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Файл:Стилистика второго иностранного языка. Практикум для студентов 4-го курса Института иностранных языков
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They went back along the gravel path and passed in the door. The maid stayed
outside to close the umbrella. As the American girl passed the office, the padrone
bowed from his desk. Something felt very small and tight inside the girl. The padrone
made her feel very small and at the same time really important. She had a momentary
feeling of being of supreme importance. She went on up the stairs. She opened the
door of the room. George was on bed, reading.
“Did you get the cat?” he asked, putting the book down.
“It was gone.”
“Wonder where it went to,” he said, resting his eyes from reading.
She sat down on the bed.
“I wanted it so much,” she said. “I don’t know why I wanted it so much.
I wanted that poor kitty. It isn’t any fun to be a poor kitty out in the rain.”
George was reading again.
She went over and sat in front of the mirror of the dressing table looking at
herself with the hand glass. She studied her profile, first one side and then the other.
Then she studied the back of her head and her neck.
“Don’t you think it would be a good idea if I let my hair grow out?” she asked,
looking at her profile again.
George looked up and saw the back of her neck, clipped close like a boy’s.
“I like it the way it is.”
“I get so tired of it,” she said. “I get so tired of looking like a boy.”
George shifted his position in the bed. He hadn’t looked away from her since
she started to speak.
“You look pretty darn nice,” he said.
She laid the mirror down on the dresser and went over to the window and
looked out. It was getting dark.
“I want to pull my hair back tight and smooth and make a big knot at the back that
I can feel,” she said. I want to have a kitty to sit on my lap and purr when I stroke her.”
“Yeah?” George said from the bed.
“And I want to eat at a table with my own silver and I want candles. And
I want it to be spring and I want to brush my hair out in front of the mirror and I want
a kitty and I want some new clothes.”
“Oh, shut up and get something to read,” George said. He was reading again.
His wife was looking out of the window. It was quite dark now and still raining
in the palm trees.
“Anyway, I want a cat,” she said, “I want a cat. I want a cat now. If I can’t
have long hair or any fun, I can have a cat.”
George was not listening. He was reading his book. His wife looked out of the
window where the light had come on in the square.
Someone knocked at the door.
“Avanti,” George said. He looked up from his book.
In the doorway stood the maid. She held a big tortoise-shell cat pressed tight
against her and swung down against her body.
“Excuse me,” she said, “the padrone asked to bring this for the Signora.”
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Seminar # 3
STYLISTIC CLASSIFICATION OF THE ENGLISH VOCABULARY
Questions for discussion
1. Stylistic classification of the vocabulary: general considerations.
9 three main layers (literary, neutral, colloquial) and their aspects;
9 groups of literary and colloquial vocabulary;
9 standard English vocabulary.
2. Neutral, common literary and common colloquial vocabulary.
3. Special literary vocabulary.
9 terms;
9 poetic and highly literary words;
9 archaic, obsolescent and obsolete words, historisms;
9 barbarisms and foreignisms;
9 literary coinages.
4. Special colloquial vocabulary.
9 slang;
9 jargon;
9 professionalisms;
9 dialectal words;
9 vulgar words;
9 colloquial coinages.
Terms to be included into the glossaries
term, poetic word, archaic word, historism, barbarism, foreignism, slang, jargon,
professionalism, dialectal word, vulgarism, nonce word (occasionalism), neologism
Reading matter
1. Lectures.
2. Galperin I.R. Stylistics (Стилистика английского языка). – 3-е изд. – М.:
Высш. школа, 1981. – P. 70–122.
3. Shakhovsky V.I. English Stylistics. – М.: Издательство «КомКнига
», 2008. –
P. 205.
4. Kukharenko V.A. A book of practice in stylistics (Практикум по стилистике
английского языка). – М.: Высш. шк., 1986. – P. 25–28.
