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Файл:Иностранный язык для информационно-вычислительных специальностей (английский, немецкий). Учебное пособие
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4. Answer the questions:
1. the scientific progress
a) реактивные двигатели
2. the splitting of the atom
b) великие изобретения
3. the conquest of space
c) атомный век
4. the gravity
d) бесконечный ряд
5. investigation
e) человечество
6. a mankind
f) покорение космоса
7. the great inventions
g) научный прогресс
8. the atomic age
h) гравитация
9. jet engines
i) расщепление атома
10. the endless number
j) исследование
1) What accelerates the development of civilization and helps us in
our cooperation with nature?
2) How did our life change from the beginning of the 20th century?
3) What names does our century have?
4) What outstanding discoveries in our century do you know?
5) What are the problems of the rapid scientific progress?
5. Choose the right variant:
1) .... .... a lot of computers all over the world.
a) There were b) There are c) There is d) There was
2) .... .... ecological problem.
a) There are b) There is c) There were d) There was
3) .... .... refrigerators, TV set, computers, microwave oven, radio
telephones.
a) There are b) There is c) There were d) There was
4) .... .... names that were connected with a certain era in science
and technology.
a) There are b) There is c) There were d) There was
6. Match the English words to their Russian meanings:
7. Translate the sentences from English into Russian:
Let's compare our life nowadays with the life of people at the beginning of the 20th century. It has changed beyond recognition. Our ancestors hadn't the slightest idea of the trivial things created by the scientific
progress that we use in our every day life. I mean refrigerators, TV sets,
computers, microwave ovens, radio telephones, what not. They would
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seem miracle to them that made our life easy, comfortable and pleasant.
On the other hand, the great inventions of the beginning of the 20th century, I mean radio, aeroplanes, combustion and jet engines have become
usual things and we can't imagine our life without them.
Unit 3. HISTORY OF COMPUTERS
1. Read the text:
Words and word combinations:
1. calculating device – вычислительное устройство
2. multiple – кратный
3. abacus – счеты
4. slide rule – логарифмическая линейка
5. logarithm table – логарифмическая таблица
6. calculus – исчисление; математический анализ
7. general-purpose – общего назначения, универсальный
8. to cut out the human being altogether – полностью исключить
человека
9. to manipulate – обрабатывать, преобразовывать; управлять
10. data processing – обработка данных (информации)
11. tabulate the census – занести данные по переписи (населения)
в таблицу
12. means of coding – средства кодирования (шифровки)
13. to punch the holes – пробивать отверстия
14. punched card – перфокарта
15. to perform – выполнять, производить (действие); осуществ-
лять
16. unit of data – единица информации
17. keyboard terminals – терминал (вывод) с клавишным управ-
лением
18. proliferation – размножение, быстрое увеличение
The first calculating devices
Let us take a look at the history of computers that we know today.
The very first calculating device used was the ten fingers of a man's hands.
This, in fact, is why today we still count in tens and multiples of tens.
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Then the abacus was invented. People went on using some form of
abacus well into the 16th century, and it is still being used in some parts of
the world because it can be understood without knowing how to read.
During the 17th and I8lh centuries many people tried to find easy
ways of calculating. J. Napier, a Scotsman, invented a mechanical way of
multiplying and dividing, which is now the modern slide rale works. Henry Briggs used Napier's ideas to produce logarithm tables which all mathematicians use today.
Calculus, another branch of mathematics, was independently invented by both Sir Isaak Newton, an Englishman, and Leibnitz, a German
mathematician. The first real calculating machine appeared in 1820 as the
result of several people's experiments.
In 1830 Charles Babbage, a gifted English mathematician, proposed
to build a general-purpose problem-solving machine that he called «the
analytical engine». This machine, which Babbage showed at the Paris Exhibition in 1855, was an attempt to cut out the human being altogether, except for providing the machine with the necessary facts about the problem
to be solved. He never finished this work, but many of his ideas were the
basis for building today's computers.
By the early part of the twentieth century electromechanical machines had been developed and were used for business data processing.
Dr. Herman Hollerith, a young statistician from the US Census Bureau
successfully tabulated the 1890 census. Hollerith invented a means of coding the data by punching holes into cards. He built one machine to punch
the holes and others – to tabulate the collected data. Later Hollerith left the
Census.
Bureau and established his own tabulating machine company.
Through a series of merges the company eventually became the IBM Corporation.
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Until the middle of the twentieth century machines designed to manipulate punched card data were widely used for business data processing.
These early electromechanical data processors were called unit record machines because each punched card contained a unit of data.
In the mid 1940s electronic computers were developed to perform
calculations for military and scientific purposes. By the end of the 1960s
commercial models of these computers were widely used for both scientific computation and business data processing. Initially these computers
accepted their input data from punched cards. By the late 1970s punched
cards had been almost universally replaced by keyboard terminals. Since
that time advances in science have led to the proliferation of computers
throughout our society, and the past is but the prologue that gives us a
glimpse of the nature.
