Добавил:
ivanov666
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Научные основы дегазации угольных шахт. Монография
.pdf
ɌɌɋ ʋ 3 – Ɉɱɢɫɬɧɚɹ ɜɵɟɦɤɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ ɜ ɭɤɥɨɧɧɨɦ ɩɨɥɟ
ɩɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɢɪɚɧɢɸ ɫ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɥɚɜɵ ɧɚ ɞɜɟ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ;
ɌɌɋ ʋ 4
– Ɉɱɢɫɬɧɚɹ ɜɵɟɦɤɚ ɦɨɳɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ (ɫɥɨɟɜ) ɜ ɛɪɟɦɫɛɟɪɝɨɜɨɦ
ɩɨɥɟ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɢɪɚɧɢɸ ɨɞɧɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɦɢ ɩɚɧɟɥɹɦɢ ɫ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɲɬɪɟɤɨɜ ɜɩɪɢɫɟɱɤɭ;
ɌɌɋ ʋ 5
– Ɉɱɢɫɬɧɚɹ ɜɵɟɦɤɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɦɨɳɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ ɜ
ɭɤɥɨɧɧɨɦ ɩɨɥɟ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɢɪɚɧɢɸ ɞɜɭɯɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɦɢ ɩɚɧɟɥɹɦɢ ɫ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɵɟɦɨɱɧɵɯ ɲɬɪɟɤɨɜ ɜɩɪɢɫɟɱɤɭ;
ɌɌɋ ʋ 6
– Ɉɱɢɫɬɧɚɹ ɜɵɟɦɤɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ ɜ ɭɤɥɨɧɧɨɦ ɩɨɥɟ
ɩɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɢɪɚɧɢɸ ɨɞɧɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɦɢ ɩɚɧɟɥɹɦɢ ɫ ɨɯɪɚɧɨɣ ɜɵɟɦɨɱɧɵɯ ɲɬɪɟɤɨɜ ɰɟɥɢɤɚɦɢ ɭɝɥɹ ɩɪɢ ɧɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɟɦ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɜɵɟɦɨɱɧɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ;
ɌɌɋ ʋ 7
– Ɉɱɢɫɬɧɚɹ ɜɵɟɦɤɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ ɜ ɭɤɥɨɧɧɨɦ ɩɨɥɟ
ɩɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɢɪɚɧɢɸ ɨɞɧɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɦɢ ɩɚɧɟɥɹɦɢ ɫ ɨɯɪɚɧɨɣ ɜɵɟɦɨɱɧɵɯ ɲɬɪɟɤɨɜ ɰɟɥɢɤɚɦɢ ɭɝɥɹ ɩɪɢ ɜɨɫɯɨɞɹɳɟɦ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɜɵɟɦɨɱɧɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ;
ɌɌɋ ʋ 8
– Ɉɱɢɫɬɧɚɹ ɜɵɟɦɤɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ ɜ ɭɤɥɨɧɧɨɦ ɩɨɥɟ
ɩɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɢɪɚɧɢɸ ɨɞɧɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɦɢ ɩɚɧɟɥɹɦɢ ɫ ɨɯɪɚɧɨɣ ɜɵɟɦɨɱɧɵɯ ɲɬɪɟɤɨɜ ɰɟɥɢɤɚɦɢ ɭɝɥɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɤɟ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɨɤ ɩɚɪɧɵɦɢ ɡɚɛɨɹɦɢ;
ɌɌɋ ʋ 9
– Ɉɱɢɫɬɧɚɹ ɜɵɟɦɤɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ ɜ ɭɤɥɨɧɧɨɦ ɩɨɥɟ
ɩɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɢɪɚɧɢɸ ɨɞɧɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɦɢ ɩɚɧɟɥɹɦɢ ɫ ɪɚɡɜɨɪɨɬɨɦ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ
ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ ɧɚ 180 ɝɪɚɞɭɫɨɜ;
ɌɌɋ ʋ 10
– Ɉɱɢɫɬɧɚɹ ɜɵɟɦɤɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɦɨɳɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ ɜ
ɭɤɥɨɧɧɨɦ ɩɨɥɟ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɚɠɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɟ ɫ ɨɯɪɚɧɨɣ ɜɵɟɦɨɱɧɵɯ ɲɬɪɟɤɨɜ ɰɟɥɢ-
ɤɚɦɢ ɭɝɥɹ;
ɌɌɋ ʋ 11
– Ɉɱɢɫɬɧɚɹ ɜɵɟɦɤɚ ɬɨɧɤɢɯ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ ɩɨ
ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɢɸ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɟ ɫ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɵɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɜɵɟɦɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɨɤ;
ɌɌɋ ʋ 12
– Ɉɱɢɫɬɧɚɹ ɜɵɟɦɤɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ ɩɨ ɩɚɞɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɢ
ɩɨɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɟ ɫ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɵɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɜɵɟɦɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɨɤ;
ɌɌɋ ʋ 13
– Ɉɱɢɫɬɧɚɹ ɜɵɟɦɤɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ ɨɞɧɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɦɢ
ɩɚɧɟɥɹɦɢ ɫ ɭɝɥɚɦɢ ɩɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɞɨ 18° ɫ ɨɯɪɚɧɨɣ ɜɵɟɦɨɱɧɵɯ ɲɬɪɟɤɨɜ ɰɟɥɢɤɚɦɢ ɭɝɥɹ;
ɌɌɋ ʋ 14
– Ɉɱɢɫɬɧɚɹ ɜɵɟɦɤɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ ɜ ɭɤɥɨɧɧɨɦ ɩɨ-
ɥɟ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɢɪɚɧɢɸ ɨɞɧɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɦɢ ɩɚɧɟɥɹɦɢ ɩɪɢ ɛɟɫɰɟɥɢɤɨɜɨɣ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɫ
ɨɯɪɚɧɨɣ ɜɵɟɦɨɱɧɵɯ ɲɬɪɟɤɨɜ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ (ɩɨɥɨɫɚɦɢ);
ɌɌɋ ʋ 15