Practical assignments
1. Mark each word in the line as neutral, colloquial, literary.
1. child – kid – infant – offspring;
2. father – daddy – male parent / ancestor;
3. leave / go away – be off / get out / get away / get lost – retire / withdraw;
4. continue – go on / carry on – proceed;
5. begin / start – get going / get started / Come on! – commence.
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2. Identify in the underlined words different groups of special literary and
special colloquial
vocabulary.
1. He kept looking at the fantastic gree of the jungle and then at the orange-
brown earth…The Lord giveth
and He taketh away, Ridges thought sol-
emnly. (N. Mailer)
2. She had said ‘Au revoir!
3. For oft
, when on my couch I lie … (W. Wordsworth)
4. I’m the first one saw her. I find out she’s some jock’s regular
with a shrimp
. (F.S. Fitzgerald)
’ Not good-bye! (J. Galsworthy)
, she’s living
5. “What a fool Rawdon Crawley has been,” Clump replied, “to go and marry
a governess. There was something about the girl too.” // “Green eyes, fair
skin, pretty figure, famous frontal development
,” Squill remarked.
(W.M. Thackeray)
6. “Poor son of a bitch
”, he said, “I feel for him, and I’m so sorry I was bas-
tardly”. (J. Jones)
7. There was a long conversation – a long wait. His father came back to say it
was doubtful whether they could make the loan
secured for money
, was a small rate of interest, considering its need. For ten
per cent Mr. Kuzel might make a call-loan
. Eight per cent, then being
. Frank went back to his em-
ployer, whose commercial choler rose at the report. (Th. Dreiser)
8. We’ll show Levenford what my clever lass
9. I wandered lonely as a cloud // That floats on high o’er
can do. (A. Cronin)
vales and hills …
(W. Wordsworth)
10. Father Knickerbocker met them at the ferry giving one a right-hander
nose and the other an uppercut
with his left just to let them know that the
on the
fight was on. (O. Henry)
11. The little boy, too, we observed, had a famous appetite, and consumed
schinken
, and braten, and kartoffeln, and cranberry jam... with a gallantry
that did honour to his nation. (W.M. Thackeray)
12. “Il piove
,” the wife said. She liked the hotel keeper. // “Si, si, Signora,
brutto tempo. It’s very bad weather.” (E. Hemingway)
3. Divide the given vocabulary into the following groups: archaic words (1),
poetic words (2), historic words (3), vulgarisms (4), slang (5), professional-
isms (6).
pal, yeoman, crony, vassal, heavies, whorehound, woolies, hammerman, booze,
dough, falconet, how’s tricks, beat it, steed, damned, qouth, woe, son of a bitch, re-
past, hell of, to deem, nay, cursed, brethren, whore, brake weight, bloody, pebble pup
1 2 3 4 5 6
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4. Point out the stylistic reference of each synonym in the groups below to
different types of vocabulary: literary (common / special), neutral or col-
loquial (common / special).
1. face – visage – mug – deadpan;
2. nose – snout – beak – nasal cavity;
3. I think – I gather – I presume – I take it – I guess it – me thinks;
4. boy – youth – lad – young male person – youngster – teenager;
5. lass – girl – maiden – wench – young female person;
6. nonsense – absurdity – rot – trash;
7. legs – pins – lower extremities;
8. Silence, please! – Stop talking! – Shut your trap!
9. friend – comrade – pal – buddy – acquaintance;
10. Hurry up! – Move on! – Hasten your step!
Seminar # 4
DENOTATION AND CONNOTATION
Questions for discussion
1. Word meaning as a linguistic phenomenon.
9 lexical meaning: denotative and connotative components;
9 grammatical meaning.
2. Components of connotation.
9 expressiveness (+ its special type – imagery);
9 evaluative component;
9 emotive charge;
9 stylistic component.
3. Approaches to the structure of connotation.
9 traditional approach;
9 the latest conception of connotation (V.I. Shakhovsky).
