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Файл:Стилистика второго иностранного языка. Практикум для студентов 4-го курса Института иностранных языков
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him to, truly I didn’t. I’m sure I didn’t. I don’t think he would say he’d telephone me,
and then just never do it. Please don’t let him do that, God. Please don’t.
“I’ll call you at five, darling.” “Good-bye, darling.” He was busy, and he was
in a hurry, and there were people around him, but he called me “darling” twice.
That’s mine, that’s mine. I have that, even if I never see him again. Oh, but that’s so
little. That isn’t enough. Nothing’s enough, if I never see him again. Please let me see
him again, God. Please, I want him so much. I want him so much. I’ll be good, God.
I will try to be better, I will. If you will let me see him again. If You will let him
telephone me. Oh, let him telephone me now.
Ah, don’t let my prayer seem too little to You, God. You sit up there, so white
and old, with all the angels about You and the stars slipping by. And I come to You
with a prayer about a telephone call. Ah, don’t laugh, God. You see, You don’t know
how it feels. You’re so safe, there on Your throne, with the blue swirling under You.
Nothing can touch You; no one can twist Your heart in his hands. This is suffering,
God, this is bad, bad suffering. Won’t You help me? For Your Son’s sake, help me.
You said You would do whatever was asked of You in His name. Oh, God, in the
name of Thine only beloved Son, Jesus Christ, our Lord, let him telephone me now.
[…]
Seminar # 17
STYLISTIC ANALYSIS OF THE TEXT
Carry out the stylistic analysis of the following text using the scheme.
John F. Kennedy
Ich bin ein Berliner
I am proud to come to this city as the guest of your distinguished Mayor, who
has symbolized throughout the world the fighting spirit of West Berlin. And I am
proud to visit the Federal Republic with your distinguished Chancellor who for so
many years has committed Germany to democracy and freedom and progress, and to
come here in the company of my fellow American, General Clay, who has been in
this city during its great moments of crisis and will come again if ever needed.
Two thousand years ago, the proudest boast was “Civis Romanus sum.” Today,
in the world of freedom, the proudest boast is “Ich bin ein Berliner.”
I appreciate my interpreter translating my German.
There are many people in the world who really don’t understand, or say they
don’t, what is the great issue between the free world and the Communist world. Let
them come to Berlin.
There are some who say that communism is the wave of the future. Let them
come to Berlin.
And there are some who say, in Europe and elsewhere, we can work with the
Communists. Let them come to Berlin.
And there are even a few who say that it is true that communism is an evil system, but it permits us to make economic progress. Lass’ sie nach Berlin kommen. Let
them come to Berlin.
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Freedom has many difficulties and democracy is not perfect. But we have never
had to put a wall up to keep our people in – to prevent them from leaving us. I want to
say on behalf of my countrymen who live many miles away on the other side of the Atlantic, who are far distant from you, that they take the greatest pride, that they have been
able to share with you, even from a distance, the story of the last 18 years. I know of no
town, no city, that has been besieged for 18 years that still lives with the vitality and the
force, and the hope, and the determination of the city of West Berlin.
While the wall is the most obvious and vivid demonstration of the failures of
the Communist system – for all the world to see – we take no satisfaction in it; for it
is, as your Mayor has said, an offense not only against history but an offense against
humanity, separating families, dividing husbands and wives and brothers and sisters,
and dividing a people who wish to be joined together.
What is true of this city is true of Germany: Real, lasting peace in Europe can
never be assured as long as one German out of four is denied the elementary right of
free men, and that is to make a free choice. In 18 years of peace and good faith, this
generation of Germans has earned the right to be free, including the right to unite
their families and their nation in lasting peace, with good will to all people.
You live in a defended island of freedom, but your life is part of the main. So
let me ask you, as I close, to lift your eyes beyond the dangers of today, to the hopes
of tomorrow, beyond the freedom merely of this city of Berlin, or your country of
Germany, to the advance of freedom everywhere, beyond the wall to the day of peace
with justice, beyond yourselves and ourselves to all mankind.
Freedom is indivisible, and when one man is enslaved, all are not free. When
all are free, then we can look forward to that day when this city will be joined as one
and this country and this great Continent of Europe in a peaceful and hopeful globe.
When that day finally comes, as it will, the people of West Berlin can take sober satisfaction in the fact that they were in the front lines for almost two decades.
All free men, wherever they may live, are citizens of Berlin.
And, therefore, as a free man, I take pride in the words “Ich bin ein Berliner.”
Seminar # 18
STYLISTIC ANALYSIS OF THE TEXT
Carry out the stylistic analysis of the following text using the scheme.
