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6.2. Ⱦɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɬɚɧɚ ɜ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɵɟ ɞɟɝɚɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ
ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ
ɉɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɩɪɟ
ɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɝɚɡɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ
ɭɝɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɚɦɢ ɢ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɝɚɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɢɥɟɝɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɤ
ɨɱɢɫɬɧɨɦɭ ɡɚɛɨɸ ɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɚ ɡɚ ɫɱɺɬ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɨɬ ɝɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬ ɤ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɝɚɡɨɧɨɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ ɜ ɡɨɧɟ ɜɵɟɦɤɢ ɭɝɥɹ.
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɛ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɬɚɧɨɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɡ ɩɥɚ-
˗
ɫɬɚ
(ɦ3/ɦɢɧ) ɜ ɥɚɜɚɯ ɩɨ ɩɥɚɫɬɚɦ 24 ɢ 25 (ɲɚɯɬɚ ɢɦ. ɋ.Ɇ. Ʉɢɪɨɜɚ) ɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɭ 52
ࡵ
ˑ˚
(ɲɚɯɬɚ «Ʉɨɬɢɧɫɤɚɹ») ɩɪɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɫɭɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚɯ ɧɚ ɥɚɜɵ Ⱥ
˗
ɬɨɧɧ, ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɮɨɧɨɜɨɦ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɦɟɬɚɧɚ ɜ ɥɚɜɟ ࡵ
ൌ, ɦ3/ɦɢɧ ɢ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢ-
ˑ˚
ɟɧɬɟ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɫɭɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɟ ɧɚ ɥɚɜɭ, ɪɚɜɧɨɦ k
(ɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɶ [ɦ
˗
ൌ࣐ሺʏ˔˖˕ሻ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɥɚɜ [16].
ࡵ
ˑ˚
3
 ɫɭɬ/ɬÂɦɢɧ]) ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɷɦɩɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ
= 5–14 ɬɵɫ.
ɫ
= 1,55ā104
ɨɱ
ɉɨ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɚ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɚɹ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɬɚɧɨɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɱɢɫɬɧɨɣ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɢ ɧɚ ɜɵɟɦɨɱɧɨɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɟ ɨɬ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɫɭɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɞɨɛɵɱɢ ɭɝɥɹ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɨɬ 10 ɞɨ 26 ɬɵɫ. ɬɨɧɧ.
Ɏɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɡɚɦɟɪɵ ɞɟɛɢɬɚ ɦɟɬɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɨɞɢɧɨɱɧɵɯ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɚɯ, ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɨɣ, ɩɟɪɟɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɨɟ
ɦɟɬɚɧɨɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ (ɞɟɛɢɬ ɦɟɬɚɧɚ
, ɩɨɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɭ
ɸ ɞɥɢɧɭ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ ɢ
ɧɚ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ), ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɵ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ 1/g = ij(IJ) ɢ g = f(IJ),
ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 6.4.
ɉɨ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɜɵɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ
1/g = kIJ + b,
(6.11)
ɝɞɟ k ɢ b – ɷɦɩɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɨ
ɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ [7, 16].
ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ IJ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɜ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ 120–180 ɫɭɬɨɤ.
Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ «k» ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ (6.11) ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬ ɝɚɡɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ
ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ b ɟɫɬɶ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ g
ɩɥɚɫɬɚ (Ʉ – ɮɚɤɬɨɪ). Ɉɛɪɚɬɧɚɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ
o
go = 1/b, (6.12)
ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰ
ɢɟɧɬ «ɚ» ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ
ɚ = ɤg
. (6.13)
o
71
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 6.4. Ƚɪɚɮɢɤɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɚɧɨɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɡ ɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɩɥɚɫɬɚ ɜ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɭ:
a ɢ ɛ – ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɚɹ ɢ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ
ɭɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɚɧɨɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ
Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɞɟɛɢɬ ɦɟɬɚɧɚ ɢɡ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ N ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɵɯ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ ɢɡɦɟɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜɨɣ ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɟ ɜɵɟɦɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɹ (ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ), ɬɨ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɭ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɚɧɨɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ g
ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ
ɢɡ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ ɜ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ ɧɚ ɜɵɟɦɨɱɧɨɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɟ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ t
N
g
= f(t), ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 6.5.
