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Файл:Практическая фонетика английского языка. Часть 1. Практикум
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Martin: And Arnold’s playing his guitar.
Barbara: Doesn’t Martha look smart!
Margaret: Look at Charles! What a marvelous dancer!
Barbara: Ah! Let’s take a photograph of Martha and Charles.
Martin: We can’t. It’s too dark.
III. Conversational practice: Exclamatory sentences.
A: Look at that car! B: What a fast car!
Practise saying the sentences. Use the words below.
Fantasti cglass
Unusual carpet
Dark quitar
Fast dancer
Dirty car
Marvelous photograph
Smart scar
Funny star
Progress Test 1
Say what sound you hear
1 2 3 4 5 6
i: I e æ ʌ a:
bean bin Ben ban bun barn
beat bit bet bat but Bart
bead bid bed bad bud bard
peak pick peck pack Puck park
Review questions and tasks
1. What approaches to pronunciation study exist?
2. What is implied by the terms «phonetics» and «phonology»?
3. Define a phoneme.
4. How are phonemes realized in speech?
5. Speak about the variants of the phoneme.
6. What pronunciation mistakes may occur in a foreign learner’s
speech?
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UNIT 6
Основные акустико-артикуляционные различия
в фонетических системах русского и английского языков
Цели: 1) объяснить основные акустико-артикуляционные раз-
личия в фонетико-фонологических системах русского и английского языков
2) обучить правильной артикуляции монофтонга [ɔ], мелоди-
ческому оформлению предложений (сделать что-то) и команд.
Знания: основные акустико-артикуляционные различия ан-
глийский и русских звуков
Умения: оперирование фонетической терминологией при обсуждении темы, артикулирование монофтонга [ɔ], интонирование
предложений (сделать что-то) и команд.
Формируемые компетенции: ОПК-3 и ОПК-8 (фонетический компонент).
Актуальность темы обусловлена статусом фонетики как основополагающего аспекта языка, без которого невозможно реализовать
речевое высказывание и сформировать иноязычную компетенцию.
Section 1
Most Striking Differences between Russian and English Sounds
Now comes the simplified description of the main differences between the Russian and English sound systems:
1) some English sounds do not even have resembling sounds in Rus-
sian, as far as their articulation is concerned: e.g. [ð], [θ], [w], [æ], etc.;
2) English vowels may be long or short, and they should not be
confused, otherwise a phonological mistake may result in the change of
meaning: e.g. hill – heel;
3) the English sound system involves 8 diphthongs (there are no
diphthongs in Russian);
4) there is no devoicing / voicing in English (at the end of words
voiced and voiceless consonants remain voiced and voiceless respectively);
5) the English voiceless consonants are produced more energetically than the Russian ones;
6) [p], [t], [k] are pronounced with aspiration;
7) forelingual English consonants [t, d, s, z, n, l] are produced
with the tip of the tongue against the teeth ridge, i.e. with apical articu-
32
lation (the similar Russian consonants are produced with the blade of
the tongue against the teeth, i. e. with dorsal articulation);
8) the lips for the English sounds [ɔ], [ɔ:], [u], [u:] are not very
rounded or protruded as for the similar Russian sounds.
Section 2
[ɔ]
(back, open (broad variant), rounded, short)
I. Observe the position of the lips and the tongue for the sound [ɔ].
Read the words in the columns. Pay attention to the positional length of [ɔ].
on off [æ – ɔ ] hat – hot
odd ox cat – cot
dog dot sack – sock
gone got tap – top
fog fox black – block
was watch cap – cop
II. Read the sentences. Follow the tonetic
marks.
