Добавил:
ivanov666
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Стилистика английского языка. English Stylistics. Учебное пособие
.pdf
51
Chapter 2. Syntactical stylistics
Chocolates? No, Kate despised chocolates. Flowers? No, Kate 4.
thought flowers a foolish extravagance.
“If I could help to get him a real good job –” she said. The rest of 5.
it was silent but unmistakable: he’d marry me. Maybe.
Mrs. Moore had rung once or twice during the day, but there had 6.
been no reply. That Emma and her precious job. What was she, except
a glorified typist.
“I want to see my sister. If I could just talk to her – ” 7.
Rosita sniffed and in her well-bottom voice declared that yes, it 8.
was better that they stay out of the sun as it seems to be affecting Ottilie’s
head.
One more word from you and I’ll… .9.
The evening breeze whipped at his jacket as he got out of the car 10.
and prepared to cross the picket lines again. Same people, same buildings,
same wind.
He went into the little bathroom, bathed his face, gave himself 11.
a short shot from the Scotch, put on his hat and coat, and went
downstairs.
Russ opened his mouth to argue, then shut it on second thought. 12.
She could be right, he mused. Why else would he have turned around and
dashed home to get his car?
We talked quietly, and listened to the night. Creak and sigh of 13.
hulls, slap of small waves against pilings, muted motor noises of the fans
and generators and pumps.
“Tell me about her”, said Max. “Tell me what she was like as 14.
a friend. You see – ” he had his speech word-perfect now.
Max put the phone down. He would take Georgina’s car. It’d be 15.
fun. And he’d earn – what was it Joe had said – a hundred pounds? He
could use a hundred pounds. Money for old rope. Or rather new dope,
Max thought, smiling at his own wit.
We hold the dream in front of them like a carrot, and finally say 16.
sorry, you can’t have any.
Here and there a bakery with the sweet warm smell of new loaves; 17.
little bookstores to remind man that he did not live by bread alone.
52
Part I. EXPRESSIVE STYLISTICS
It was a perfect day. The sky cloudless, the air frigid but windless, 18.
the sun warm.
Assignment 5. Discuss the types and functions of litotes and rhetorical
question.
Someone had once said that he had the personality of wet sand, 1.
and the description was not an unjust one.
He was a tall, thin, dark-haired man who had a loud voice that he 2.
was not reluctant to raise.
Would it not be almost a duty to preserve this house?3.
And old Jolyon mused. What pleasure was there left but to give? 4.
It was pleasant to give, when you could find one who would be thankful
for what you give – of your own flesh and blood.
And when she saw him watching her, she looked less than pleased 5.
to see him.
She led a simple life now, not unlike her father’s servants.6.
“I’ve dropped my eyeglasses, that’s all that’s wrong with me,” 7.
Mr. Smeeth announced not without dignity.
Mason was not displeased, and neither was his stomach.8.
They were less than polite.9.
Pop felt not at all uncheerful himself.10.
The whites still owned and controlled everything, and that in itself 11.
was not unbearable.
He was not displeased by what he saw.12.
What do we live for if not to make life less difficult for each 13.
other?
Couldn’t she see that the whole principle of justice was at stake?14.
They had found each other again and that was no small thing.15.
These days he was smoking too heavily, but what else was there 16.
to do?
53
Chapter 2. Syntactical stylistics
SELF-STUDY: CONTEXTS FOR STYLISTIC ANALYSIS
Assignment 6. Prepare in writing your analysis of various syntactical
stylistic devices traced in the given contexts; be ready to comment on their
functions in class. Check your answers against the key (see Appendix 2).
She was quicker than he was, faster on the uptake, her grades were 1.
consistently better, her successes more frequent, her failures fewer.
Betsey was once again in a ferment of anxiety – what should they 2.
eat, who should he meet, what should they do?
She began to feel a little strange about the journey through 3.
a countryside she had imagined in England, so grand and majestic was it.
She was able to judge which of the girls at Emery were really rich, 4.
which were quite rich and which barely rich.
In theory she was catching up on her typing and filing, but in 5.
practice she was talking, endlessly talking, patiently and politely to
clients, telling them that yes, Lady Caterham had been working on their
color board, or design, or room plan.