N
72
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 6.5. Ⱦɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ ɦɟɬɚɧɨɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɝɪɭɩɩɭ ɞɟɝɚɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ, ɩɪɨɛɭɪɟɧɧɵɯ
ɩɨ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɦɭ ɩɥɚɫɬɭ
ɉɨɤɚɡ
ɚɬɟɥɢ ɝɚɡɨɨɬɞɚɱɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ ɜ ɞɟɝɚɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɤɜɚ-
ɠɢɧɵ g
ɢ ɚ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɦ [7]:
0
ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɦɟɬɚɧɨɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ
g
= ȕɏ, (6.14)
0
ɝɞɟ
E – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
1
E
16 12m
;
(6.15)
m – ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɟɝɚɡɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ (ɫɥɨɹ), ɦ.
Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ «ɚ» (ɫɭɬ
–1
) ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɬɚɧɨɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɪɚɫɫɱɢ-
ɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɦ
a = 0,025 – 3,9ā10
a = 0,042 – 8,8ā10
ȼ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɯ (6.14)–(6.17) ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵ ɫɥɟɞ
3
ɏ – ɦɟɬɚɧɨɧɨɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ, ɦ
/ɬ ɫ.ɛ.ɦ.;
-4Vdaf
-4Vdaf
daf
(ɩɪɢ V
(ɩɪɢ V
= 25-40 %); (6.16)
daf
= 5-25 %). (6.17)
ɭɸɳɢɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ:
ȕ – ɷɦɩɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ;
m – ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ, ɦ;
daf
V
– ɜɵɯɨɞ ɥɟɬɭɱɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, %.
ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɝɚɡɨɨɬɞɚɱɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɭɬɺɦ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ
ɝɚɡɨɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɯ ɫɴɟɦɨɤ ɜ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɨɣ ɬɭɩɢɤɨɜɨɣ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɟ-
73
ɦɨɦ ɤ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɧɟɪɚɡɝɪɭɠɟɧɧɨɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ (ɪɢɫ. 6.6),
g
ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ G (ɦ
3
/ɦɢɧ) ɨɬ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ L (ɦ), ɨɬɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɨɬ ɡɚɛɨɹ
ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ, ɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ G = f (t), ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɝɚɡɨɨɬɞɚɱɢ ɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɦɚɫɫɢɜɚ ɜ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ (ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɧɨɦɭ ɦɟɬɨɞɭ, ɬɚɛɥ. 6.1) ɫ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɦ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɝɚɡɨɨɬɞɚɱɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ ɜ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɜ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɝɚɡɨɨɬɞɚɱɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ ɜ ɞɟɝɚɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ.
ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɝɚɡɨɨɬɞɚɱɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ ɜ ɞɟɝɚɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɦ [7]
d
S
,
G
00
2
(6.18)
m
a = k g0, (6.19)
ɝɞɟ G0 – ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɦɟɬɚɧɨɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɡ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ ɜ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ
ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ, ɦ
3
/(ɦ2āɫɭɬ);
d – ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɞɟɝɚɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ, ɦ;
m – ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ, ɦ;
k – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɢɣ ɝɚɡɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ
ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ (k – ɮɚɤɬɨɪ), ɦ
2/ɦ3
, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɬɚɧɝɟɧɫ ɭɝɥɚ ɧɚɤɥɨɧɚ
ɩɪɹɦɨɣ 1/G = ij(t).
ɑɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ «k» ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨ
ɩɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨɣ ɫɴɟɦɤɢ ɢ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɚɧɨɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ G ɨɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ t
1/G = kt +ȼ, (6.20)
ɝɞɟ t – ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɬɭɩɢɤɨɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ (ɫɭɬ).
ɇɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɦɟɬɚɧɨɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ G
G0 = 1/ȼ. (6.21)
ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ
0
Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɦ (6.14–6.21), ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɝɚɡɨɨɬɞɚɱɢ ɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɩɥɚɫɬɚ ɜ ɞɟɝɚɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ ɩɨɞɥɟɠɚɬ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɤɟ ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ
ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɛ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɬɚɧɨɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɵɟ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ, ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɡɨɧɚɯ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ.
ɗɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɝɚɡɨɨɬɞɚɱɢ ɧɟɪɚɡɝɪɭɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɝɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ ɜ ɞɟɝɚɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɧɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɲɚɯɬ Ʉɭɡɛɚɫɫɚ
ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɝɚɡɨɨɬɞɚɱɢ ɭɝɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ ɜ ɞɟɝɚɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ g
ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 6.1.
