Стилистика английского языка. English Stylistics. Учебное пособие

One can talk about depleting a resource in two related ways. First, remember that nature conserves atoms, but not necessarily molecules. Nature’s rate of production of molecules, such as those which compose petroleum, is negligible compared to the rate at which we extract and burn them.

How can we conserve our resources? That is, how can we slow down the rate at which we use them? The “three R’s” of conservation are replace, reuse, and recycle. To replace a resource requires finding substitute materials with similar properties, preferably materials from renewable resources.

Gathering, processing, and using resources generates unwanted materials. We must also manage these materials. The waste and dispersion of nonrenewable resources may eventually pose serious threats to the

Many communities realize the wisdom of this aspect of resource management. How is a recycling program planned and organized? Let’s consider such an activity in detail.

Тhe language of news media owes its peculiarity to the h e a d l i n e s that make part of any publication and help to arrange the news in the print edition or its online version. A headline is brief and eye-catching. In a compressed way it outlines the content of the article and advertises it. Hence, syntactically a headline may be an elliptical or nominative sentence. Brevity is as well secured by the omission of link verbs and articles, the use of abbreviations, attributive noun chains and non-finite verb forms. To grasp the reader’s attention headlines may include emotionally coloured words, puns, decomposed set phrases, rhetorical questions, direct addresses, full or shortened quotes, rhyme, rhythm, alliteration, changes in types, etc.

Subheadings if present expand on the information of the headline.

In general, n e w s r e p o r t i n g must be concise, clear, accurate and objective. All this has got its structural and linguistic embodiment.

In comparison with most other types of journalistic writing news stories have shorter sentences and paragraphs. Each paragraph contains one main fact. In a successive paragraph a new fact, character, or setting is introduced.

News reportage can appear in its clipped form, i.e. in the form of a news brief. The difference between it and a news story is the length. A news brief ha rdly excee ds sever al short stat ements. It follows t he inve rt ed pyramid composition with the key information in the lead and may be reduced to the announcement of the news which means the avoidance of all the details that can be done without. News briefs are laid out on the front page and often coincide with the initial part of a longer publication the rest of which can be found inside the print edition or news site. They are also read out as news items in a radio or TV news programme.

Besides, it is not only the anchor / announcer who reads out the news. It may be presented by the inclusion of reports from special correspondents, interviews with the officials, etc. The “natural” sounds and various

The spectrum of linguistic means that convey evaluation ranges from emotionally coloured words and words with positive or negative connotations to imagery creating devices and artistic comparisons (epithets, metaphors, metonymies, hyperboles, puns, similes, idioms, allusions, etc.). The effect may be reinforced by structures of expressive syntax (inversions, rhetorical questions, exclamations, etc.). The use of the 1st person pronouns and active verb forms may also be viewed as the indicators of the subjectivity in treating the topic.

How far journalists go in their interpretation and whether their opinion is imposed or just shared depends on the type of publication, the author’s vision of the problem, the individual manner of writing, the nature of the agency, and many other factors.

Structurally opinion articles may start from a brief tale, a sample account to illustrate or foreshadow the main story and thus to stimulate the audience’s interest. That is why it may take longer than in a news story to get to the main point.

The expansion of news reportage in broadcasting demonstrates multitude and variability of “analysis, opinion, comment” formats which makes any kind of generalization nearly impossible. Among such formats

What are the two basic functions of the news media style?1. By what subdivisions is the news media style presented?2. Which factors cause the differentiation between “news” and 3.