2. Answer the following questions:
1. What was the very first calculating device?
2. What is the abacus?
3. What is the modern slide rule?
4. Who gave the ideas for producing logarithm tables?
5. How did Newton and Leibnitz contribute to the problem of calcu-
lation?
6. When did the first calculating machine appear?
7. What was the main idea of Ch. Babbage's machine?
8. How did electromechanical machines appear and what were they
used for?
9. What means of coding the data did Hollerith devise?
10. How were those electromechanical machines called and why?
11. What kind of computers appeared later?
12. What new had the computers of 1970s?
3. Give the English equivalents for:
Вычислительное устройство; легкий способ вычисления; поэтому (вот почему); кратное десяти; изобрести механический способ
умножения и деления; логарифмическая линейка; составить таблицы
логарифмов; математический анализ; изобрести независимо (друг от
друга); в результате; полностью исключить человека; кроме (за исключением); обработка деловой информации; средство кодирования
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информации; перфокарты; пробивать отверстия; оформить собранные данные в таблицу; работать с данными на перфокарте; устройство, записывающее информацию блоками; единица информации;
выполнять вычисления; для научных целей; клавишный терминал.
4. Read the text again and find out if the following statements
are true or false:
1) These early electromechanical data processors were called unit
record machines because each punched card contained a unit of data.
2) The very first calculating device used was the ten fingers of a
man's hands.
3) Henry Briggs doesn’t use Napier's ideas to produce logarithm ta-
bles which all mathematicians use today.
4) He finished this work, but many of his ideas were the basis for
building today's computers.
5) These early electromechanical data processors were called unit
record machines because each punched card contained a unit of data.
5. Translate the sentences from English into Russian:
1) Until the middle of the twentieth century machines designed to
manipulate punched card data were widely used for business data processing. These early electromechanical data processors were called unit
record machines because each punched card contained a unit of data.
2) In 1830 Charles Babbage, a gifted English mathematician, proposed to build a general-purpose problem-solving machine that he called
«the analytical engine». This machine, which Babbage showed at the Paris
Exhibition in 1855, was an attempt to cut out the human being altogether,
except for providing the machine with the necessary facts about the problem to be solved. He never finished this work, but many of his ideas were
the basis for building today's computers.
6. Remember the importance of the following verbs and pick up
to these verbs – derivatives. For Example: to calculate – calculating,
calculator, calculation:
To compute, to invent, to know, to multiply, to divide, to depend, to
solve, to provide, to process, to code, to punch, to collect, to design, to
store, to contribute, to use, to manipulate, to assemble, to connect, to consume, to rely, to divide, to multiply, to inform, to instruct, to discover, to
operate.
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7. Translate into Russian phrases containing:
1. computers using vacuum tubes
a) компьютер, хранящий
инструкции в памяти
2. the machine calculating mathematical
problems
b) устройства печати информации
3. the computer keeping instructions
in its memory
c) компьютеры, использующие
вакуумные трубки
4. binary code storing data and
instructions
d) в электронном виде импульсы,
движущиеся со скоростью света
5. the vacuum tube controlling and
amplifying – electronic signals
e) клеммы клавиатуры,
заменяющие вакуумные трубки
6. computers performing computations
in milliseconds
f) выполнения вычислений
в миллисекундах
7. electronic pulses moving
at the speed of light
g) студенты, кодирующие
информацию с помощью
двоичного кода
8. students coding the information
by using a binary code
h) машина расчета математических
задач
9. devices printing the information
i) вакуумная трубка контроля
и усиления – электронных
сигналов
10. keyboard terminals replacing
vacuum tubes
j) двоичный код хранения данных
и команд
Participle I:
Computers using vacuum tubes; the machine calculating mathematical problems; the computer keeping instructions in its memory; binary
code storing data and instructions; the vacuum tube controlling and amplifying -electronic signals; computers performing computations in milliseconds; electronic; pulses moving at the speed of light; students coding the
information by using a binary code; devices printing the information; keyboard terminals replacing vacuum tubes.
Participle II:
The given information; the name given to the machine; the coded data; the device used in World War II; the invention named ENIAC; the machine called EDVAC; instructions kept in the memory; the engine designed for storing data; data stored in a binary code; vacuum tubes invented by J. Neumann; the general-purpose machine proposed by Ch.
Babbage; the machine provided with the necessary facts.
8. Match the English words to their Russian meanings:
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1. Read the text.