Offers poured in almost every day, and they were even trying to 6.
work out if they should get a third person in to help (a notion Angie was
half pleased about, half resistant to).
He was in his early forties and his physical appearance, while not 7.
unattractive, was certainly far from prepossessing.
You shop, we drop. 8. (delivery advertisement)
Of one thing he was certain: this was going to be a difficult 9.
meeting.
Mine was the Great American Dream achieved. Money and 10.
idleness.
But like all fanciful ideas, it was high in expectations and low in 11.
results.
Miles and miles we went through desert, and miles and miles 12.
through mountains and forests that took your breath with their stillness
and fierce vitality.
I was out in the free morning air, box on my shoulder, case in my 13.
hand, Brooklyn Bridge and all my life ahead and waiting.
I could be wrong, he thought again, the doubt growing. All right, 14.
all right, he told himself irritably, let’s watch this blasted street.
54
Part I. EXPRESSIVE STYLISTICS
Still it had been exciting… and not unsweet.15.
The time to speak of any of her closely kept secrets would come 16.
tomorrow, or the day after… or never.
A college diploma does not mean you are educated. Quite the 17.
contrary. It means that you have been opened to a lifelong hunger for
more – more ideas, more knowledge, more good thought, more challenge,
more of everything.
After a short silence, an unusual sound, a most strange sound, 18.
a fantastic and incredible sound travelled round the dark little room.
They continued a little longer, dramatically and not unpleasantly, 19.
in this strain.
I want you out of this country in one hour, or else…20.
He frowned towards the desk: too many books and papers there. 21.
And a large photograph.
The weather had become colder, and after a bath and a cocktail and 22.
a change of clothes he felt much refreshed; of strawberries and cream –
his favorite dessert – he asked a second helping.
The answer was that they’d be working together. Working. 23.
Together.
The shops themselves were full, the Christmas pavements were 24.
jammed, and the vehicles on the crowded road could hold no more.
What courage can withstand the ever during terrors of a woman’s 25.
tongue?
We set out cold, we arrived at church colder, during the morning 26.
service we became almost paralysed.
“If he – he pointed with his skinny fore-finger up the stairs – is so 27.
hard for you (he’s a brute, Nance, a brute – beast), why don’t you – ”
There was no justice, there was only life. And life she had.28.
The great gate was shut; at the posters stood the porter, and at his 29.
side a massive figure in blue, who demanded their names.
He loves the house more than anything in the world. Far more than 30.
any of us.
A man’s life could depend on his actions. One false step – 31.
What runs but never walks? – River.32.
What turns without moving? – Milk.
What has good teeth but cannot bite? – A comb.
55
Chapter 2. Syntactical stylistics
Ask for more than you deserve, and you get more than you 33.
bargained for.
“The day on which I take the happiest and best step of my life – 34.
the day on which I shall be a man more exulting and more enviable than
any other man in the world – the day on which I give the Bleak House its
little mistress – shall be next month, then,” said my guardian.
REFERENCES
Арнольд, И.В. Стилистика английского языка : учеб. для вузов /
И.В. Арнольд. 4-е изд., испр. и доп. М. : Флинта ; Наука, 2002. – 383 с.
Бурлак, Т.Ф. Практикум по стилистике английского языка. = A Practice
Book in English Stylistics / Т.Ф. Бурлак, Л.С. Крохалева, С.Е. Кунцевич.
Минск : МГЛУ, 2005. – 106 с.
Гальперин, И.Р. Стилистика английского языка = English Stylistics /
И.Р. Галь перин. 5-е изд. М. : Книжный дом «Либроком», 2013. – 336 с.
Знаменская, Е.А. Стилистика английского языка. Основы курса : учеб.
пособие / Т.А. Знаменская. 3-е изд., испр. М. : Едиториал УРСС, 2005. –
208 с.
Мальцев, В.А. Учебное пособие по аналитическому чтению /
В.А. Маль цев. Минск : Выш. шк., 1980. – 240 с.