7 Tricks To Learn Any Language In 7 Days
(From The Superpolyglot Twins Who Did It)
Do you really have to travel to another country to learn the language? The 10language twins undertook the challenge of learning a language in a week in Berlin,
their city of residence. What can we learn from how they learned?
by Ed M. Wood
What’s possible in a week? If you dedicated seven days to the achievement of
one goal, how ambitious could you make this goal? These were the questions that the
multilingual twins Matthew and Michael Youlden posed themselves when they de-
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termined to learn Turkish in one week. They would attempt to liberate themselves
from the distractions and responsibilities of modern-day life in order to cram eight
hours of study time into their daily routine. Here are the seven things that I learned by
observing some of the world’s most capable language learners.
1. Get To Know Why
Lesson learned: Clearly define your goal at the very beginning and then plot a
route towards this goal’s achievement.
The twins set themselves the challenge of learning a language in a week in order to stretch themselves, and then it was a question of choosing which language to
learn. Turkish presented itself as a natural option; there are nigh on 300,000 Turkish
speakers in Germany’s capital, and the areas of Kreuzberg and Neukölln are dotted
with stores adorned with signs in Turkish. Truly understanding one’s environment in
these neighbourhoods requires one to first understand Turkish.
2. Get Sticky
Lesson learned: Map and label your immediate environment in the new language from the very first moment. You’ll build and reinforce associations passively
while going about your daily life.
The first operational step in the twins’ learning process was to decorate the entire apartment with sticky notes. This had an almost ceremonial touch to it as the
twins delved into dictionaries and proceeded to label everything with its corresponding Turkish name. Within the space of about an hour it was impossible to carry out
any menial task, be it making a coffee or flicking off a light switch, without first being presented with at least three different words related to this action.
3. Get A Partner
Lesson learned: There are few better motivations than a peer with the same
goal. Whether you’re motivated by competition or a sense of mutual responsibility,
the mere presence of a learning partner is likely to exert just the right amount of
pressure to keep you on track.
The importance of the other twin’s presence became immediately apparent as
Matthew and Michael delegated responsibilities for rooms to decorate with sticky
notes. This simple task was augmented by continuous little tests that they would
spring on one another, and the fact that they split up their day slightly differently and
studied different topics meant that each twin became a source of knowledge for the
other; the question how do you say that again? was met surprisingly often with an answer. The most extraordinary moment came towards the end of the week when the
twins simply switched their everyday conversations to Turkish, asking one another if
they wanted tea or coffee, were ready to cook dinner or when they were going to
leave the house the next day.
4. Prepare Mini-Motivations
Lesson learned: You need landmarks on your route towards your goal. These
landmarks can consist of small challenges – real life interactions in the language, for
example – which force you to prepare areas of vocabulary to overcome them. The
gratification that will come with their completion will serve to spur you on to ever
greater heights.
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Matthew and Michael had numerous micro-challenges throughout the week.
On the first day they were visited by a Turkish friend who greeted them in Turkish
and complimented them on how quickly they’d picked up their first words and
phrases. They then learned the names of fruits and the numbers from one to a billion
so that they could visit the Turkish market in Kreuzberg (although they refrained
from purchasing nine hundred thousand kumquats). Displaying their haul after their
first functional exchange in Turkish, they beamed with pride and a palpable sense of
accomplishment before marching back home to study further.
5. Eat The Language
Lesson learned: Find a way to tie everything you do to learning. Surround
yourself with the food, the music and the films, so that even in your downtime you can
prime your mind towards the language and perhaps trigger further areas of interest
and motivation.
On our second visit to the brothers’ apartment 24 hours into the week, we
found them sampling dozens of different kinds of Turkish snacks. Like kids staring at
the backs of cereal packs before heading to school, the nutritional information and
various special offers and competitions on the packaging were analysed during snack
breaks. There was no moment of complete removal from the language learning process during the eight hours that the twins had allotted to it. The intensity ebbed and
flowed, but it never dissipated entirely.
6. Use What You Already Know
Lesson learned: The greater the depth of processing, the more likely the information will be remembered. Find pleasure in drawing parallels and making comparisons between the language(s) you already know and your new language.
One of the twins’ most common phrases was, “ah, that’s a bit like in …
?” They were constantly using their existing knowledge to support the ever-growing
knowledge of Turkish. Not only did this spark some energetic exchanges regarding
the etymology of various words, but it also ensured new words would never be forgotten once woven into their web of associations. Even if you are learning your second language, you will likely come across words that share common origins with
words in your native tongue.
