Добавил:
ivanov666
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Среднее и высшее образование в России (Английский язык) = Secondary and higher education in Russia
.pdf
UNIT III
HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Reading
1. Look through the new words before reading
Vocabulary
provide – обеспечивать,
to be brought up to date – идти в ногу со временем,
increase – увеличивать,
approach – подход,
academic year – учебный год,
curricula – учебные планы,
to be broadened – расширяться,
Bachelor’s degree – степень бакалавра,
research – научное исследование,
Master’s degree – степень магистра,
enterprise – предприятие,
students’ hostel – студенческое общежитие.
2. Read and translate the text
HIGHER EDUCATION IN RUSSIA
Higher education plays an important part in life of our country as it provides
the country with highly qualified specialists for future development and progress. It
trains people to become teachers, engineers, doctors and other professionals.
Standards of living in Russia are steadily changing. This means that the kind of
education, which was good enough thirty years ago, is not necessarily good for them
today. And this means that styles of teaching, quality of learning materials and
21
organization of the university itself have to be brought up to date and improved. The
increase of information requires new methods and new approaches to students’
training.
Nowadays a new system of education introduced in our country is a distance
education system. This computer system of learning helps working professionals to
continue their education while remaining at their jobs. Distance learning has
developed over years from satellite video courses to modern videoconferencing
through personal computers. The academic year usually lasts 9 months and is divided
into two terms (semesters). The first- and second-year students are given instructions
in the fundamental sciences of mathematics, physics, chemistry and drawing as
well as computer engineering and a number of others. The curricula are broadened
by instructions in such subjects as foreign languages, history and economics.
Specialized study and courses will help students to become specialists and
prepare them for their future work. After four years students will get a Bachelor’s
degree. Then the students may go on with their studies and in a year or two of further
study and research get a Master’s degree. After graduating from the university they
may go on with their study and research and may get a still higher degree.
About 75 percent of students in Russia receive state grants and 15 percent are
sponsored by enterprises.
Universities have their own students’ hostels and some of them have large and
excellent sport centers.
Higher education in the Russian Federation is a process through which
knowledge and skills are developed, values are formed, and information is
exchanged. Higher education is the way to success.
Speaking
3. Retell the text you have just read in brief
22
Informative Reading
1. Look through the new words and word combinations before reading
Vocabulary
European Higher Education Area – Европейское пространство высшего
образования (совокупность всех стран, участвующих в Болонском процессе),
academic degree standards – стандарты присвоения учёных степеней и званий
(квалификационная система в науке и высшей школе, позволяющая
ранжировать научных и научно-педагогических сотрудников на отдельных
ступенях академической карьеры),
the University of Bologna – Болонский университет (старейший непрерывно
существующий университет в Европе, находится
в итальянском городе Болонья),
Bologna declaration – Болонская декларация,
European Cultural Convention – Европейская Культурная Конвенция,
misconception – неправильное представление, заблуждение,
EU (European Union) – Европейский союз (экономическое и политическое
объединение 27 европейских государств),
governance – управление, руководство,
dimension – измерение, размеры,
demand – требовать, нуждаться,
employment – устройство на работу,
attractiveness – привлекательность,
ensure – обеспечивать, гарантировать,
stable – стабильный,
to implement – вводить, внедрять,
to argue – утверждать,
enlargement – увеличение,
scale – размер, масштаб,
enhance – увеличивать, повышать, усиливать,
called for – востребованный,
to intend – предполагать, подразумевать,
reevaluation – переоценка,
tuition fees – плата за обучение,
overhaul – пересмотреть,
framework – основа, структура,
incompatible – несовместимый,
to be obtained – быть признанным,
eligible – подходящий,
predecessor – предшественник.
23
2. Read and translate the text
BOLOGNA PROCESS
The purpose of the Bologna Process is to create the European Higher
Education Area by making academic degree standards more comparable and
compatible throughout Europe. It is named after the place it was proposed, the
University of Bologna in the Italian city of Bologna, with the signing in 1999 of the
Bologna declaration by Ministers of Education from 29 European countries. This
was opened up to other countries signatory to the European Cultural Convention of
the Council of Europe; further governmental meetings have been held in Prague
(2001), Berlin (2003), Bergen (2005), London (2007), Moscow (2007), and Leuven
(2009).
