markets they will enter after graduation.
For additional information go to
https://www.ukessays.com/referencing/harvard/#articles.
Reference list. The reference list is located at the end of the main work and
lists full information for all sources mentioned within the work. It is essential that
each in-text citation and the related reference list entry should be identical
in spelling and year.
110
The reference list should be ordered alphabetically by the first author’s last
name or by the first significant word of the title. Where there are multiple citations by
the same author, these would be listed chronologically by year of publication. It is
necessary to use only the initials of the authors’ given names, with no full stop and
space between the initials. The last name comes first.
It is important to present one listing per work, regardless of how many times it is
cited in text.
Summarizing the Text
References
Bird, A. and Mendenhall, M.E., 2016. From cross-cultural management to global lead-
ership: evolution and adaptation. Journal of World Business, 51, pp. 115-126.
Morgan, J., 2016. OECD: Germany’s publicly funded, no-fees system ‘unsustainable’.
[online] Times Higher Education. Available at:
<https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/oecd-germanys-publicly-funded-
no-fees-system-unsustainable> [Accessed 11 April 20...].
The International Strategy Office, 2015. International trends in higher education. Ox-
ford: University of Oxford.
For additional information go to
https://library.sydney.edu.au/subjects/downloads/citation/Harvard_Complete.pdf.
Chicago / Turabian Style
Overview
Chicago style establishes written standards of communication concerning
formatting and page layout, stylistic techniques, citing sources, and preparing a manuscript for publication.
There are two different documentation styles: the notes and bibliography
system, and the author-date system. The system uses footnotes or parenthetical citations within the text itself respectively. These two styles are similar in content, but
different in form.
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