– Ɉɱɢɫɬɧɚɹ ɜɵɟɦɤɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɤɥɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ ɩɪɢ
ɷɬɚɠɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɟ ɫ ɨɯɪɚɧɨɣ ɜɵɟɦɨɱɧɵɯ ɲɬɪɟɤɨɜ ɰɟɥɢɤɚɦɢ ɭɝɥɹ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤ ɜɵɲɟɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɯɟɦɚɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɯɟɦ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɢ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɦɟɬɚɧɨɧɨɫɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ ɭɝɥɹ, ɝɚɡɨɧɨɫɧɨɫɬɶ, ɡɚɩɚɫɵ ɭɝɥɹ, ɢɯ ɦɚɪɤɢ, ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɡɚɥɟɝɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɦɟɬɚɧɨɨɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɲɚɯɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 5.4–5.5.
61
Ɍ ɚ ɛ ɥ ɢ ɰ ɚ 5.4
ɤ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɩɪɢ ɫɯɟɦɚɯ ɜɫɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɲɚɯɬɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɟɣ
ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ ɤ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ
ɍɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ, ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɯɟɦ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɦɟɬɚɧɨɧɨɫɧɵɯ ɭɝɨɥɶɧɵɯ
1 2 3ɚ 36 4 5 6
Ƚɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɯɟɦ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɭɝɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ
/ɬ ɫ.ɛ.ɦ. Ⱦɨ 30 Ⱦɨ 15 Ʌɸɛɚɹ Ʌɸɛɚɹ Ⱦɨ 15 Ʌɸɛɚɹ Ʌɸɛɚɹ
3
ɍɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ
ɉɪɨɟɤɬɧɚɹ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɲɚɯɬɵ, ɬɵɫ. ɬ/ɝɨɞ 1800–3000 3000–4000 800–2500 1200–4200 900–1200 1000–2500 2400–7500
ɑɢɫɥɨ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ 3–8 3–8 3–8 3–8 2–4 3–8 Ȼɨɥɟɟ 3
Ɇɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ, ɦ 1,5–3 1,5–4,5 1,5–3 1,5–5 0,9–1,8 1,5–4,5 1,5–10
ɍɝɥɵ ɩɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɭɝɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ, ɝɪɚɞɭɫ 5–18 5–18 5–18 3–18 3–10 3–10 5–18
ɉɪɢɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɦɟɬɚɧɨɧɨɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ ɭɝɥɹ, ɦ
Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɝɨɪɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ, ɦ 600 800 1200 600 400 600 600
Ⱦɥɢɧɚ ɲɚɯɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɹ, ɤɦ:
ɩɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɢɪɚɧɢɸ, 7–8 8–10 2,7 5–6 6–8 5,1–6 3–8
ɩɨ ɩɚɞɟɧɢɸ 1,5–2,5 2–3 1,2–2,4 Ⱦɨ Ɂ 1,5–2 2–3 1,5
ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ: ɫɯɟɦɚ 3ɚ – ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ ɨɞɧɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɦɢ ɩɚɧɟɥɹɦɢ; ɫɯɟɦɚ 3ɛ – ɷɬɚɠɧɚɹ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ
600–1500
600–1500
Ɍ ɚ ɛ ɥ ɢ ɰ ɚ 5.5
–
1500–2000
–
1500–2000
–
– 140–225 130–200 200–300
800–2500
ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɩɪɢ ɫɯɟɦɚɯ ɜɫɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɲɚɯɬɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɟɣ
–
800–2400
800–2400
ɤ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ
1 2 3ɚ 3ɛ 4 5 6
ɍɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɯɟɦ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɭɝɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ ɤ
200–250 200
1 2 1 1 2 2 1–2
2000–3000 1500–3000 1500–1800 4000–5000 – – 1500–4000
ɍɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ, ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɯɟɦ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɦɟɬɚɧɨɧɨɫɧɵɯ ɭɝɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ
ɍɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ
ɉɪɨɟɤɬɧɚɹ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɲɚɯɬɵ, ɬɵɫ. ɬ/ɝɨɞ 1800–3000 3000–4000 800–2500 1200–4200 900–1200 1000–2500 2400–7500
ɇɚɤɥɨɧɧɚɹ ɜɵɫɨɬɚ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ
ɛɪɟɦɫɛɟɪɝɨɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ, ɦ
ȼɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɜɵɫɨɬɚ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ, ɦ – –
Ⱦɥɢɧɚ ɩɚɧɟɥɢ (ɷɬɚɠɚ) ɩɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɢɪɚɧɢɸ, ɦ 2000–3000 1000–1500 1500–1800 4000–5000 – – 1500–4000
ɑɢɫɥɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɚɧɟɥɟɣ (ɷɬɚɠɟɣ)
ɧɚ ɩɥɚɫɬɟ
ɑɢɫɥɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɡɚɛɨɟɜ ɜ ɩɚɧɟɥɢ (ɷɬɚɠɟ) 1–2 1–2 1–2 1–2 2 2 1–2
Ⱦɥɢɧɚ ɜɵɟɦɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɥɛɚ (ɩɚɧɟɥɢ)
ɩɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɢɪɚɧɢɸ
Ⱦɥɢɧɚ ɥɚɜɵ, ɦ 200 200 200 200–250 200 200 200
ɇɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɧɚ ɥɚɜɭ, ɬ/ɫɭɬ 5000–10000 3000–5000 1700–3500 1700–7000 1700–3500 1700–4000 5000–10000
ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ: ɫɯɟɦɚ 3ɚ – ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ ɨɞɧɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɦɢ ɩɚɧɟɥɹɦɢ; ɫɯɟɦɚ 3ɛ – ɷɬɚɠɧɚɹ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ
ȼɵɫɨɤɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɨɱɢɫɬɧɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɲɚɯɬɚɯ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ
ɢɦɟɟɬ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɩɨɥɨɝɢɯ ɢ ɧɚɤɥɨɧɧɵɯ ɭɝɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ. ȼ ɬɚɤɢɯ
ɝɨɪɧɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɸɬɫɹ ɲɟɫɬɶ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɯɟɦ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɢ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɦɨɳɧɵɯ ɭɝɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ, ɜ ɢɯ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɞɥɹ ɥɚɜ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɢɪɚɧɢɸ, ɩɚɞɟɧɢɸ (ɢɥɢ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɢɸ). ɉɪɢ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɦɨɳɧɵɯ
ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ
ɨɞɧɨɫɥɨɟɜɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ. Ȼɟɫɰɟɥɢɤɨɜɚɹ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɜɵɟɦɨɱɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɟɣ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɩɥɚɫɬɚɯ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶɸ
ɦɟɧɟɟ 1,5 ɦ.
Ɍɢɩɨɜɵɟ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɢ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɭɝɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ
ɧɚ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚɯ ɞɨ 600–1200 ɦ ɨɬ ɡɟɦɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ (ɞɨ 800 ɦ – ɫ ɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ
ɰɟɥɢɤɨɜ ɭɝɥɹ, ɨɬ 800 ɞɨ 1200 ɦ – ɛɟɫɰɟɥɢɤɨɜɚɹ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɜɵɟɦɨɱɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɟɣ ɫ
ɜɨɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɨɫ); ɩɪɢ ɝɚɡɨɧɨɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ ɭɝɥɹ
ɞɨ 30 ɦ
3
/ɬ ɫ.ɛ.ɦ. ɧɚ ɩɥɚɫɬɚɯ, ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɟ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɜɧɟɡɚɩɧɵɦ ɜɵ-
ɨɬ 10
ɛɪɨɫɚɦ ɭɝɥɹ ɢ ɝɚɡɚ, ɝɨɪɧɵɦ ɭɞɚɪɚɦ (ɧɚ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɷɬɢɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦ ɩɥɚɫɬɚɯ ɭɝɥɹ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɛɟɡ ɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɰɟɥɢɤɨɜ ɭɝɥɹ); ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɟɦɨɱɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɟɣ (ɫɬɨɥɛɨɜ) ɨɬ 800 ɞɨ 3000 ɦ, ɞɥɢɧɟ ɥɚɜ ɨɬ 100 ɞɨ 250 ɦ (ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ 180–250 ɦ); ɜ ɥɚɜɚɯ
ɫ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɚ ɞɜɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɬɪɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɨɤ ɜɵɟɦɨɱɧɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜɨɫɟɦɶ
ɬɢɩɨɜɵɯ ɫɯɟɦ ɩɨ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɬɧɨɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ, ɩɹɬɶ – ɩɨ ɩɪɹɦɨɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɫ ɩɨɞɫɜɟɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɟɝɨ ɢɡ ɥɚɜɵ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɢ ɬɪɢ – ɩɨ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɬɧɨɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɫ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɩɪɹɦɨɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɫ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɟɝɨ ɢɡ ɥɚɜɵ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɬ ɥɚɜɵ
ɫɛɨɣɤɭ ɜ ɡɚɜɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɜɵɟɦɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ.
ȼɫɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɢ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɝɚɡɨɧɨɫɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ
ɭɝɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɝɚɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɛɥɢɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ ɢ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜ, ɞɟɝɚɡɚɰɢɸ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ – ɩɪɢ ɦɟɬɚɧɨɧɨɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ ɫɜɵɲɟ 13 ɦ
3
/ɬ ɫ.ɛ.ɦ. ɋɩɨɫɨɛɵ, ɫɯɟɦɵ, ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ ɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɞɟɝɚɡɚ-
ɰɢɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɦɟɬɚɧɨɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɂɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɟɣ [7] ɢ ɬɢɩɨɜɵɦɢ ɫɯɟɦɚɦɢ ɜɫɤɪɵɬɢɹ, ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɢ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɩɨɥɨɝɢɯ
ɭɝɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ [8].
ȿɫɥɢ ɭ ɫɨɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɥɚɜɵ ɫ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɨɣ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ ɫɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɣ ɦɟɬɚɧɚ, ɬɨ ɩɟɪɟɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɞɟɝɚɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɛɥɢɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ ɫ
ɰɟɥɶɸ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɟɝɚɡɚɰɢɢ,
ɩɨɫɥɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɜɧɨɜɶ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ cxeɦɵ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɭ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɣ ɦɟɬɚɧɚ. ȼ ɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɟ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ, ɦɟɧɹɸɬ
ɫɯɟɦɭ ɩɪɨɜɟɬɪɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɵɟɦɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ.
ȼ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨ-ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɹɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɤɪɟɩɢ, ɨɱɢɫɬɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɛɚɣɧɵ (ɫɬɪɭɝɨɜɵɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ), ɡɚɛɨɣɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɜɟɣɟɪɵ
ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɢɦɩɨɪɬɧɨɝɨ
ɨɱɢɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɸɬɫɹ ɦɟ-
64
ɯɚɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɨɝɢɯ ɢ ɧɚɤɥɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ ɫ ɭɱɺɬɨɦ ɝɨɪɧɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɢɯ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ [8, 13].
ɉɨ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɭ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɱɢɫɬɧɨɟ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɭɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ
ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɨɦɭ, ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɦɚɲɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 0,27–0,35, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɞɜɚ
ɪɚɡɚ ɧɢɠɟ, ɱɟɦ ɭ ɥɭɱɲɢɯ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ ɨɱɢɫɬɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ. Ɍɚɤ, ɩɪɢ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɜ ɬɢɩɚ ɄɆ 138 ɜ ɥɚɜɚɯ ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɞɥɢɧɨɣ
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱ
ɟɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɫɭɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɞɨɛɵɱɚ ɭɝɥɹ 2019 ɬ ɩɪɢ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɟ ɦɚɲɢɧɧɨɝɨ
185 ɦ ɛɵɥɚ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ 0,3–0,35, ɚ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ ɮɢɪɦɵ «Ⱦɠɨɣ» ɜ ɥɚɜɟ ɞɥɢɧɨɣ 240 ɦ (ɲɚɯɬɚ
ɢɦ. ɋ.Ɇ. Ʉɢɪɨɜɚ)
– 7,57–11,0 ɬɵɫ. ɬ/ɫɭɬ ɩɪɢ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɟ ɦɚɲɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ 0,5.
ȼ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɜ ɛɥɢɠɚɣɲɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɯ ɧɚɣɞɭɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɟ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɱɢɫɬɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɵ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɜɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɭɝɥɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɵɟɦɨɱɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɹɯ ɫ ɞɥɢɧɨɣ ɥɚɜ 250–
300 ɦ, ɝɞɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɫɭɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɞɨɛɵɱɚ 15–20 ɬɵɫ.ɬ ɭɝɥɹ ɧɚ ɩɥɚɫɬɚɯ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶɸ 1,8–4,5 ɦ
. Ɉɞ
ɧɚɤɨ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɧɚ ɨɱɢɫɬɧɵɟ ɡɚɛɨɢ ɜ ɦɟɬɚɧɨɨɛɢɥɶɧɵɯ
ɲɚɯɬɚɯ ɊɎ (ɛɟɡ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɞɟɝɚɡɚɰɢɢ) ɧɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬɵ ɩɨ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɦɭ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɭ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɦɟɬɚɧɨɧɨɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ ɭɝɥɹ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ
ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɤɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɢɯ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɟ ɜɵɲɟ 10 ɦ
3
/ɬ ɫ.ɛ.ɦ.
Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɝɚɡɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɚ ɭɝɥɹ
ɜɛɥɢɡɢ ɨɱɢɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɛɨɹ ɢ ɝɚɡɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɥɚɫɬɟ ɩɪɢ ɟɝɨ ɨɱɢɫɬɧɨɣ ɜɵɟɦɤɟ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɬɚɧɨɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɢɡɚɛɨɣɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ ɥɚɜɵ, ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɦ, ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ [7, 8, 13–15]:
ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɝɚɡɨɧɨɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɥɢɧɢɢ
ɨɱɢɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɛɨɹ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɟ
ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɝɚɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɥ
ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ
ɚɫɬɚ, ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɨɱɢɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɛɨɹ ɧɚ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɝɚɡɨɧɨɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ ɢ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɭ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɝɚɡɨɧɨɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬɛɢɬɨɝɨ ɜ ɥɚɜɟ ɭɝɥɹ;
ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɬɚɧɨɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɡ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ
ɩɥɚɫɬɚ ɜ ɩɪɢɡɚɛɨɣɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɥɚɜɵ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɤɨɦɛɚɣɧɚ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ
ɟɝɨ ɦɢɧɭɬɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɝɚɡɨɧɨɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɚ ɭɝɥɹ ɜ ɡɨɧɟ ɜɵɟɦɤɢ;
ɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɬɚɧɨɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɥɚɜɟ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɤɨɦ-
ɡɚɜɢ
ɛɚɣɧɚ, ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨ ɜ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ: ɚ) ɮɨɧɨɜɨɟ ɦɟɬɚɧɨɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɢɡɚɛɨɣɧɨɦ
ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ, ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɦɟɬɚɧɚ ɢɡ ɨɛɧɚɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɡɚɛɨɟɦ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ ɢ ɢɡ ɩɪɢɥɟɝɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ, ɢ ɛ) ɭɞɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɦɟɬɚɧɨɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɡ ɫɜɟɠɟɝɨ ɨɛɧɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ
ɢ ɨɬɛɢɬɨɝɨ ɭɝɥ
ɹ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɟɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɨɛɴɟɦɨɜ ɦɟɬɚɧɚ ɜ ɥɚɜɟ ɫ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɞɨɛɵɬɨɣ ɬɨɧɧɵ ɭɝɥɹ (ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɬɚɧɨɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɥɚɜɟ ɜ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɫɭɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɢ ɫɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɨɱɢɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɛɚɣɧɚ);
65
ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɬɚɧɨɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɡ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɚ ɭɝɥɹ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ
ɢ ɜ ɪɟɦɨɧɬɧɭɸ ɫɦɟɧɭ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɝɚɡɚɰɢɢ;
ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɝɚɡɨɧɨɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɚ ɜɛɥɢɡɢ ɨɛɧɚ-
ɠɟɧɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɨɱɢɫɬɧɨɣ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɨɣ.
ɂɡ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɝɚɡɨɧɨɫɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ ɭɝɥɹ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɲɚɯɬ Ʉɭɡɛɚɫɫɚ
ɢ ȼɨɪɤɭɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɫɬɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɪɟɧɬɚɛɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ
ɦɟɬɚɧɨɨɛɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɲɚɯɬ
ɩɨ ɞɨɛɵɱɟ ɭɝɥɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɚ ɩɪɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ ɞɥɢɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɬɨɥɛɚɦɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɢɦɩɨɪɬɧɨɝɨ ɨɱɢɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɨɝɢɯ ɢ ɧɚɤɥɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɚɯ ɩɪɢ ɮɪɨɧɬɟ ɨɱɢɫɬɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ 200–250 ɦ, ɞɥɢɧɟ ɫɬɨɥɛɨɜ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 1500 ɦ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɫɭɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɟ ɧɚ
ɨɱɢɫɬɧɨɣ ɡɚɛɨɣ ɧɚ ɬɨɧɤɢɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɚɯ 3–3,5 ɬɵɫ. ɬ, ɧɚ ɩɥɚɫɬɚɯ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ –
5–8 ɬɵɫ. ɬ, ɧɚ ɦɨɳɧɵɯ – ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 10–15 ɬɵɫ. ɬ ɭɝɥɹ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ
ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɝɥɟɞɨɛɵɱɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɨ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɢ ɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɞɟɝɚɡɚɰɢɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɦɟɬɚɧɨɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɟ ɧɚ ɲɚɯɬɚɯ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɬɢɩɵ ɨɱɢɫɬɧɵɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɜ ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɨɥɨɝɢɟ ɢ ɧɚɤɥɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɥɚɫɬɵ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɪɟɧɬɚɛɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɨɛɵɱɢ ɭɝɥɹ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɵ 15
ɬɢɩɨɜɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɫɯɟɦ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ ɜ ɬɢɩɨɜɵɯ ɝɨɪɧɨ-ɝɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɭɝɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɲɚɯɬ
ɊɎ ɫ ɭɱɺɬɨɦ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɲɚɯɬ. Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɭɝɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ ɢ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ
ɩɨ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɦɭ ɜɟɞɟɧɢɸ ɝɨɪɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɉȻ ɤ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɨɱɢɫɬɧɵɦ ɢ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɚɛɨɹɦ [8].
Ʉɚɠɞɚɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɬɚɛɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɢ
ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɟɣ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɭ ɫɯɟɦɵ, ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ, ɲɢɮɪɵ ɢ
ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ. Ƚɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɲɚɯɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɹ (ɩɚɧɟɥɶ, ɷɬɚɠ, ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ). ɍɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɯɟɦ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬ
ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ, ɝɥɭɛɢɧɭ ɝɨɪɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ, ɭɝɨɥ ɩɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ, ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɪɨɞ
ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɤɪɨɜɥɢ, ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɭɸ ɝɚɡɨɧɨɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɝɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ, ɢɯ
ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨ ɜɧɟɡɚɩɧɵɦ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɚɦ ɭɝɥɹ
ɢ ɝɚɡɚ, ɝɨɪɧɵɦ ɭɞɚɪɚɦ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɧɨɫɬɶ
ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ ɤ ɫɚɦɨɜɨɡɝɨɪɚɧɢɸ. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤ ɬɢɩɨɜɵɦ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɯɟɦɚɦ ɨɱɢɫɬɧɨɣ ɜɵɟɦɤɢ ɭɝɥɹ ɫ ɭɱɺɬɨɦ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɦɟɬɚɧɨɧɨɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɝɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɨɜɚɧɵ ɦɨɞɭɥɢ ɞɟɝɚɡɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɢ ɫɛɥɢɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ ɭɝɥɹ.
66
6. ȼɕȾȿɅȿɇɂȿ ɆȿɌȺɇȺ ɂɁ ɍȽɈɅɖɇɕɏ ɉɅȺɋɌɈȼ
ȼ ɉɈȾȽɈɌɈȼɂɌȿɅɖɇɕȿ ȼɕɊȺȻɈɌɄɂ ɂ ȾȿȽȺɁȺɐɂɈɇɇɕȿ
ɋɄȼȺɀɂɇɕ
6.1. Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɩɥɚɫɬɵ ɭɝɥɹ
ɂɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɬɚɧɨɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɡ ɨɛɧɚɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɟɝɨ ɝɚɡɨɨɬɞɚɱɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ
ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ G
-1,
ɟɧɬɨɦ Ⱥ, ɫɭɬ
ɷɬɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ G, ɦ
ɟɝɨ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ (ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɨɣ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ). ȼ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɜɢɞɟ
3
/(ɦ2Âɫɭɬ), ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɨɣ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɧɚ
, ɦ3/(ɦ2Âɫɭɬ), ɦɟɬɚɧɨɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢ-
ɨ
ɪɢɫ. 6.1 [1–3].
G
ɨ
G
,
(6.1)
W
1Ⱥ
ɝɞɟ IJ – ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɨɛɧɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ, ɫɭɬ.
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 6.1. Ɇɟɬɚɧɨɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɡ ɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ ɜ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ:
1 – ɝɚɡɨɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɚɹ ɫɴɟɦɤɚ, 2 – ɞɟɤɚɞɧɵɟ ɡɚɦɟɪɵ ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ȼɌȻ ɲɚɯɬɵ
ɇɚ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɚɧɨɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ
ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɦɟɬɚɧɨɧɨɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ
3
ɏ (ɦ
/ɬ ɫ.ɛ.ɦ.), ɧɚ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɭ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɬɚɧɨɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ – ɜɵɯɨɞ ɥɟɬɭɱɢɯ ɜɟ-
ɳɟɫɬɜ V
ɝɞɟ ȕ
daf
(%), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɦ
G
= ȕɜ ɏ (6.2)
ɨ
Ⱥ = ȼ – ɋV
– ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ, ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ; ȼ ɢ ɋ –
ɜ
daf
, (6.3)
ɷɦɩɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ.
67
ȿɫɥɢ ɩɥɚɫɬ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɟɝɚɡɢɪɨɜɚɧ, ɬɨ ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɏ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɏƍ.