It is a common misconception that the Bologna Process is only within EU
(European Union). The Bologna Process has 47 participating countries not only in
Europe.
Goals
The Bologna Process was a major reform created with the goal of providing the
public responsibility for higher education and research, higher education governance,
the social dimension of higher education and research, and the values and roles of
higher education and research in modern, globalized, and increasingly complex
societies with the most demanding qualification needs.
With the Bologna Process implementation, higher education systems in
European countries are to be organized in such a way that:
it is easy to move from one country to the other (within the European Higher
Education Area) – for the purpose of further study or employment;
the attractiveness of European higher education has increased, so that many
people from non-European countries also come to study and/or work in Europe;
the European Higher Education Area provides Europe with a broad, high-
quality advanced knowledge base, and ensures the further development of Europe as
a stable, peaceful and tolerant community.
24
Criticism
In many countries the Process was not implemented without criticism.
Economic aspects
There is much skepticism and criticism of the Bologna Process from the side of
academicians. Dr Chris Lorenz of the Free University of Amsterdam has argued that:
"…the basic idea behind all educational EU-plans is economic: the basic idea is the
enlargement of scale of the European systems of higher education, ... in order to
enhance its 'competitiveness' by cutting down costs. Therefore a Europe-wide
standardization of the 'values' produced in each of the national higher educational
systems is called for."
Academic aspects
In much of continental Europe, the previous higher education system was
modeled after the German system, in which there is a clear difference of vocational
and academic higher education. This mostly has an impact on the old degrees. The
conformation of the two types of degrees can be considered in the following cases:
The vocational three-year degrees are not intended for further study, so
those students who also want to advance to a master's degree will be at a
disadvantage.
The master's degree effectively becomes the minimum qualification for a
professional, rather than the bachelor's degree.
The academic three-year degrees prepare only for continuing towards
master's, so students who enter the employment at that point will not be prepared. Yet
they would have the same academic title as the fully trained vocationally educated
specialists.
The end-result of the change is that the agreements between professional
bodies will require reevaluation in some cases as qualifications change.
The Bologna Process has been implemented at the same time as other reforms.
These reforms go far outside the minimum requirements necessary to implement the
Bologna Process, and include introducing tuition fees, overhauling departments, and
changing the organization of universities. These reforms have been criticized as
unnecessary, negative to the quality of education, or even undemocratic.
Bologna Process in Russia
The Russian higher education framework was basically incompatible with the
Process: the generic "lowest" degree in all universities since Soviet era is the
Specialist which can be obtained after completing 5-6 years of studies.
25
Since the mid-90s, many universities have introduced limited educational
programs allowing students to graduate with a Bachelor's degree (4 years) and then
earn a Master's degree (another 1-2 years) while preserving the old 5-6 year scheme.
In October 2007 Russia enacted a move to two-tier education in line with
Bologna Process model. The universities inserted a Bachelor's diploma in the middle
of their standard specialist programs; transition to real Master's qualification has not
been completed yet.
It is worth mentioning that even though Specialists were eligible for postgraduate courses (Aspirantura) as well as Masters are, Bachelors are not. At the same
time, while specialist education was free, the Master's part of six-year program is
mostly always fee-paying. So students graduating since 2009-2010 have to pay for
what was free to their predecessors. The labor market regards Bachelor's diplomas as
low-grade to "classic" education, thus Master's stage remains compulsory for most
graduates.
3. Complete the sentences choosing the right variant (a, b, or c)
1. The purpose of the Bologna Process is…
2. The Bologna Process is named…
3. The Bologna Process has…
4. There is much skepticism and criticism…
a …47 participating countries not only in Europe.
b …after the place it was proposed, the University of Bologna in the Italian
city of Bologna.
c …to create the European Higher Education Area by making academic degree
standards more comparable and compatible throughout Europe.
d …of the Bologna Process from the side of academicians.