4. Contextual connotation.
Terms to be included into the glossaries
lexical meaning, denotation, connotation
Reading matter
1. Lectures.
2. Galperin I.R. Stylistics (Стилистика английского языка). – 3-е изд. – М.:
Высш. школа, 1981. – P. 57–69.
3. Kukharenko V.A. A book of practice in stylistics (Практикум по стилистике
английского языка). – М.: Высш. шк., 1986. – P. 22–24.
4. Shakhovsky V.I. English Stylistics. – М.: Издательство «КомКнига», 2008. –
P. 29–46, P. 207–209.
5. Арнольд И.В. Стилистика. Современный английский язык: Учебник для
вузов. – 5-е изд., испр. и доп. – М.: Флинта: Наука, 2002. – С. 150–170.
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Practical assignments
1. Match the major components of connotation (1-7) with their definitions (a-g).
1. associative compo-
nent
2. emotiveness
3. ideological / concep-
tual
4. evaluative compo-
nent
5. expressiveness
6. stylistic component
7. pragmatic compo-
nent
a) a coded information of sphere of commu-
nication, functional style of the language,
etc.;
b) individual psychological or linguistic as-
sociations, with related and nonrelated
notions;
c) coded evaluation of the object;
d) perlocutionary effect of utterance;
e) intensification of the meaning, both emo-
tional and logical;
f) emotional state of the speaker or one’s
emotional attitude towards the object of
nominating or situation of the speech;
g) political, social, ideological preferences of
the user.
2. For each pair of words and a phrase, list the one that is positive in the
POSITIVE CONNOTATION category, the one that is negative in the
NEGATIVE CONNOTATION category, and the phrase that is a more
neutral definition for both words in the DENOTATION column. The first
two are done for you.
1. gaze, look steadily, stare;
2. fragrance, odor, a smell sensed by the olfactory nerve;
3. brainwash, persuade, influence one way or another;
4. delayed, not on time, tardy;
5. somewhat interested, nosy, curious;
6. lazily, without haste, leisurely;
7. ask of someone, demand, request;
8. gathering, a large group, mob;
9. slim, skinny, less than average build;
10. discuss with others, debate, argue;
11. observe, watch, spy;
12. a young age, youthful, immature;
13. not having a care, irresponsible, carefree;
14. unique, not commonly found, strange;
15. find, detect, snoop;
16. inexpensive, fairly priced, cheap;
17. isolation, privacy, having an opportunity to be alone;
18. assertive, firmly confident, pushy;
19. extravagance, generosity, giving much.
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2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
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12
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POSITIVE
CONNOTATION
gaze look steadily stare
fragrance a smell sensed by the olfactory nerve odor
DENOTATION NEGATIVE
CONNOTATION
3. Read each sentence. Identify the best fitting word for the sentence based
on the connotation of each word. Use the HINTS to guide you.
1. “And this particular neighborhood,” said the realtor to the young married
couple, “will suit families who are __________.” (HINT: It is rude to refer
to someone’s wealth)
a. rich;
b. loaded;
c. well to do.
2. Daniel’s doctor said, “I recommend a low-fat, low-carbohydrate diet be-
cause you are becoming __________ .” (HINT: The doctor wouldn’t insult
a patient)
a. fat;
b. large;
c. overweight.
3. What makes Jewel so difficult to understand is that she is rather
__________. (HINT: We want the least insulting word)
a. withdrawn;
b. shy;
c. closeted.
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4. We were all so sorry to hear that you had gotten ___________ from the
plant. (HINT: Be kind. It’s hard to lose your job)
a. canned;
b. let go;
c. fired.
5. We like Heath as the shift supervisor because he has a __________ attitude.
(HINT: We want the most complimenting word here)
a. laid back;
b. careless;
c. lackadaisical.
