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Файл:Теоретическая грамматика = THEORETICAL GRAMMAR. Учебное пособие
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8) I want to thank you for your advice.
9) Write to me when you have time.
10) She bought it for her children.
1) I predict big changes in the nearest future.
2) I saw a lot of ying birds in the blue sky.
3) The rst person we saw was Michael’s brother.
4) What other lms have you seen lately?
5) The dress you bought is too good for everyday wear.
6) She had dark blue eyes and thin lips.
7) We saw a destroyed house.
8) Wash your hands, please.
9) Mr. Todd was a village doctor.
10) The room above was small and dark.
11) The then secretary was a great politician.
12) The woman walking with two dogs was our school teacher.
13) I met that guy at yesterday’s party.
14) Show me the second part of the contract.
15) Four men were walking down the street.
1) What would you advise me, Doctor?
2) Surely he had too wide a mouth.
3) I’m sorry, Major, we had an arrangement.
4) Jenny, darling, don’t say such things.
5) But there’s no chance here. Besides, he couldn’t make two ends meet
on the job.
6) After all, he’d only been doing his duty.
7). Frankly speaking, he had been amazed at his failure.
8) Good morning, sweet child!
9) He was loosing money. Furthermore, he was ruined.
10) To tell you the truth, I don’t want to go there.
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1) She is going to New York. She is feeling lonely.
2) He is getting late. He is driving slow.
3) Amelia doesn’t has a car. Her father doesn’t has a car.
4) Olivia wants to meet her parents. She has no time.
5) He is going to college. He is losing his attendance.
6) They have money. They are not content.
7) She was getting late. She was driving fast.
8) Harry ordered a burger. He was hungry.
9) Jacob tried his best. He couldn’t make it.
10) William was not feeling well. He was taken to the hospital.
11) He looked carefully in the underbrush. He failed to notice the pair
of dark eyes staring at him.
12) The suspect said that he had never met the victim. The detective
knew that the man was lying.
13) I nished doing my work. I went to bed.
14) The bank ofce was closed. I could not pay my bill.
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Adjective – a part of speech which shows the quality or characteristic
that someone or something has.
Adverbial clause – a subordinate clause which has the function of an
adverbial modier in the main clause.
Adverbial modier – a secondary part of the sentence, which modies
another sentence member expressed by a verb, an adjective or an adverb.
Adversative coordination – a type of coordinative connection which
joins clauses containing opposition, contradiction or contrast.
Analytic languages – the languages where lexical and grammatical
meanings are separated. The lexical meaning is expressed with notional
words (meaningful lexical units) and the grammatical meaning is expressed
with functional words (articles, pronouns, conjunctions, particles, auxiliary
verbs etc.), word order and intonation.
Aspect – category of a verb that shows how the meaning of that verb is
considered in relation to time, typically expressing if an action is complete,
repeated, or continuous.
Asyndetic connection – a type of syntactical connection between
components of a phrase without connectors (conjunctions, conjunctive
adverbs, etc.).
Attribute – a secondary part of the sentence which characterizes (either
qualitatively, quantitatively, or from the point of view of the situation) a
person or object expressed by a headword.
Attributive clause – a subordinate clause which has the function of an
attribute in the main clause.
Auxiliary verb – a verb used with a main verb to help express the main
verb’s tense, mood, or voice.
Case – the immanent morphological category of the noun manifested
in the forms of noun declension and showing the relations of the nounal
referent to other objects and phenomena.
Causativeconsecutive coordination – a type of coordinative connection
which joins clauses connected in such a way what one of them contains a
reason and the other – a consequence.
Clause – a part of a composite sentence which contains a predicative line.
Collective noun – a word used to represent a group of people, animals,
or things.
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Composite sentence – a sentence which possesses two or more
predicative lines (a poly-predicative construction each predicative unit in
which is a clause).
Complex sentence – a poly-predicative construction (a composite
sentence) built up on the principle of subordination.
Compound sentence – a composite sentence built on the principle of
coordination.