1. Not for toffees! Ни за какие коврижки!
['nɔt fə `tɔfız]
2. Possibly not. Вероятно, нет.
[`pɔsıblı ˏnɔt]
3. What a lot of nonsense! Что за взор!
['wɔt ə 'lɔt əv `nɔnsəns]
4. John’s dog got lost. Собака Джона пропала.
['dӡɔnz 'dɔg gɔt `lɔst]
5. Rod wants his coffee strong. Род хочет крепкого кофе.
['rɔd wɔnts hız ˌkɔfı ˆstrɔŋ]
6. Poll’s gone to the wrong shop.Полл обратился не по адресу.
['pɔlz 'gɔn tə ðə 'rɔŋ `∫ɔp]
7. Dot wants an office job. Дот хочет работать в офисе.
['dɔt ˙wɔnts ən`ɔfıs .dӡɔb]
8. Rod often got into hot water. Род частенько попадал
['rɔd 'ɔfn 'gɔt ıntə ˙hɔt wɔtə] в переделки.
III. Observe the correct pronunciation of the rhythmic groups and
the vowel [ɔ].
33
'Where’s the `watch?||'Where’s the'watch I'put in my `pocket?||'Where’s the'watch I'put in my'pocket to'take to the
`shop?||'Where’s the'watch I'put in my'pocket to'take to the `shop because it has `stopped ?||
IV. Match the following English idioms, proverbs and sayings
with their Russian equivalents. Make up situations to illustrate their
usage.
1. Honesty is the best policy. a. время от времени
2. Dot your i’s and cross your t’s. b. в тяжелом положении
3. hot under the collar c. Честность – лучшая поли-
тика.
4. in hot water d. поставить точки над «и».
5. off and on e. Потерянного не воротишь.
6. What’s lost is lost. f. небылица
7. on the rocks g. на месте, сразу
8. on the spot h. разъяренный
9. a cock-and-bull story i. в беде (обычно, по своей
вине)
V. Practise the tongue twisters. Observe the correct articulation of [ɔ].
1. Give papa a cup of proper coffee in a copper coffee cup.
2. Sam’s shop stocks short spotted socks.
Section 3
I. Test. Tick the words you recognize in the sentences you hear:
1. a) cat; b) cot
2. a) sack; b) sock
3. a) tap; b) top
4. a) Tammy; b) Tommy
5. a) baddie; b) body
6. a) black; b) block
II. Listen to the dialogue and learn it by heart.
TV Advertisement for “Onwash”
Voice A: What’s wrong with you, Mrs. Bloggs?
Mrs. Bloggs: What’s wrong with me? I want a holiday from
this horrible job of washing socks!
34
Voice B: Buy a bottle of “Onwash”, Mrs. Bloggs!
Voice C: “Onwash” is so soft and strong.
Voice D: You don’t want lots of hot water with “Onwash”.
Voice A: It’s a long job with “Onwash”.
Voice B: Use “Onwash” often.
Voice C: You won’t be sorry when you’ve got “Onwash”.
Voice D: Everybody wants “Onwash”.
Everybody : “Onwash” is so popular!
III. Conversational practice: Suggestions and commands
Practise saying suggestions and commands. Try to sound polite
and friendly for suggestions and less friendly when giving commands.
Have a ˇholiday, Mrs Bloggs. Have a `holiday, Mrs Bloggs.
Stop ˇwashing, Mrs Bloggs. Stop `washing, Mrs Bloggs.
Don’t drop that ˇpot, Mrs Bloggs. Don’t drop that `pot, Mrs Bloggs.
Put it on the ˇbox, Mrs Bloggs. Put it on the `box, Mrs Bloggs.
Review questions and tasks
1. What main features characterize English and Russian vowels
and consonants?
2. Enumerate the most striking differences between the English
and Russian sound systems.
UNIT 7
35
Гласные звуки английского языка: принципы классификации
Цели: 1) рассмотреть систему гласных английского языка и
объяснить принципы их классификации;
2) обучить правильной артикуляции монофтонга [ɔ:],
Знания: принципы классификации гласных
Умения: оперирование фонетической терминологией при об-
суждении темы, артикулирование монофтонга [ɔ:].
Формируемые компетенции: ОПК-3 и ОПК-8 (фонетический компонент).