4. There is a mistake in each sentence. Correct the mistake as in the example
1. The purpose for the Bologna Process is to create the European Higher
Education Area. of
2. It is easy moving from one country to the other – for the purpose of further
study or employment.
3. Many people from non-European countries also come to study and/or work
at Europe.
4. There is more skepticism and criticism of the Bologna Process from the side
of academicians.
5. The Russian higher education framework was basically incompatible with a
Bologna Process.
6. Since the mid-90s, much universities have introduced limited educational
programs.
7. The Master's degree is usually not free or must be paid for.
26
5. Read the sentences and choose the correct variant (a, b, or c)
1. The purpose of the Bologna Process is to ___________ the European Higher
Education Area.
a creation
b create
c creative
2. Further ___________ meetings have been held in Prague, Berlin, Bergen,
London and Leaven.
a govern
b government
c governmental
3. It is a common _________ that the Bologna Process is only within European
Union.
a concept
b misconception
c conception
4. The previous higher _______ system was modeled after the German system.
a education
b educate
c educative
27
Additional Reading
1. Look through the new words before reading
Vocabulary
to claim – утверждать
current – в настоящее время
distinguished – выдающийся
Oriental studies – востоковедение
are conducted – проводятся
campuses – филиалы
is regarded – считается
entry requirements – требования к поступлению
alma mater – (лат.) альма матер – «родное» учебное заведение
2. Read and translate the text
MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY
Moscow State University is the largest university in Russia. It is known as
Lomonosov University or MSU. It was founded in 1755 and it claims to be the oldest
university in Russia. It has the tallest educational building in the world. The
university has some 4.000 teaching staff, 36.000 students and 7.000 postgraduates. Its
current rector is Viktor Sadovnichiy. Since 1940 the university has had the name in
honor of its founder Mikhail Lomonosov.
The university has well-established contacts with the most distinguished
universities in the world, exchange students and lecturers from the leading
universities overseas. There are about 2.000 foreign students studying at the
university.
In the 18th century the university had three faculties: Philosophy, Medicine,
and Law. Today, the Old Building house is the department of Oriental studies and
28
the Journalism Faculty. Now the university has 39 faculties and 15 research centers.
A number of small faculties have been opened recently, such as Faculty of Physics
and Chemistry and Higher School of Television. Evening classes are conducted by
the Faculties of Economics, History, Journalism, Philology, Psychology and
Sociology.
The university includes a number of faculty buildings located in the centre of
Moscow and a number of campuses abroad in Ukraine, Kazakhstan, and Uzbekistan.
The university is regarded as one of Russia's most prestigious universities and
has high entry requirements for its prospective students.
Moscow State University was placed 70th in the world's top universities
according to the Academic Ranking of World Universities in 2009, and had a
position No. 155 according to the 2010 Times Higher Education report.
Moscow State University has educated a number of Nobel laureates, lots of
writers, philosophers and politicians. The university is the alma mater of many
famous writers including Anton Chekhov and Ivan Turgenev, mathematicians and
physicists such as Boris Demidovich, Vladimir Arnold, and Andrey Kolmogorov.
3. Answer the following questions
1. When was MSU founded?
2. Mikhail Lomonosov was the founder of MSU, wasn’t he?
3. Are there any exchange students from different countries in MSU?
4. Do you agree that MSU is one of the leading universities in the world?
5. How many faculties were there at the very beginning at MSU?
6. What famous graduates of MSU do you know?
7. What interesting information about MSU have you learnt from the text?
8. Would you like to be a student of MSU?
4. Match the following phrases
Motto…………………... …………………………………………………. 1755
Established……… ………………………………………….Viktor Sadovnichiy
Location …………………………………………………….http://www.msu.ru/
Rector ……………………………………………………………………36.000
Students …………………………………………………………………...7.000
Website ………………………………………………………...Moscow, Russia
Postgraduates ………………Science is clear truth and theeducation of reason.
(Наука есть ясное познание истины, просвещение разума.)
29
Speaking
5. Work in pairs. Tell each other the phrases to explain the meaning of these
numbers according to the text.
2010; 1940; 18th; 7.000; 1755; 2.000; 36.000; 4.000; 70th.
30
Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]