6. “We understand”, said the customer service representative, “that our new policy
might be __________ .” (HINT: The customer service representative doesn’t
want to make themselves look bad so they choose the most positive word)
a. inconvenient;
b. a pain in the neck;
c. infuriating.
4. Identify the component of connotation (evaluative, expressive or stylistic)
in the following words.
1. brat = an annoying, ill-behaving child;
2. egg (milit.) = bomb;
3. pig-headed = very stubborn and obstinate;
4. notorious = known widely and unfavorably;
5. bint (sl., derog.) = girl;
6. snatch = seize quickly and eagerly;
7. adore = love greatly;
8. hence;
9. useless work = to slave;
10. steed (poet.) = horse;
11. huge = extremely large;
12. paukie (Scottish) = sly;
13. famous = widely known and esteemed;
14. duffer = indecent person;
15. dish (sl., endear.) = girl;
16. ruffian = brutal violent lawless person;
17. kicking = healthy;
18. aforesaid.
5. Fill in the gaps in the following formulas, reflecting the basic approaches
to the structure of connotation.
1) Denotation + Connotation: (a) ______ + (b) ______ + (c) ______ + (d) ______
2) [Denotation: (e) ______ + (f) ______ + (g) ______ + Connotation: (h) ______] = (i)
______
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6. Which of the given approaches is a traditional one, and which one has
been offered by V.I. Shakhovsky?
Seminar # 5
LEXICAL STYLISTIC DEVICES
Questions for discussion
1. Stylistic semasiology.
2. Expressive means and stylistic devices: definitions, differences and common
features.
3. Different views on the classification of stylistic devices (I.R. Galperin,
V.I. Shakhovsky).
4. Lexical stylistic devices caused by the interaction of dictionary and contextual
meanings.
9 metaphorical group (metaphor, personification);
9 metonymical group (metonymy, synecdoche);
9 transfer by contrast (irony).
Terms to be included into the glossaries
expressive means, stylistic device, metaphor, personification, metonymy, synecdoche,
irony
Reading matter
1. Lectures.
2. Galperin I.R. Stylistics (Стилистика английского языка). – 3-е изд. – М.:
Высш. школа, 1981. – P. 139–148.
3. Kukharenko V.A. A book of practice in stylistics (Практикум по стилистике
английского языка). – М.: Высш. шк., 1986. – P. 37–42, P. 46–47.
4. Shakhovsky V.I. English Stylistics. – М.: Издательство «КомКнига», 2008. –
P. 91–98.
5. Арнольд
И.В. Стилистика. Современный английский язык: Учебник для
вузов. – 5-е изд., испр. и доп. – М.: Флинта: Наука, 2002. – С. 88–98,
С. 123–130.
Practical assignments
1. Find out the cases of metaphor, personification, metonymy, synecdoche
and irony
given in the sentences below.
1. At midnight I went on deck, and to my mate’s great surprise put the ship
round on the other tack. His terrible whiskers flitted round me in silent criticism. (J. Conrad)
2. Bookcases covering one wall boasted a half-shelf of literature. (T. Capote)
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3. All the world’s a stage, And all the men and women merely players; They
have their exits and their entrances, And one man in his time plays many
parts, His acts being seven ages. (W. Shakespeare)
4. I’m mighty glad Georgia waited till after Christmas before it seceded or it
would have ruined the Christmas parties. (M. Mitchell)
5. Earth felt the wound; and Nature from her seat, // Sighing, through all her
works, gave signs of woe. (J. Milton)
6. When it comes, the landscape listens, // Shadows hold their breath.
(E. Dickinson)
7. Apart from splits based on politics, racial, religious and ethnic backgrounds
and specific personality differences, we’re just one cohesive team. (D. Uhnak)
8. His eye met hers as she sat there paler and whiter than anyone in the vast
ocean of anxious faces about her. (F.R. Stockton)
9. “Life” – wrote a friend of mine, “is a public performance on the violin, in
which you must learn the instrument as you go along.” (E.M. Forster)
10. Pearl Button swung on the little gate in front of the House of Boxes. It was
the early afternoon of a sunshiny day with little winds playing hide-andseek in it. (K. Mansfield)
11. He spent two years in prison, making a number of valuable contacts among
other upstanding embezzlers, frauds and confidence men whilst inside.