ɉɪɢ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɝɚɡɨɨɬɞɚɱɢ ɭɝɨɥɶɧɵɯ
ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ G
ɢ Ⱥ ɜ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɢɡ ɫɬɟɧɨɤ ɨɛɧɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ,
ɨ
ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɭɬɟɦ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɯ ɫɴɟɦɨɤ ɜ ɬɭɩɢɤɚɯ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɨɤ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ 1/G = ij (IJ), ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ
1/G = Ʉ IJ + D, (6.4)
ɝɞɟ Ʉ – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɢɣ ɝɚɡɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ
ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ (Ʉ-ɮɚɤɬɨɪ), ɦ
ɱɢɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɞɚɟɬ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ G
G
2/ɦ3
; D – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ, ɨɛɪɚɬɧɚɹ ɜɟɥɢ-
, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ
ɨ
= 1/D. (6.5)
ɨ
ȼɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ Ⱥ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ (ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨɣ
ɫɴɟɦɤɢ) ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ
Ⱥ = ɄGɨ. (6.6)
Ɇɧɨɝɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟ ɝɨɪɧɨ-ɝɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɜɥɢɹɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ
1/G = ij (IJ), ɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɦɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɹɦɢ [13, 16].
ȼɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɛɚɣɧɚ ɩɨ ɜɵɟɦɤɟ ɭɝɥɹ ɦɟɬɚɧɨɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɡ ɨɬɛɢɬɨɝɨ ɭɝɥɹ I
ɝɞɟ j
– ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɦɛɚɣɧɚ ɩɨ ɜɵɟɦɤɟ ɭɝɥɹ, ɬ/ɦɢɧ;
ɩ.ɤ
c
ɏ
– ɦɟɬɚɧɨɧɨɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɚ ɭɝɥɹ ɜ ɡɨɧɟ ɜɵɟɦɤɢ, ɦ3/ɬ ɫ.ɛ.ɦ.;
ɜ
c
ɏ
– ɦɟɬɚɧɨɧɨɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɬɛɢɬɨɝɨ ɜ ɡɚɛɨɟ ɭɝɥɹ, ɜɵɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɨɣ
1
ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ, ɦ
3
/ɬ ɫ.ɛ.ɦ.
ɑɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ
(ɦ3/ɦɢɧ) ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ
ɤ
c
c
ɏ
ɏ
ɢ
ɜ
c
c
ɩɪɢ ɤɨɦɛɚɣɧɨɜɨɣ ɜɵɟɦɤɟ ɭɝɥɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢ-
1
,)ɏɏ(jI
(6.7)
1ɜɤ.ɩɤ
ɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɭ, ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨɦɭ ɦɟɬɨɞɭ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɨɱɢɫɬɧɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɟɜ. ɒɢɪɢɧɚ
ɩɨɥɨɫɵ ɡɚɯɨɞɤɢ ɤɨɦɛɚɣɧɚ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɩɚɫɩɨɪɬɭ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɨɣ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɫ
ɭɱɺɬɨɦ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɚ ɤɨɦɛɚɣɧɚ. Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɝɚɡɚɰɢɢ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɚ ɭɝɥɹ ɜ ɡɚɛɨɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɨɣ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ [16–18].
ɗɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ (6.1)–(6.5) ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɭɬɺɦ
ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɯ ɫɴɟɦɨɤ ɜ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ-ɚɧɚɥɨɝɟ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɤɨɦɛɚɣɧɚ
ɩɨ ɨɬɛɨɣɤɟ ɭɝɥɹ ɢ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɬɛɢɬɵɣ ɭɝɨɥɶ ɭɞɚɥɺɧ
ɢɡ ɧɟɟ.
68
Ɏɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɤɚɩɬɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɵɦɢ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɚɦɢ ɦɟɬɚɧɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɝɚɡɨɨɬɞɚɱɢ ɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɚ, ɱɢɫɥɚ ɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ, ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɦɟɪɚɦɢ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɦɟɬɚɧɚ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɦɵɦɢ ɧɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜɨɦ ɡɚɦɟɪɧɨɦ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɟ.
Ⱦɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ ɦɟɬɚɧɨɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ ɜ ɞɟɝɚɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 6.2 [3, 5].