Актуальность темы обусловлена статусом фонетики как основополагающего аспекта языка, без которого невозможно реализовать
речевое высказывание и сформировать иноязычную компетенцию.
Section 1
Vowels: Principles of Classification
Each English vowel has its quality and quantity. The quality of a
vowel sound is determined by the size, volume and shape of the mouth
resonator, which are modified by the movement of active speech organs, mostly the tongue and the lips.
The particular quality (timbre, or special colouring of vowels) also
depends on the relative stability of the tongue and its tenseness. Besides,
the English vowel phonemes differ in their quantity (length /duration). All
these articulatory characteristics are interconnected but they may be described separately. Thus, all vowels are subject to classification.
There are 20 vowel sounds in the English language, which can be
classified according to the following principles:
I. the stability of articulation;
II. the position of the tongue 1) in the horizontal plane; 2) in the
vertical plane;
III. the lip position;
IV. the character of the vowel end;
V. the length.
The first 3 principles are the main ones because they reflect the
qualitative characteristics of the English vowel phonemes, which are
their most important features, while their quantitative characteristics are
of secondary importance. That is, English vowel may change its quantity (length) in different positions while its quality remains unchanged:
e.g. bee [bi:], bead [bi.d], beat [bit].
Now comes a more detailed description of all these principles.
36
I. According to the stability of articulation the English vowels are di-
1
vided into 3 groups: monophthongs (if the tongue position is stable and
the articulation of vowels is almost unchanging), diphthongs1 (if the organs of speech move from one position to another within one syllable),
diphthongoids (if the organs of speech only slightly change their position). There are 10 monophthongs, 8 diphthongs and 2 diphthongoids in
the English sound system.
II. As it is known, the tongue is the most flexible and movable organ
of speech. In vowel production it may move forward and backwards (in the
horizontal direction), upwards and downwards (in the vertical direction).
1. According to the position of the tongue in the horizontal plane
vowels are divided into 5 groups: a) front (the tongue is in the front
part of the mouth and the front part of it is raised to the hard palate):
[i:], [e], [æ]; b) front-retracted (the tongue is in the same position, but
is slightly retracted): [ı]; c) central (the front of the tongue is raised
towards the back part of the hard palate): [ʌ], [ə], [з:];
d) back (the tongue is in the back part of the month and the back of it
is raised towards the soft palate): [α:], [ɔ], [ɔ:], [u:]; e) back-advanced (the
tongue is in the same position, but is slightly advanced): [u].
2. According to the position of the tongue in the vertical plane
vowels are divided into 3 groups: a) close (the front/back of the tongue
is raised high towards the palate): [i:], [ı], [u:], [u]; b) open (the
front/back of the tongue is in its lowest position in the mouth): [æ], [α:],
[ɔ], [ɔ:]; c) mid (the tongue is in intermediate position between the
close and the open one): [e], [ʌ], [з:], [ə].
To make the classification more precise it is necessary to distinguish broad and narrow variants of close, mid and open vowels. When
the tongue is raised a little higher for the vowel of the same group, a
narrow variant is heard. A broad variant of the vowel is articulated
when the front of the tongue is not so high in the mouth.
III. According to the lip position vowels may be rounded, i. e.
produced with the rounded lips ([u], [u:], [ɔ] [ɔ:]), and unrounded, for
which the lips are spread or neutral ([i:], [ı], [e], [æ], [ʌ], [α:], [з:], [ə]).
IV. According to the character of the end vowels may be checked
(if they are followed by strong voiceless consonants) and unchecked /
A diphthong is a complex vowel sound consisting of 2 elements. The first
element is strong, clear and distinct. It is called the nucleus. The second element – the glide – is rather weak.
37
free (if they are followed by weak voiceless consonants or occur in
open syllables with no consonants at the end).
V. According to the length the vowels are generally divided into
short ([ı], [e], [æ], [ə], [u], [ɔ]) and long ([i:], [з:], [α:], [ɔ:], [u:]). [æ]
may be both short (before a voiceless consonant) or long (if followed
by a voiced consonant).