(A. Cronin)
12. I drink to the general joy o’ the whole table. (W. Shakespeare)
13. But it is just two lovers, holding hands and in a hurry to reach their car, their
locked hands a starfish leaping through the dark. (J. Updike)
14. Her heart was divided between concern for her sister, and resentment
against all the others. (J. Austen)
15. Sonny Grosso was a worrier who looked for and frequently managed to
find, the dark side of most situations. (P. la Murre)
16. The party preserved a dignified homogeneity, and assumed to itself the
function of representing the staid nobility of the countryside – East Egg
condescending to West Egg, and carefully on guard against its spectroscopic gayety. (F.S. Fitzgerald)
17. I hied me away to the woods – away back into the sun-washed alleys car-
peted with fallen gold and glades where the moss is green and vivid yet.
The woods are getting ready to sleep – they are not yet asleep but they are
disrobing and are having all sorts of little bed-time conferences and whisperings and good-nights. (L.M. Montgomery)
18. “Well. It’s shaping up into a lovely evening, isn’t it?” “Great,” he said.
“And if I may say so, you’re doing everything to make it harder, you little
sweet.” (D. Parker)
19. The pen is mightier than the sword. (E. Bulwer-Lytton)
20. Our words are but crumbs that fall down from the feast of the mind. (K. Gibran)
21. Tell that its sculptor well those passions read // Which yet survive, stamped
on these lifeless things, // The hand that mocked them. (P.B. Shelley)
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22. The delicatessen owner was a spry and jolly fifty. (T. Rawson)
23. I saw the best minds of my generation destroyed by madness, starving hys-
terical naked … who disappeared into the volcanoes of Mexico leaving behind nothing but the shadow of dungarees and the lava and ash of poetry
scattered in fireplace Chicago. (A. Ginsberg)
24. Friends, Romans, Countrymen, lend me your ears… (W. Shakespeare)
25. She saw around her, clustered about the white tables, multitudes of violently
red lips, powdered cheeks, cold, hard eyes, self-possessed arrogant faces,
and insolent bosoms. (A. Bennett)
2. Make a card (only you have the answers to it!) that includes examples of
metaphor, personification, metonymy, synecdoche
and irony. Make copies
for your groupmates and teacher.
Seminar # 6
LEXICAL STYLISTIC DEVICES
Questions for discussion
1. Interjections and exclamatory words.
2. Epithet. Classification of epithets: semantical (original and trite epithets) and
structural types (simple, pair, chain, reversed epithets).
3. Antonomasia. Varieties of antonomasia. “Speaking names”.
Terms to be included into the glossaries
interjection, exclamatory word, epithet, antonomasia
Reading matter
1. Lectures.
2. Galperin I.R. Stylistics (Стилистика английского языка). – 3-е изд. – М.:
Высш. школа, 1981. – P. 154–166.
3. Kukharenko V.A. A book of practice in stylistics (Практикум по стилистике
английского языка). – М.: Высш. шк., 1986. – P. 50–57.
4. Shakhovsky V.I. English Stylistics. – М.: Издательство «КомКнига», 2008. –
P. 98–99, P. 101.
5. Арнольд И.В. Стилистика. Современный английский язык: Учебник для ву-
зов. – 5-е изд., испр. и доп. – М.: Флинта: Наука, 2002. – С. 128, С. 130–136.
Practical assignments
1. Find out the cases of interjection, exclamatory word, epithet and antono-
masia given in the sentences below.
1. Nice! You got a Monster Kill in your first game!
(http://partofspeech.org/interjection/)
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