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 6.2. Ⱦɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ ɢɡɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɬɚɧɚ ɢɡ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ
ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɞɟɝɚɡɚɰɢɢ (ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ 16, ɩɨɥɟ ɲɚɯɬɵ «Ⱥɛɚɲɟɜɫɤɚɹ», Ʉɭɡɛɚɫɫ)
Ɇɟɬɚɧɨɞɨɛɵɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɞɟɝɚɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɥɚɫɬ
ɚ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨ-ɨɞɢɧɨɱɧɵɦɢ
ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɚɦɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɦ:
– ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɨɛɭɪɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ
c
c
A
mN
Gc
ɛ
ɫ
1440 t
g
0
ln( 1)
c
ɚ
V
, (6.8)
c
ɚt
ɛ
– ɩɨɫɥɟ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ ɛɭɪɨɜɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɧɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɟ
Gc
ɝɞɟ G
c
– ɞɟɛɢɬ ɦɟɬɚɧɚ ɢɡ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ ɡɚ ɜɪɟɦɹ (tcɛ, ɫɭɬ) ɨɛɭɪɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ,
ɛ
3
ɦ
/ɦɢɧ;
Ɛƍ
– ɩɨɥɟɡɧɚɹ ɞɥɢɧɚ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ, ɦ;
ɫ
A
c
=
W
g
)-1440(t
a
1
at
0
ln
, (6.9)
1
WW
a
c
Nm
m – ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɝɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɚɱɟɤ ɞɟɝɚɡɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ, ɦ;
c, N – ɱɢɫɥɨ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ ɧɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɨɛɭɪɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ
N
ɛɭɪɨɜɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ;
g
– ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɦɟɬɚɧɨɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ, ɦ3/(ɦ2āɫɭɬ);
0
ɚ – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɬɚɧɨɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɫɭɬ.
-1
;
t – ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɨɬɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɟ ɫ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɛɭɪɟɧɢɹ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ ɧɚ ɞɟɝɚɡɢɪɭɟɦɨɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɟ,
ɫɭɬ;
69
W
– ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɨɬɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɟ ɫ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɹ ɛɭɪɨɜɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɧɚ ɞɟɝɚɡɢɪɭɟɦɨɦ
ɭɱɚɫɬɤɟ, ɫɭɬ.;
c
– ɞɟɛɢɬ ɦɟɬɚɧɚ ɜ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ ɧɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ W, ɦ3/ɦɢɧ.
G
W
ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɝɚɡɚɰɢɢ ɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɚɦɢ,
ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɧɚ ɨɱɢɫɬɧɨɣ ɡɚɛɨɣ, ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ G
c
ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɤɨɷɮɮɢ-
W
ɰɢɟɧɬ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɞɟɝɚɡɚɰɢɢ, ɪɚɜɧɵɣ 1,2–1,5, ɩɪɢ ɞɟɝɚɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɟɳɢɜɚɸɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɚɦɢ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ G
ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ
Ʉɢ = 2,8 – 1,31 f, (6.10)
c
ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ Ʉɢ,
W
ɝɞɟ f – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɢ ɭɝɥɹ ɩɨ Ɇ.Ɇ. ɉɪɨɬɨɞɶɹɤɨɧɨɜɭ, ɞɨɥɢ ɟɞ.
Ɏɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɤɚɩɬɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɵɦɢ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɚɦɢ ɦɟɬɚɧɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɟ (ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ)
ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɦɟɬɚɧɚ.
ȼɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɭɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɵɯ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ ɧɚ ɨɛɴɟɦɵ ɢɡɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ
ɦɟɬɚɧɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 6.3, ɝɞɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɞɟɝɚɡɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚ
ɟɦɵɯ ɭɝɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɲɚɯɬ Ⱦɨɧɛɚɫɫɚ ɢ Ʉɚɪɚɝɚɧɞɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɛɚɫɫɟɣɧɚ, ɞɥɹ ɱɟɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɵ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɞɟɝɚɡɚɰɢɢ ɭɝɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɚɦɢ, ɩɪɨɛɭɪɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɱɢɫɬɧɨɦɭ ɡɚɛɨɸ (ɤɪɢɜɚɹ 1), ɢ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɟɳɢɜɚɸɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɚɦɢ (ɤɪɢɜɚɹ 2). ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɞɟɝɚɡɚɰɢɢ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɟɳɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ
ɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɚ, ɱɟɦ ɩɟɪɜɚɹ. Ɍɚɤ, ɩɪɢ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ
ɛɭɪɟɧɢɹ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɞɟɝɚɡɚɰɢɸ ɡɚɩɚɫɨɜ ɭɝɥɹ 20 ɢ 80 ɬ/ɦ, ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɟɳɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ
ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ ɝɚɡɨɧɨɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɧɚ 5 ɢ 1,5 ɦ
3
/ɬ. ɉɚɪɚɥ-
ɥɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɱɢɫɬɧɨɦɭ ɡɚɛɨɸ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ ɜ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ
ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɝɚɡɨɧɨɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɧɚ 1,5 ɢ 0,6 ɦ
3
/ɬ [3].
-
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 6.3. Ɂɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɛɢɬɚ ɤɚɩɬɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɚɧɚ
ɨɬ ɡɚɩɚɫɨɜ ɭɝɥɹ, ɩɪɢɯɨɞɹɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɧɚ 1 ɦ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ:
1 – ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɱɢɫɬɧɨɦɭ ɡɚɛɨɸ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ, 2 – ɩɟɪɟɤɪɟɳɢɜɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ
70
Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]