7. Variation is the spice of life
Lesson learned: So you have your route plotted and an idea of your favored
methods, but do remember to try new things; your new language has just as many
sources as your native language.
The twins spent a lot of time engrossed in books or on their computers and
apps, flicking and swiping their way through exercises eagerly, but at other times
they were to be found searching busily for Turkish radio stations and write-ups of
Turkish football games on the web. There is no definitive method to learn a language,
nor any tool or teacher that will single-handedly deliver you to the holy grail of fluency. Language is written, spoken, read and heard. Each of these areas is considered
a core skill within which there are myriad potential inputs; would you restrict yourself to one in your native language? All too often, people enter their weekly language
class to converse with their teacher, but then barely have any contact with other na-
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tive speakers or the media being broadcast in their target language. Try something
new every day. Listen to a cheesy song, read a newspaper article from a newspaper
whose politics differ from your own, write a story for kids, attempt some improvised
theatre and talk to yourself while cooking. Spice it up and add some flavour to your
language learning!
Seminar # 19
STYLISTIC ANALYSIS OF THE TEXT
Carry out the stylistic analysis of the following texts using the scheme.
Text # 1
Why People Go on Dates They Know Won’t Work Out
How could kindness and compassion ever clash with the romantic essence of
Valentine’s Day? According to a recent study published in Psychological Science, it
may be the very desire to spare someone’s feelings that leads us to accept undesirable
date requests.
Across two studies, psychological scientists Samantha Joel and Geoff MacDonald
of the University of Toronto, Canada, and Rimma Teper of Yale University found
evidence that the feelings of a potential romantic partner strongly influence decisions,
even when that means choosing a date’s self-interest over one’s own.
Instead of making romantic decisions based purely on our own emotions, Joel,
Teper, and MacDonald hypothesized that our prosocial tendencies may compel us to
accept advances from clearly incompatible dates to avoid hurting them. In addition,
we underestimate how much of a role these prosocial feelings play in our decisions to
consider – or not to consider – unsuitable potential partners.
In two studies, Joel and colleagues showed single college students three dating
profiles, ostensibly from other people in the study. The participants then picked out
their favorite profile.
In one study, the participants were then given additional materials on their
selection, including a photo showing that their date was unattractive. In the second
study, the added materials revealed that the potential date possessed several of the
traits that the participant had marked in a survey as deal breakers, such as
incompatible political views or a smoking habit.
Participants were then informed that their chosen date wanted to exchange
contact information to arrange a meeting. The students had to decide whether to give
their own contact details to the unsuitable prospective date, thereby letting that person
know whether or not they were interested in meeting up.
In both studies, half of the students were assigned to a “real-life” condition in
which they were told that the people whose profiles they’d seen were currently in the
lab and they would have the opportunity to meet in real life; participants in the
“hypothetical” condition were told to just imagine whether they’d go out with the
potential dates, since they weren’t currently available in the lab.
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Importantly, people in the study overestimated their willingness to ditch a bad
date. Joel and colleagues found that people were actually swayed to say yes out of
concern over hurting the other person’s feelings.
In the real-life condition, when people thought that a real person’s feelings
were on the line, they were significantly more likely to say yes to going out with the
unsuitable partner than were those who were just imagining how they would respond
in the hypothetical scenario.
“People fail to anticipate the extent to which other-focused concerns influence
their mate choices. Thus, people are more willing to reject unsuitable potential
partners in the abstract than they are in reality,” Joel and colleagues concluded.
These findings suggest that romance seekers may have to overcome the
potential pain of inflicting rejection – not just the pain of experiencing it – in order to
find their perfect match.
Reference
Joel, S., Teper, R., & MacDonald, G. (2014). People overestimate their willingness to
reject potential romantic partners by overlooking their concern for other people.
Psychological Science, 25, 2233–2240. doi: 10.1177/0956797614552828
Text # 2
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Seminar # 20
STYLISTIC ANALYSIS OF THE TEXT
Carry out the stylistic analysis of the following text using the scheme.
Ernest Hemingway
A very short story
One hot evening in Padua they carried him up onto the roof and he could look
out over the top of the town. There were chimney swifts in the sky. After a while it
got dark and the searchlights came out. The others went down and took the bottles
with them. He and Luz could hear them below on the balcony. Luz sat on the bed.
She was cool and fresh in the hot night.
Luz stayed on night duty for three months. They were glad to let her. When
they operated on him she prepared him for the operating table; and they had a joke
about friend or enema. He went under the anaesthetic holding tight on to himself so
he would not blab about anything during the silly, talky time. After he got on crutches
he used to take the temperatures so Luz would not have to get up from the bed. There
were only a few patients, and they all knew about it. They all liked Luz. As he
walked back along the halls he thought of Luz in his bed.