Coordination – a way of linking grammatical elements making the
equal in rank.
Conjunction – a word expressing connections between things and
phenomena.
Consecutive subordination – a type of subordination in which the rst
subordinate clause depends on the main one, and each following subordinate
clause depends on the previous subordinate clause.
Copulative coordination – a type of coordinative connection which
implies that the information conveyed by coordinate clauses is in some
way similar.
Declarative sentence – a communicative sentence type which expresses
a statement.
Direct object – the thing being acted upon (the receiver of the action).
Disjunctive coordination – a type of coordinative connection which
implies a choice between two mutually exclusive alternatives given in the
clauses.
Exclamatory sentence – a sentence which expresses the speaker’s
emotions and feelings.
Expanded sentence – a simple sentence which possesses both the main
and the secondary sentence members.
Elliptical sentence – a simple sentence in which one or more word-forms
in the principle position are omitted.
Finite verb– a verb that has a subject and shows tense.
Form – morphological characteristic of the class of words (nouns:
number, case; adjectives – degrees of comparison).
Formal words – words that denote relations and connections between
notional verbs.
Gender – the grammatical arrangement of nouns, pronouns and
adjectives into masculine, feminine, and neuter types in some languages.
Genitive case – the case predominantly used for showing possession
(with nouns, it is usually created by adding ‘s to the word or by preceding
it with “of”.
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Gerund – one of the non-nite forms of the verb which has properties
of both a verb and a noun, such as being modied by an adverb and being
able to take a direct object.
Grammar – the study or the use of the rules about how the words change
their form and combine with other words to make sentences.
Homogeneous parts of the sentence – two or more parts of the sentence
having the same function and referring to the same part of the sentence.
Imperative mood – a verb form used to make a demand (a command)
or to give advise or instruction.
Imperative sentence – a communicative sentence type which contains
inducement.
Indicative mood – grammatical mood of a verb used to make statements
of facts, express opinions and ask question.
Indirect object – a noun-phrase referring to someone or something that
is affected by the action or a transitive verb (typically as a recipient), but is
not a primary object.
Indirect speech – a form of utterance in which the words of the speaker
are reported (but not reproduced exactly).
Innitive – the basic form of a verb that usually follows “to”.
Interjection – a word expressing feelings or emotions without naming
them.
Interjectional enclosure – an independent element of a sentence which
expresses the speaker’s emotions or feelings towards what he speaks about.
Intonation – the sound pattern of phrases and sentences produced by
pitch variation in the voice.
Irregular verb – a verb that does not form its simple past tense or its
past participle by adding “-ed” or “-d” to the base form.
Language – the system of signs used for human communication
consisting of words used in a structured and conventional way and conveyed
by speech, writing or gestures.
Main clause – the principal clause in a sentence; clause of a complex
sentence that can stand alone as a complete sentence and governs subordinate
clause(s).
Meaning – a thing or idea one intends to convey using language; common
meaning of the words of the class (nouns – thingness, adjectives – property
or quality, verb – action, etc.).
Mood – the forms of verbs used to show whether the person speaking
intends to express a fact, an order, or a hope.
Nonnite verb – a verb form that does not show tense.
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Notional words – words that have a distinct lexical meaning and serve
as parts of a sentence.
Noun – a word used to identify any of a class of people, places, or things
(common noun), or to name a particular one of these (proper noun).
Number – grammatical category showing the property of nouns and
pronouns, to indicate quantity. It has two values: singular: indicates one
only. plural: indicates two or more.
Object – a secondary part of the sentence (secondary sentence member)
referring to some other sentence member, completing, specifying or
restricting its meaning.
Object clause – a subordinate clause which has the function of an object
in the main clause.
Onemember sentence – a simple sentence which possesses one main
(principle) member.
Particle – a word that has a grammatical function, does not change in
form and does not t into the parts of speech, but builds a separate class.
Sometimes it shows subjective shades of meaning of a speaker or a writer.
