Стилистика английского языка. English Stylistics. Учебное пособие

I have now taken up your references, and, as they are quite satisfactory, I shall be glad if you will start work here, as arranged, on Monday next at

248 lo n g lA k e ,

le W i S H A m ,

S.E.13.

April 28 de A r mr S . ____ _,

As I have now the offer of a good post in Dorchester, I shall be very much obliged if you will give me a reference for the four years spent in your service, so that I can forward it to my new employer. Will you please speak both as to my character and work? I think my work always gave you satisfaction, so I hope you will say all you can in my favour, as I am very eager to get this post.

по гражданским делам; гражданская администрация

1. SITUATION

a. Enemy forces. Annex A, Intelligence.

b. Friendly forces.

(4821) – DEPAL (4984).

2. MISSION

Div defends X River between inclusive SYMA (3907) and TOROS (5106).

3. EXECUTION

What is the aim of the scientific style?1. What are the basic types of scientific texts?2. What are the functions of special terminology and general 3.

scientific vocabulary?

What is the role of passive constructions and the plural of modesty 4.

we in scientific writing?

Why do scientists frequently use quotations, references and 5.

footnotes?

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In the mid 1990s an Anglo-American team of astronomers made a major breakthrough in work on the formation of galaxies, with their discovery of embryo galaxies, irregular masses of hot plasma in which young stars were forming. They were first detected by Britain’s William Herschel telescope, which identified candidate protogalaxies by the blue colour of very young stars, together with bands of wavelengths which were predictably completely absent because they had been absorbed by clouds of gas during the long journey of radiation from the early universe, less than one billion years old, to today’s telescopes.

Many astrophysicists now believe that up to 99% of the mass of the Universe is composed of dark matter, whose presence is revealed only by the gravitational forces it exerts on familiar, luminous matter. Theory predicts that much of this matter may consist of novel, weakly interacting, heavy particles of neutral charge, christened neutralinos, with a mass of between ten and one thousand proton masses. Neutralinos have also been nicknamed WIMPs (Weakly Interacting Massive Particles).

Calculations suggest that while most WIMPs would pass through the Earth without interacting, a few would collide with atomic nuclei causing the nuclei to recoil. These rare and low-energy events could be detected by conventional detectors which produce small bursts of light or electric charge when a collision took place.

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British scientists led the world in the application to mammals of the technique known as cloning, which is used to produce identical genetic copies of any individual by transferring a nucleus from one of that individual’s body cells into a fertilised egg cell in place of that cell’s own nucleus, and replacing the egg cell in the womb of the animals it came from, to be born normally. In February 1997 this technique was used for the first time to create a cloned sheep named “Dolly” from an adult, differentiated cell.

In the days before oxygen was discovered and before its role in combustion had been explained, fire was considered by the natural scientists to be an element, one of the four (the others were earth, air and water) which made up all things. The ordinary uneducated man was not concerned with such theories, of course. He saw fire as a familiar, important, and necessary phenomenon, and he knew in a practical way how to make it serve him. Its nature, however, was entirely mysterious to him – and to the experts as well, one might say, but at least they had a traditional theory by which they tried to explain it.

It is much the same with language today. Everybody uses it, everybody is interested in it, and most people have quite strong opinions about it. But very few people have any understanding of it in the scientific sense, and there is a large body of traditional theory, largely discredited, that is handed down in the schools and is called upon by the ordinary man when he needs guidance in language matter. This is a great pity, because linguistic scientists have made many discoveries

Second, the average six-years-old had complete control of the sound system and the basic grammar of his dialect of his native language. This statement usually shocks educators, who think it implies that the child does not need instruction in his native language. They misunderstand its implications and its limitations. Of course, the young child does not know all the vocabulary of his language, nor has he mastered the more complicated rhetorical device available in its literary dialect. But he knows a great deal more than most educators give him credit for knowing. He knows all the basic grammar patterns (even though he may make an occasional mistake in detail, like saying those sheeps or we have took) and there is no sound in the dialect of the language that he speaks that he cannot make himself or discriminate when he hears others make it. This is a tremendous accomplishment.

Finally, linguistic science insists that language and writing are not the same thing, that speech always precedes writing and the latter, important