ɢ ɚ
0
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ R (ɦ) ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɵɦɢ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɚɦɢ [7].
74
Ɍ ɚ ɛ ɥ ɢ ɰ ɚ 6.1
ɫɴɟɦɤɚɦ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ
ɝɚɡɨɨɬɞɚɱɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ
Ɇɟɬɨɞ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ
ɉɨ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɭ
ɢ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɦ
ɉɨ ɮɚɤɬɭ ɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚɦ
Ɍɨ ɠɟ
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɦ
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɦ
ɉɨ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɦ ɫɴɟɦɤɚɦ
- ƍƍ -
Ɍɨ ɠɟ
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɦ
ɉɨ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɦ ɫɴɟɦɤɚɦ
0,011
0,38
16,5
*)
0,010
0,01/0,009
*)
0,24
0,34/0,30
13
12
0,009
0,015
0,20
0,34
9
14
0,011
0,011
0,35
0,15
15
10
0,010
0,010
0,29
0,19
18
13
0,010
0,31
75
13
–1
ɫɭɬ
ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ
Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ
ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ,
ɦɟɬɚɧɨɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ
0,009
ɜ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ
 ɫɭɬ)
2
0,24
/(ɦ
3
ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɝɚɡɨɨɬɞɚɱɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ
ɭɞɟɥɶɧɨɟ
ɇɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɟ
ɦ
ɦɟɬɚɧɨɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ,
ɦ3/ɬ ɫ.ɛ.ɦ.
Ƚɚɡɨɧɨɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ,
15,2
Ɇɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ, ɦ
2,3
2,2
1,7
2,3
2,9
2,1
2,2
4,3
3,9
4,5
2,1
ɪɚɛɨɬ, ɦ
Ƚɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɝɨɪɧɵɯ
270–410
290–460
Ɇɚɪɤɚ ɭɝɥɹ
Ƚ
24
Ƚ
25
300
Ƚ
260
ȾȽ
Ƚ
200
300
ȽɀȽɀȽɀȽ
ɀ
ɀ
26ɚ
29ɚ
310
10
280
9
320
7-7ɚ
300
6-6ɚ
210
3-3ɚ
ɀ
ɀ
ɉɨɥɵɫɚɟɜɤɢɣ-1
ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɝɚɡɨɨɬɞɚɱɢ ɭɝɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ ɲɚɯɬ Ʉɭɡɛɚɫɫɚ ɜ ɞɟɝɚɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ
ɉɨɥɵɫɚɟɜɫɤɢɣ-2
ɒɚɯɬɚ ɉɥɚɫɬ
ɢɦ. ɋ.Ɇ. Ʉɢɪɨɜɚ
«Ʉɨɬɢɧɫɤɚɹ» 52 ȾȽ 285–350 4,1 9,8 0,24 0,014 ɉɨ ɮɚɤɬɭ
«Ɉɤɬɹɛɪɶɫɤɚɹ»
«ȿɫɚɭɥɶɫɤɚɹ»
«Ɋɚɫɩɚɞɫɤɚɹ»
- ƍƍ -
Ɍɨ ɠɟ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ
ɝɚɡɨɨɬɞɚɱɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ
Ɇɟɬɨɞ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ
- ƍƍ-
- ƍƍ -
- ƍƍ -
Ɍɨ ɠɟ
ɉɨ ɮɚɤɬɭ
ɉɨ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɦ ɫɴɟɦɤɚɦ
Ɉ ɤ ɨ ɧ ɱ ɚ ɧ ɢ ɟ ɬ ɚ ɛ ɥ ɢ ɰ ɵ 6.1
–1
ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ
ɫɭɬ
Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ
ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ,
ɦɟɬɚɧɨɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ
0,010
0,009
0,012
0,014
0,012
0,007
0,011
0,004
ɜ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ
 ɫɭɬ)
2
/(ɦ
3
ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɝɚɡɨɨɬɞɚɱɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ
ɭɞɟɥɶɧɨɟ
ɇɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɟ
ɦ
ɦɟɬɚɧɨɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ,
ɦ3/ɬ ɫ.ɛ.ɦ.