Before he went back to the front they went into the Duomo and prayed. It was
dim and quiet, and there were other people praying. They wanted to get married, but
there was not enough time for the banns, and neither of them had birth certificates.
They felt as though they were married, but they wanted everyone to know about it,
and to make it so they could not lose it.
Luz wrote him many letters that he never got until after the armistice. Fifteen
came in a bunch to the front and he sorted them by the dates and read them all
straight through. They were all about the hospital, and how much she loved him and
how it was impossible to get along without him and how terrible it was missing him
at night.
After the armistice they agreed he should go home to get a job so they might be
married. Luz would not come home until he had a good job and could come to New
York to meet her. It was understood he would not drink, and he did not want to see
his friends or anyone in the States. Only to get a job and be married. On the train
from Padua to Milan they quarreled about her not being willing to come home at
once. When they had to say good-bye, in the station at Milan, they kissed good-bye,
but were not finished with the quarrel. He felt sick about saying good-bye like that.
He went to America on a boat from Genoa. Luz went back to Pordonone to
open a hospital. It was lonely and rainy there, and there was a battalion of arditi quartered in the town. Living in the muddy, rainy town in the winter, the major of the battalion made love to Luz, and she had never known Italians before, and finally wrote
to the States that theirs had only been a boy and girl affair. She was sorry, and she
knew he would probably not be able to understand, but might some day forgive her,
and be grateful to her, and she expected, absolutely unexpectedly, to be married in the
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spring. She loved him as always, but she realized now it was only a boy and girl love.
She hoped he would have a great career, and believed in him absolutely. She knew it
was for the best.
The major did not marry her in the spring, or any other time. Luz never got an
answer to the letter to Chicago about it. A short time after he contracted gonorrhea
from a sales girl in a loop department store while riding in a taxicab through Lincoln
Park.
Seminar # 21
STYLISTIC ANALYSIS OF THE TEXT
Carry out the stylistic analysis of the following text using the scheme.
William Saroyan
The Faraway Night
This was a day of fog and remembrance of old days and old songs. I sat in the
house all afternoon listening to the songs. It was darker everywhere than light and
I remembered a song I sang to a girl on a bus once. For a while there we were in love,
but when the bus reached Topeka she got off and I never saw her again. In the middle
of the night when I kissed her she began to cry and I got sick with the sickness of
love. That was a young night in August, and I was on my way to New York for the
first time in my life. I got sick because I was going my way and she was going hers.
All this day of fog I was sat in the house remembering the way a man’s life
goes one way and all the other live another, each of them going its own way, and a
certain number of young people dying all the time. A certain number of them going
along and dying. If you don’t see them again they are dead even if it is a small world:
even if you go back and look for each of them and find them you find them dead because any way any of them go is a way that kills.
The bus came to Topeka and she got off and walked around a comer and
I never saw her again. I saw many others, many of them as lovely as she, but never
another like her, never another with that sadness and loveliness of voice, and never
another who wept as she wept. There will never be another with her sadness. There
will never be an American night like that again. She herself might be lovelier now
than then but there will never be another sadness of night like that and never again
will she or anyone else weep that way and no man who kisses her will grow sick with
the sickness of the love of that night. All of it belongs to a night in America which is
lost and can never be found. All of it belongs to the centuries of small accidents, all
trivial, all insignificant, which brought her to the seat beside me, and all the small accidents which placed me there, waiting for her.
She came and sat beside me, and I knew the waiting of all the years had been
for her, but when she got off the bus in Topeka I stayed on and three days later
I reached New York.
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That’s all that happened except that something of myself is still there in that
warm, faraway, American night.
When the darkness of day became the darkness of night I put on my hat and
left the house. I walked through the fog to the city, my heart following me like a big
patient dog, and in the city I found some of the dead who are my friends, and in
laughter more deadly and grievous than the bitterest weeping we ate and drank and
talked and sang and all that I remembered was the loveliness of her weeping because
the years of small accidents had brought us together, and the foolishness of my heart
telling me to stay with her and go nowhere, telling me there was nowhere to go.
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APPENDIXES
TABLE OF FUNCTIONAL STYLES
Appendix 1
Functional style,
substyle
1. Belles-
lettres
style:
poetry
emotive
prose
drama
2. Newspaper
style
3. etc.
Aim Function Language
peculiarities
aestheticocognitive
aestheticocognitive
style
substyle
style
(in general)
substyles
(in particular)
Everything
must be in
brief!
Examples
all the substyles!
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