Participle – a verbal, or a word based off of a verb that expresses a state
of being, ending in -ing (present tense) or -ed, -en, -d, -t, -n/-ne (past tense)
that functions as an adjective. This means it needs to modify (or describe)
a noun or a pronoun.
Parts of speech – class or category of words that have similar
grammatical properties.
Parallel subordination – a type of subordination in which all subordinate
clauses depend on the main one.
Passive voice – the form of a verb used when the subject is affected by
the action of the verb (Oxford Learner’s Dictionary). The subject of a passive
clause does not perform the action expressed by the verb but is affected by
it (Collins Dictionary).
Phrase – every combination of two or more words, which is a
grammatical unit but is not an analytical form of some word.
Pluralia Tantum – a noun that appears only in the plural form and does
not ordinarily have a singular form.
Polypredicative construction – a syntactical unit consisting of two or
more predicative lines.
Predicate – the main sentence member which denotes an action or
property of a person or a thing (object) expressed by a subject; a part of
a sentence that contains the verb and gives information about the subject.
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Predicative clause – a subordinate clause which has the function of the
nominal part of the compound nominal predicate of the main clause.
Preposition – a word showing the relation between things and
phenomena.
Pronoun – a word that stands in for a noun to avoid the need to repeat
the same noun.
Root – the core of the word that is irreducible into more meaningful
elements; a morphologically simple unit to which p most basic form of a
word, to which a prex or a sufx can attach.
Semicomposite sentence – a composite sentence in which predicative
lines are expressed in fusion; a composite sentence in which one fully
expressed predicative is combined with another partially expressed
predicative line.
Sentence – a word or group of words capable of expressing a complete
thought or meaning (H. Sweet). Sentence – the immediate integral unit
of speech built up of words according to a denite syntactic pattern and
distinguished by contextually relevant communicative purpose (M. Blokh).
Sentence – a syntactical unit possessing a denite structure and distinguishes
by a particular communicative purpose.
Sentence member – positional and relational syntactic unit which marks
the place (position) of a word or word-group in a sentence.
Simple sentence – a sentence which possesses one predicative line.
Singularia Tantum – a noun (in any specic sense) that has no plural
form and is only used with singular verbs. Frequently for mass nouns.
Speech – the language used when speaking; the fact of speaking rather
than writing.
Statives – words the meaning of which is a passing state a person or
thing happens to be in.
Subject – the main sentence member which denotes a person (people),
an object or some abstract notion whose action or property is expressed by
a verb (predicate).
Subordinate clause – a clause of a complex sentence which depends on
the main one completing the information given in it.
Subordination – a way of linking grammatical elements making one of
them depend in the other.
Subject clause – a subordinate clause which has the function of the
subject of the main clause.
Sufx – a morpheme added to the root of the word to form a derivative.
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Syllable – a single unit of speech, either a whole word or one of the parts
into which a word can be separated, usually containing a vowel.
Syndetically – connected by means of coordinating conjunctions (and,
or, else, but, etc.) or conjunctive adverbs (otherwise, however, nevertheless,
yet, still, therefore).
Syntactic connection – a type of syntactical connection of words and
word groups with the help of connectors; a conjunctional type of syntactical
connection.
Syntax – the set of rules, principles, and processes that govern the
sentence structure in a given language.
Synthetic languages – languages in which the grammatical meaning
expresses with the help of the endings, afxes, alternations (or simply the
sound changing) – in a suppletive way.
Tense – the form of a verb which shows the time at which an action
happens.
Transitive verbs – verbs having or requiring an object.
Twomember sentence – a simple sentence which possesses two main
(principle) members.
Unexpanded sentence – a simple sentence which possesses only the
main sentence members.
Verb – a word that expresses an action, an event or a state.
Verbal – grammatical class of words intermediate between the verb and
the nominal parts of speech: noun, adjective.
Voice – the relationship between the subject of the verb and the action
described by the verb, or the forms of a verb that show this relationship.
98
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