PART II
FUNCTIONAL STYLISTICS
CHAPTER 1. THE STYLE of offICIAL DoCumENTS
THEORY
The style of official documents as any other major style is not
homogeneous and comprises several substyles. It falls into the substyles
of and
. T h e m a i n ai m of t h e st y l e o f o f f i c i a l
d o cu me n ts i s t o r e a c h a n a g r e e m e nt a n d t o s t a t e
conditions binding two parties (sides) in an undert a k i ng , t h e p a r t ie s b e i n g t h e s t a t e a n d th e s t a t e , th e
state and the citizen, the citizen and the citizen, a
p e r s o n i n a u t ho r i t y a n d a s u b o r di n a t e . This aim is achieved
with the help of such stylistic features as exactness, absence of emotions,
their clarity, brevity, avoidance of ambiguity, and non-admittance of
many different interpretations. It should be mentioned that the latter
feature, characteristic of all written documents, goes to greater length in
diplomatic and legal documents. The aim of the style also predetermines
such peculiarities of its substyles as certain composition, extensive use of
terminology, clichés, and the use of abbreviations.
The common features of this style are realized in different ways in the
above mentioned substyles. Thus, the composition of diplomatic documents,
such as treaties, conventions, agreements, will include the preamble, the
substantive clauses (the body), and the formal (final) clauses, whereas the
layout of a business document (a letter) consists of the heading with the date
and the address of the person or organization to which the document is sent,
the salutation, the body, the complimentary clause and the signature.
Another important feature of the style is the use of terms: diplomatic
(to accredit dispatch ambassador to negotiate); legal (dulydeemed
56
57
Chapter 1. The Style of Official Documents
insurance legislation); business (aviso contractor transit account
current); military (machine-gunarmyorderattack).
Since Latin and French have always had a great influence on English
vocabulary, borrowings constitute a fair amount of official terminology,
especially in diplomatic practice where these languages remained
dominant for centuries and many of the borrowings still have not been
“naturalized”, such as bona fidepersona non gratamemorandum (from
Latin) and chargé d’affairesattaché (from French). Abbreviations are
often used in all substyles: the UNO – the United Nations Organization,
EE – Envoy Extraordinary (in diplomacy); AG – Attorney General,
JurD – Doctor of Law (legal); LTD – Limited, cml – commercial,
Co – company (business). They are particularly abundant in military
documents where their number may be up to 50–60 per cent of the text,
which may be explained by the fact that they are used not only as
conventional symbols but as signs of the military code which is supposed
to be known only to initiated: Bde – brigade, Inf. Div. – Infantry Division,
FA Field Artillery, ACP – Air Check Point.
One of the most striking features of the style is a special system of
clichés and set expressions by which each substyle can be easily
recognized:
diplomatic: the high contracting parties, to ratify an agreement, extra-
territorial status;
legal: to deal with a case, a body of judges, summary procedure;
business: extra revenue, taxable capacities, liability to profit ta;
military: intelligence report, operation map, timer mechanism.
Two of the four substyles – diplomatic and legal, contain a number of
archaic words and expressions: heretohenceforthwhereonin witness
whereof per capita modus operandi ex-gratia payment right in
personam, which clearly show that these substyles are very conservative
and change very slowly, preserving the tendency to use the same
stereotyped words and phrases for centuries.
From the point of view of typical syntactic features we can speak
about the predominance of extended complex and compound sentences
abundant in participial constructions and the tendency to separate the
subject from the predicate (in the preambles of diplomatic documents),
58
Part II. FUNCTIONAL STYLISTICS
or sentences as long as to compose entire documents (as in legal
practice).
But in business documents with their requirements for lucidity and
conciseness the sentences are rather short; and military documents
syntactically include mostly short sentences, nominal, verbal and even
one-member.
Self-control questions
1. What are the functions of the style of official documents?
2. What are the subdivisions of the style?
3. How can you explain the use of Latin and French terms in diplomatic
documents?
4. What are the peculiarities of the structure of a business letter?
5. What are the typical syntactical features of legal documents?
6. Why are there so many abbreviations in military documents?
PRACTICE
ASSIGNMENTS FOR CLASS WORK
Assignment 1. Read the samples of diplomatic documents given below.