0,15
0,24
0,28
0,48
0,30
0,30
0,30
0,38
76
Ƚɚɡɨɧɨɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ,
8
10
14
21
15
15
15
16
Ɇɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ, ɦ
3,0
2,1
2,8
2,3
2,8
2,8
1,7
7,9
ɪɚɛɨɬ, ɦ
Ƚɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɝɨɪɧɵɯ
Ɇɚɪɤɚ ɭɝɥɹ
300
ȽɀȽ
29ɚ
300
30
350
450
260
350
400
Ƚ
ɀ
Ƚ
ɀ
ȿ-5
Ȼɪɟɟɜɫɤɢɣ
Ɍɨɥɦɚɱɟɜɫɤɢɣ
300
ɀ
Ʉɋ
Ʉɋ
1
1
Ʉ
3-3ɚ
ɒɚɯɬɚ ɉɥɚɫɬ
«ɉɨɥɨɫɭɯɢɧɫɤɚɹ»
ɢɦ. 7 ɇɨɹɛɪɹ Ȼɚɣɤɚɢɦɫɤɢɣ Ƚ 150 4,5 11 0,15 0,011 - ƍƍ -
«Ʉɨɦɫɨɦɨɥɟɰ»
«ɂɧɫɤɚɹ» ɋɵɱɟɜɫɤɢɣ-2 Ⱦ 300 2,3 8 0,18 0,008 - ƍƍ -
«Ɉɫɢɧɧɢɤɨɜɫɤɚɹ»
«Ⱥɥɚɪɞɢɧɫɤɚɹ»
*) ɑɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶ – ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ, ɡɧɚɦɟɧɚɬɟɥɶ – ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɟ
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 6.6. Ɇɟɬɚɧɨɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɡ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ ɜ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ:
ɚ – ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɞɥɢɧɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɨɣ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ, ɛ – ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ
ɦɟɬɚɧɨɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɜ – ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɚɧɨɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ
ɇɚ ɨɤɨɧɬɭɪɟɧɧɨɦ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɚɦɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɟ ɩɨɥɨɝɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɧɚɤɥɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ
ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ R
, (ɦ) ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɨɱɢɫɬɧɨɦɭ ɡɚɛɨɸ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɢɥɢ
ɫ
ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɚɦɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ [3, 7]
77
బ
ᇲ
୪୬ሺ௧ାଵሻ
ˇ
ܴ
ᇱ
ɝɞɟ ݈
– ɩɨɥɟɡɧɚɹ ɞɥɢɧɚ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ (ɦ), ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ
– ɞɥɢɧɚ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ, ɦ;
l
ɫ
l
– ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɝɟɪɦɟɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɭɫɬɶɹ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ, ɦ;
Ƚ
m
ɢ m – ɞɟɝɚɡɢɪɭɟɦɚɹ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɚɦɢ ɢ ɩɨɥɧɚɹ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞɧɵɦ
ɞ
ൌ
ೌ
ᇲ
ఊ
ˑ˚
ˇ.˒ˎ
c
ll l
ɝc ɫ
, (6.22)
˒ˎ
;
ɫɥɨɟɦ ɭɝɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɚɱɟɤ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɦ;
l
– ɞɥɢɧɚ ɥɚɜɵ (ɨɱɢɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɛɨɹ), ɦ;
ɨɱ
Ȗ – ɨɛɴɟɦɧɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɭɝɥɹ, ɬ/ɦ
kƍ
– ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɟɝɚɡɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ, ɞɨɥɢ
ɞ.ɩɥ
3
;
ɟɞ.;
q
– ɦɟɬɚɧɨɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɡ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ ɜ ɨɱɢɫɬɧɨɣ ɡɚɛɨɣ, ɦ3/ɬ.
ɩɥ
Ɋɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɦɢ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɚɦɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɩɵɬɧɵɦ
ɩɭɬɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɦ. Ⱦɥɢɧɚ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ, ɛɭɪɢɦɵɯ ɡɚ ɤɨɧɬɭɪɵ ɛɭɞɭɳɢɯ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɨɤ,
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɞɟɝɚɡɢɪɭɟɦɵɣ ɧɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɟ ɦɚɫɫɢɜ ɭɝɥɹ ɛɵɥ
ɩɟɪɟɛɭɪɟɧ ɧɚ 5–10 ɦ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɧɚ 15–20 ɦ ɧɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɦɢ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɚɦɢ.
ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɝɚɡɨɨɬɞɚɱɢ ɭɝɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ ɜ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɞɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɞɟɝɚɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɩɨ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɯ ɫɴɟɦɨɤ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɜ ɬɭɩɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɚɯ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɥɟɠɚɳɟɦ ɞɟɝɚɡɚɰɢɢ ɜɵɟɦɨɱɧɨɦ ɩɨɥɟ (ɭɱɚɫɬɤɟ).
Ɋɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ R
(ɦ) ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɭɫɬɚɦɢ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɢɥɢ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɟ-
ɤ
ɤɪɟɳɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ (ɨɞɧɚ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɭɪɟɧɚ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɱɢɫɬɧɨɦɭ
ɡɚɛɨɸ, ɞɪɭɝɚɹ – ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɡɚɛɨɣ ɥɚɜɵ) ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ
Rɤ = kɢ Rc, (6.23)
ɝɞɟ kɢ – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɬɚɧɚ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɟɳɢɜɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ, ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ
k
= 2,8 – 1,31 f (6.24)
ɢ
(ɡɞɟɫɶ f – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɢ ɭɝɥɹ ɩɨ Ɇ.Ɇ. ɉɪɨɬɨɞɶɹɤɨɧɨɜɭ).
ɍɝɥɵ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ, ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɨɱɢɫɬɧɨɣ ɡɚɛɨɣ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟ-
ɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɦ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɺɧɧɵɦ ɜ ɂɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ [7].
ɉɪɢ ɫɥɨɟɜɨɣ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɦɨɳɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɨɝɢɯ ɭɝɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɨ ɞɟɝɚɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɥɚɜɚɯ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɧɚ ɡɚɛɨɣ ɥɚɜɵ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɚɦɢ, ɩɪɨɛɭɪɟɧɧɵɦɢ
ɫɥɨɹ ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɧɢɠɧɢɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɢɡ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ, ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɜɧɵɦ 2R
ɢɡ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɧɢɠɧɟɝɨ
ɤ
.
78
ɋ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɠɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɨɦ ɛɭɪɹɬɫɹ ɢ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɨɱɢɫɬɧɨɣ ɡɚɛɨɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɨ-
X
J
ɜɵɟ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ ɢɡ ɮɥɚɧɝɨɜɨɣ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ.
Ɋɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ R
(ɦ) ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨ-ɨɞɢɧɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɵɦɢ ɧɢɫɯɨɞɹ-
ɧ
ɳɢɦɢ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɚɦɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ
R
= Rc /2. (6.25)
ɧ
Ɋɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɵɦɢ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɚɦɢ, ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɧɨɟ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɦ,
ɩɨɞɥɟɠɚɬ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɤɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɝɚɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɧɚ ɜɵɟɦɨɱɧɨɦ
ɭɱɚɫɬɤɟ (ɜ ɛɥɨɤɟ).
Ⱦɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɟɝɚɡɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ
ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɵɦɢ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɚɦɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ:
ɋɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɦɟɬɚɧɨɧɨɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ
c
(ɦ3/ɬ ɫ.ɛ.ɦ.)
ɩɨɫɥɟ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɝɚɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɚɦɢ
q
3
;
ɫɤɜ
Ʉ
WA
G
ɦ
hm R
,
(6.26)
(6.27)
c
c
ɏɏ
ɝɞɟ q
ɞɟɝɚɡɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɡɚɩɚɫɨɜ ɭɝɥɹ, ɦ
G
– ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɦɟɬɚɧɚ, ɢɡɜɥɟɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɵɦɢ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɚɦɢ ɢɡ ɬɨɧɧɵ
ɫɤɜ
– ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɦɟɬɚɧɚ, ɤɚɩɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɨɣ (ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɚɦɢ) ɡɚ ɜɪɟɦɹ
ɦ
3
/ɬ
q
ɫɤɜ
ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɝɚɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ, ɦ
h – ɜɵɫɨɬɚ (ɲɢɪɢɧɚ) ɞɟɝɚɡɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɨɣ ɛɥɨɤɚ, ɦ;
m – ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɝɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɚɱɟɤ ɞɟɝɚɡɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɚɦɢ ɛɥɨɤɚ, ɦ;
R
– ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɚɦɢ, ɩɪɨɛɭɪɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɨɱɢɫɬ-
c
ɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɛɨɹ, ɦ.
Ɏɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɞɟɝɚɡɚɰɢɢ ɤ
(ɞɨɥɢ ɟɞ.) ɩɥɚɫɬɚ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɚɦɢ, ɬɨ
Ⱦ
ɟɫɬɶ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɦɟɬɚɧɨɧɨɫɧɨɫɬɢ
c
ɤ
Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɞɟɝɚɡɚɰɢɢ ɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ ɤ
ɏ
.