Section 2
[ɔ:]
(back, open (narrow variant), rounded, long)
I. Observe the position of the lips and the tongue for the sound [ɔ:].
Read the words in the columns. Pay attention to the positional length of [ɔ:].
or awed ought [ ɔ – ɔ:] cod – cord
bore board bought cot – caught
saw sawed sort pot – port
thaw thawed thought spot – sport
tore toward taught rod – roared
pour poured port fox – forks
II. Read the sentences. Follow the tonetic marks.
1. All aboard! Посадка окончена!
['ɔ:l ə`bɔ:d]
2. Draw in your claws. Умерь свой пыл.
['drɔ: ˙ın jɔ: ˎklɔ:z]
3. To cut a long story short. Короче говоря.
[tə 'kʌt ə 'lɔŋ .stɔ:rı ∫ɔ:t]
4. It’s all your fault. Это твоя вина.
[ıts 'ɔ:l `jɔ: ˏfɔ:lt]
5. Paul’s eyes draw straws. У Пола слипаются глаза.
['pɔ:lz 'aız 'drɔ: `strɔ:z]
6. George always talks horse. Джордж всегда бахвалится.
[ˏdӡɔ:dӡ `ɔ:lwəz ˌtɔ:ks ˌhɔ:s]
7. Cora adores small talk. Кора обожает светскую бол-
[ˌkɔ:rə ə`dɔ:z .smɔ:l ˌtɔ:k] товню.
8. August called his small but Август призвал свою немноdisorderly audience to order. гочисленную, но шумную
аудиторию к порядку.
['ɔ:gəst 'kɔ:ld hız 'smɔ:l bət dı'sɔ:dəlı 'ɔ:dıəns tu `ɔ:də]
38
III. Observe the correct pronunciation of the rhythmic groups and
the vowel sounds.
'All their'daughters are`tall.|'All the'four'daughters are'very`tall.|
'All the'four'daughters of Mrs.'Crawl are very `tall.||
IV. Match the following English idioms, proverbs and sayings
with their Russian equivalents. Make up situations to illustrate their
usage.
1. Velvet paws hide sharp claws. a. говорить о служебных делах в нерабочее время
2. New lords – new laws. b. Мягко стелет, да жестко
спать.
3. a small fortune c. на четвереньках
4. go back to the drawing board d. кругленькая сумма
5. on all fours e. Новая метла чисто метет.
6. to talk shop f. начать все сначала
Section 3
I. Test. Tick the words you recognize in the sentences you hear:
1. a) spots; b) sports
2. a) pots; b) ports
3. a) cod; b) cord
4. a) shot; b) short
5. a) Rod; b) roared
6. a) what; b) water
II. Listen to the dialogue and learn it by heart.
Sports Report from Channel 4
Announcer: This morning the Roarers football team arrived
back from York. Paul Short is our sports reporter, and he was at the airport.
Paul Short: Good morning. This is Paul Short. All the foot-
ballers are walking towards me. Here’s George
Ball, the goalkeeper. Good morning, George.
George Ball: Good morning. Are you a reporter?
Paul Short: Yes. I’m from Channel 4. Please tell our audi-
ence about the football match with York.
George Ball: Well, it was awful. We lost. And the score was
four, forty-four. But it wasn’t my fault.
39
Paul Short: Whose fault was it?
George Ball: The forwards’.
Paul Short: The forwards’?
George Ball: Yes, the forwards’. They were always falling
down or losing the ball!
Review questions and tasks
1. What is the vowel quantity and quality?
2. According to what main principles are English vowels classi-
fied?
3. Name three groups of vowels that may be revealed according to
the stability of articulation.
4. Characterize the groups of vowels according to the position of
the tongue both in vertical and horizontal directions.
5. State the major difference between rounded and unrounded
vowels. Name them.
6. How do different phonetic contexts modify vowel length in
English?
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