Point out the peculiarities of the substyle of diplomatic documents: a) at the
structural level; b) at the lexical level; c) at the syntactical level.
CONVENTION CONCERNING THE PROTECTION
OF THE WORLD CULTURAL AND NATURAL HERITAGE
THE GENERAL CONFERENCE of the United Nations Educational,
Scientific and Cultural Organization meeting in Paris from 17 October
to 21 November 1972, at its seventeenth session:
noting that the cultural heritage and the natural heritage are ••
increasingly threatened with destruction not only by the traditional causes
of decay, but also by changing social and economic conditions which
aggravate the situation with even more formidable phenomena of damage
or destruction,
considering that deterioration or disappearance of any item of the ••
cultural or natural heritage constitutes a harmful impoverishment of the
heritage of all the nations of the world,
59
Chapter 1. The Style of Official Documents
considering that protection of this heritage at the national level ••
often remains incomplete because of the scale of the resources which it
requires and of the insufficient economic, scientific, and technological
resources of the country where the property to be protected is situated,
recalling that the Constitution of the Organization provides that it ••
will maintain, increase, and diffuse knowledge, by assuring the
conservation and protection of the world’s heritage, and recommending
to the nations concerned the necessary international conventions, <…>
having decided, at its sixteenth session, that this question should be ••
made the subject of an international convention,
adopts this sixteenth day of November 1972 this Convention.••
DEFINITION OF THE CULTURAL AND NATURAL HERITAGE
For the purposes of this Convention, the following shall be considered
as “cultural heritage”:
monuments: architectural works, works of monumental sculpture ••
and painting, elements or structures of an archaeological nature,
inscriptions, cave dwellings and combinations of features, which are of
outstanding universal value from the point of view of history, art or
science;
groups of buildings: groups of separate or connected buildings ••
which, because of their architecture, their homogeneity or their place in
the landscape, are of outstanding universal value from the point of view
of history, art or science;
sites: works of man or the combined works of nature and man, and ••
areas including archaeological sites which are of outstanding universal
value from the historical, aesthetic, ethnological or anthropological point
of view. <…>
Assignment 2. Point out the specific features of legal English with examples
from the given extracts. Replace some of the archaic and formal words with
modern, less formal substitutes.
7. Notwithstanding the termination of the hiring under Clause 6 the
Hirer shall pay all rent accrued due in respect of the hiring up to the date
60
Part II. FUNCTIONAL STYLISTICS
of such termination and shall be or remain liable in respect of any damage
to the Owner by reason of any breach by the Hirer of any stipulation
herein contained and on the part of the Hirer to be performed or observed.
8. At any time before the Owner shall have recovered possession of
the goods and before the Hirer shall have terminated the hiring under
Section 4 of the Hire - Purchase Act 1938 (as amended) the Hirer may on
the payment to the Owner of the total amount of any instalments then
remaining unpaid of the rent hereinbefore reserved and agreed to be paid
during the term and the further sum of ten shillings purchase the goods:
Provided that such payment as aforesaid shall be a condition precedent
to the exercise of the option to purchase so conferred (this agreement not
being an undertaking by the Owner to sell the goods on credit or without
such payment as aforesaid being first made) and accordingly any notice
unaccompanied by such payment as aforesaid of an intention to exercise
the said option shall be void and shall not constitute a binding agreement
to purchase or sell the goods.
Assignment 3. Read the model business letters. Speak about their structure,
lexical and syntactical peculiarities. Pick out stereotyped phrases and terms.
6 Be l m o n t Av e n u e ,
He n d e r o n , n.W.6,
Box No. ___, January 1
Daily Telegraph
de A r Si r S ,
With reference to your advertisement in to-day’s “Daily Telegraph,”
I write to apply for the post of senior Shorthand Typist.
I am 19 years of age. I gained my General Certificate of Education
at the age of 16 and I have been with my present employers for the last
two years. I feel sure that I have given them satisfaction, for they have
gradually increased my responsibilities until now I am allowed to deal
with the more general correspondence on my own initiative, simply
submitting the replies to the Manager for signature.
st
Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]