1
Ⱦ
ɏ
(ɞɨɥɢ ɟɞ.), ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɭɪɨ-
ɞɟɝ.ɩɥ
(6.28)
ɜɟɧɶ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɬɚɧɨɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɡ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ ɜ ɩɪɢɡɚɛɨɣɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɥɚɜɵ
c
q
ɩɥ
, (6.29)
1
q
ɩɥ
ɝɞɟ q
ɤ
ɞɟɝ ɩɥ
.
c
q
,
– ɦɟɬɚɧɨɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɡ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɭ (ɢɥɢ
ɩɥ
ɩɥ
ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ) ɞɨ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɟɝɨ ɞɟɝɚɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɧɟɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ,
3
ɦ
/ɬ.
79
ɋɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɤ
ɏ
ɞɟɝ.ɩɥ
ɤ
ɢ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ-
Ⱦ
ɫɬɶɸ
ɤ
ɤ
.
ɞɟɝ ɩɥ
Ⱦ
1/
1
. (6.30)
ɏ
ȼɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ (ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɧɨɣ) ɢ
ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ (ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɪɚɡɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɩɪɢɡɚɛɨɣɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ ɨɬ ɝɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ)
ɞɟɝɚɡɚɰɢɢ ɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ ɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɟɝɚɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ ɤ ɧɚɱɚɥɭ ɜɵɟɦɤɢ ɭɝɥɹ ɨɱɢɫɬɧɵɦ ɤɨɦɛɚɣɧɨɦ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɨɣ
ɤɤ ɤ ɤ
ɞɟɝ ɞɟɝ ɩɥ ɞɟɝ ɩɥ ɟ
1
..
(6.31)
ɉɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɝɚɡɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɚɦɢ R
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɤ
ɞɟɝ.ɩɥ
(ɢɥɢ
ɤ
) ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɫɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ
Ⱦ
ɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ
c
ɞɟɝɚɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ.
ȼɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ ɞɟɝɚɡɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɭɝɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ ɤɚɤ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɞɟɝɚɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɲɚɯɬɵ ɩɨ ɢɡɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɸ
ɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɚɧɚ ɞɚɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɢ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɵ.
ȼɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɝɚɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɫɜɢɬɵ ɭɝɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɣ ɞɟɝɚɡɚɰɢɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɦɟɬɚɧɨɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ [7].
6.3. Ɇɟɬɚɧɨɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɡ ɧɟɪɚɡɝɪɭɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ
ɜ ɞɟɝɚɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɟ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɦɟɬɚɧɨɧɨɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɝɥɹ ɜɛɥɢɡɢ ɞɟɝɚɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ, ɩɪɨɛɭɪɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɧɟɪɚɡɝɪɭɠɟɧɧɨɣ
ɡɨɧɟ ɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ, ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ
ɢɫɬɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɬɚɧɚ ɢɡ ɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɚ ɜ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɭ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɜ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɯ ɩɨ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɣ ɢ ɩɚɪɚɛɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ Ɋ
(ɛɚɪ) ɜ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɟ ɭɝɥɹ ɜɛɥɢ-
ɡɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɨɣ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ [5].
ɋɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɟɣ p = f(r,t) ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ. ȼ
ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɤɟ p ɢ r ɧɚ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ r
ɝɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ p(r
ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɟ (r
,t), ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɚɡɚ ɜ
ɤ
= 4,4 ɦ) ɤ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ t ɞɪɟɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɤ
ɩɥɚɫɬɚ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɨɣ. ɑɟɪɟɡ ɷɬɢ ɬɨɱɤɢ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɜ ɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ p(r
Ɋ
= 1 ɢ Ɋ(R,t) = Ɋn, ɛɵɥɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɤɪɢɜɵɟ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɣ, ɩɚɪɚɛɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ
ɫ
= 4,4 ɦ ɛɵɥɢ ɧɚɧɟɫɟɧɵ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ
ɤ
,t) ɩɪɢ
ɫ
ݕ-ɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɟɣ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɥɚɫɬɟ. ɉɪɢɱɟɦ ɞɥɹ
ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ݕ-ɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɤɪɢɜɨɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ p = f(r,t) ɛɵɥɨ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨ, ɱɬɨ
80
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