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ȿɫɥɢ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɫɨ ɫɩɥɢɧɨɦ S ɜɵɪɨɠɞɟɧ ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ
zS
ɬɨɝɞɚ ɨɧ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɫ ɤɪɚɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ 2S + 1 ɱɬɨ ɜ ɢɬɨɝɟ ɩɪɟɞ
ɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɜɟɫɨɦ ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ
ɦɟɠɞɭɝɥɚɜɧɵɦɢɦɨɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɢɧɟɪɰɢɢɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵɢɯ ɦɨɠɧɨɪɚɡɛɢɬɶɧɚ
ɝɪɭɩɩɵ
I±ɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɣɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵI
II±ɫɮɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣɜɨɥɱɨɤI
III±ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɵɣɜɨɥɱɨɤI
IV±ɚɫɫɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɵɣɜɨɥɱɨɤI
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N
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kpN
kqN
ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɜɭɯ ɫɨɪɬɨɜ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ
F
ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɫɭɦɦɵɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯɱɚɫɬɢɰɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶɢɩɪɟɞɫɬɚ
ɜɢɬɶɜɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦɜɢɞɟ
ZTVN N Q TV Q TV
i
>@> @
NN
VTQ
H[S
¦
k
NN
H
·
§
i
¸
¨
KT
¹
©
ɝɞɟ i ±ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɱɚɫɬɢɰɩɟɪɜɨɝɨɢɜɬɨɪɨɝɨɫɨɪɬɚ
ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɜɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸɫɭɦɦɭɱɟɪɟɡɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɞɥɹɞɜɭɯ
ɫɨɪɬɨɜɱɚɫɬɢɰZ = Z
Z1TVN1 Z1ɢɞɥɹjɢɯɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚɜɵɪɚ
1Z2
ɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɯ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɣ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɭɪɚɜɧɟ
ɧɢɹɦɢ
F = F
ENRT NKT
ii i i
ɉɪɢɧɹɜ ɱɬɨ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɭɦɦɚ ɪɚɜɧɚ
+ F2
1
q
i
OQ
N
i
qq
ii
V
RT
ɬɨɝɞɚ
ɢɦɟɟɦ
F N N N KT N KT N KT N KT N
N N NKT NKT NKT N NKT
HH H
H
H
OQ OQ
V
OQ OQ OQ
RT N N
KTNNF
iiii
qV qV
NRT N RT
Vq
i
OQ
RTN
i
qq
KTN
i
§·
w
w
NNRT NKT
©¹
TV N
FqVq
PH H
¨¸
KT KT KT
q
OQ OQ OQ
HP
N
OQ OQ OQ
KT P KT P
N
V
ɉɪɢ ɢɡɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɢɡɨɛɚɪɧɨɦ ɫɦɟɲɟɧɢɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɱɚ
ɫɬɢɰ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨ ɢ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɢ ɷɧɬɪɨɩɢɢ
ɢɦɟɸɬɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣɜɢɞ
PV
i
NNKT
P
PPP
NKT
i
i
V
FNKT NKT
'
P
SNK NK
'
P
VNN
OQ OQ
OQ OQ
Ɂɚɦɟɧɢɜ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɧɚɦɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɨɥɢ
V
N
i
NN NN
NN NN
NN
NN
x
N
NN
ɩɨ
ɥɭɱɚɟɦ
OQOQ
P
'
xxxxRTF
P
'
OQOQ
xxxxRS
ȽɅȺȼȺɊȺɋɌȼɈɊɕ>@
A
A
A
A
A
R
R
ɁɚɤɨɧɵɊɚɭɥɹɢȽɟɧɪɢ
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɚɹ ɮɚɡɚ
ɬɚɬɶɫɹ ɡɚ ɢɞɟɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɝɚɡ
Ɏ
ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ
ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢɛ
ɤɨɫɬɢ
Ɏ
ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɹ
ɢɞɟɚɥɶɧɵɣɝɚɡ
Ɏ
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɧɟɥɟɬɭɱɟɝɨɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚȺ2ɜɥɟɬɭɱɟɣɠɢɞ
ɩɚɪɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ
Ɏ
ɡɚɢɞɟɚɥɶɧɵɣɝɚɡɦɨɠɧɨɡɚɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ
ɚ ɛɢɧɚɪɧɚɹ ɮɚɡɚ
Ɏ
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɝɚɡɚ
ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹɤɚɤɢɞɟɚɥɶɧɵɣɝɚɡ
T
VP
Ɏ
ɦɨɠɟɬɫɱɢ
Ɏ
ɡɚ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ
ɜɥɟɬɭɱɟɣ
OQVdP RTd P
Ⱦɥɹɞɜɭɯɮɚɡɧɨɣɫɢɫɬɟɦɵɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟɤɨɝɞɚɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɧɚɮɚɡɵɪɚɡ
ɧɵɟɢɢɦɟɟɬɜɢɞ
L
T
L
dT RTd P V dP V dP RTd x
T
OQ OQ
OQ OQ OQ Ld T RTd P V dP RTd x
dT V dP V dP
L
SS
§
¨
TL
¨
w
©
w
m
S
T
·
¸
¸
¹
RTdx
x
Tdx
x
ppT
x
R
A
P
P
K
P
L
P
ɝɞɟ
ɚ
RTd V dP L d T
OQ OQ
L
ɫɤɪɵɬɚɹɬɟɩɥɨɬɚɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ
P
ɉɭɫɬɶɄ
Ɏ
ȿɫɥɢ
Ɏ
ɩɚɪɷɬɨɣɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢɬɨɩɪɢ
ɬɨɝɞɚ
OQ OQ
Td K V dP L d T
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɧɟɥɟɬɭɱɟɝɨɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ Ⱥ2ɜɥɟɬɭɱɟɣɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ
x
x
ɦɵɢɦɟɟɦɫɢɫɬɟɦɭɠɢɞ
ɤɨɫɬɶɩɚɪ ɫ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɧɚ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɩɚɪ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ
ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶɪɚɜɧɨ
Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɚɪɚ
ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬɡɚɤɨɧ
P
ɚɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɧɚɩɚɪ
PP
x
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɟɣɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ
P
ɬɨɝɞɚ
TP
Ɋɚɭɥɹ
Px
Ⱦɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɚɪɚ ɥɟɬɭɱɟɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɫɹ ɩɪɹɦɨɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ
ɦɨɥɶɧɨɣɞɨɥɟɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɹɜɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ
ȿɫɥɢɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɧɚɨɛɟɮɚɡɵɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨɬɨɝɞɚ
T
Ʉɪɨɦɟɞɨɩɭɳɟɧɢɹɱɬɨɮɚɡɚ
dT V V dP
Ɏ
ɩɨɥɨɠɢɦɟɳɟɱɬɨɦɨɥɶɧɵɣɨɛɴɟɦ
V
RTdx
x
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹɢɞɟɚɥɶɧɵɦɝɚɡɨɦɩɪɟɞ
ɩɪɟɧɟɛɪɟɠɢɦɨɦɚɥɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟ
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