Words and word combinations:
1. analog computer – аналоговый компьютер
2. digital computer – цифровой компьютер
3. to aim guns – наводить орудие на цель
4. to figure out – вычислять
5. at a fast rate – с высокой скоростью
6. memory / storage – запоминающее устройство
7. to store data and instructions – запоминать информацию и ко-
манды
8. stored program computer – компьютер с занесенной в память
программой
9. binary code – двоичный код
10. condition – режим, состояние, условие
Unit 4. THE FIRST COMPUTERS
11. vacuum tube – электронная (вакуумная) трубка (лампа)
12. to amplify – усиливать
13. to perform computations – выполнить вычисления
The first computers
In 1930 the first analog computer was built by American named
Vannevar Bush. This device was used in World War II to help aim guns.
Many technical developments of electronic digital computers took
place in the 1940s and 1950s. Mark I, the name given to the first digital
computer, was completed in 1944. The man responsible for this invention
was Professor Howard Aiken. This was the first machine that could figure
out long lists of mathematical problems at a very fast rate.
In 1946 two engineers at the University of Pennsilvania, J. Eckert
and J. Maushly, built their digital computer with vacuum tubes. They
named their new invention ENIAC (the Electronic Numerical Integrator
and Calculator).
Another important achievement in developing computers came in
1947, when John von Neumann developed the idea of keeping instructions
for the computer inside the computer's memory. The contribution of John
von Neumann was particularly significant. As contrasted with Babbage's
analytical engine, which was designed to store only data, von Neumann's
machine, called the Electronic Discrete Variable Computer, or EDVAC,
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was able to store both data and instructions. He also contributed to the idea
of storing data and instructions in a binary code that uses only ones and
zeros. This simplified computer design. Thus computers use two conditions, high voltage, and low voltage, to translate the symbols by which we
communicate into unique combinations of electrical pulses. Who refer to
these combinations as codes.
Neumann's stored program computer as well as other machines of
that time were made possible by the invention of the vacuum tube that
could control and amplify electronic signals. Early computers, using vacuum tubes, could perform computations in thousandths of seconds, called
milliseconds, instead of seconds required by mechanical devices.
2. Answer the following questions:
1. When was the first analog computer built?
2. Where and how was that computer used?
3. When did the first digital computers appear?
4. Who was the inventor of the first digital computer?
5. What could that device do?
6. What is ENIAC? Decode the word.
7. What was J. Neumann's contribution into the development of
computers?
8. What were the advantages of EDVAC in comparison with ENIAC?
9. What does binary coda mean?
10. Due to what invention could the first digital computers be built?
3. Give the English equivalents for:
Цифровые компьютеры; технические усовершенствования; совершенствование компьютеров; ответственный за изобретение; математические задачи; электронные трубки; важное достижение; запоминающее устройство; значительный вклад; двоичный код; высокое напряжение; низкое напряжение; электрические импульсы; тысячная доля секунды.
Происходить; завершать; вычислять; хранить команды внутри
компьютера; запоминать информацию; запоминать команды; содействовать; использовать единицу и ноль; упрощать дизайн; усиливать
сигналы; выполнять вычисления.
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4. Make a pair of similar meaning of the words from the list pre-
sented below:
Verbs: to name, to complete, to calculate, to develop, to keep, to interprete, to communicate, to fulfill, to apply, to translate, to improve, to
build, to call, to store, to communicate, to figure out, to perform, to use, to
finish, to construct, to connect.
Nouns: speed, aim, storage, information, machine, significance,
computation, data, device, rate, calculation, purpose, memory, importance.
5. Read the text again and find out if the following statements
are true or false:
1) This simplified computer design.
2) The contribution of John von Neumann was particularly signifi-
cant.
3) The man responsible for this invention was not Professor Howard
Aiken.
4) The contribution of John von Neumann was not particularly sig-
nificant.
5) This device was used in World War II to help aim guns.
6. Choose the correct form of the verb:
1) This device …. …. in World War II to help aim guns.
a) was used b) was use c) are used
2) The contribution of John von Neumann .... particularly signifi-
cant.
a) was not b) are c) was
3) They .... their new invention ENIAC.
a) named b) am named c) haves
7. Translate the sentences from English into Russian:
Many technical developments of electronic digital computers took
place in the 1940s and 1950s. Mark I, the name given to the first digital
computer, was completed in 1944. The man responsible for this invention
was Professor Howard Aiken. This was the first machine that could figure
out long lists of mathematical problems at a very fast rate.
In 1946 two engineers at the University of Pennsilvania, J. Eckert and
J. Maushly, built their digital computer with vacuum tubes. They named
their new invention ENIAC (the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator).
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Unit 5. COMPUTER
1. Read the text.
Words and word combinations:
1. electronic device – электронное устройство
2. to receive – получать, принимать
3. set of instructions – набор/свод инструкций
4. to carry out – выполнять
5. society – общество
6. storage – хранение
7. handling – обработка
8. transaction – операция
9. to enhance – повышать, увеличивать
10. essential – существенный
11. tool – инструмент, орудие
12. network – сеть
13. source – источник
14. analog – аналоговый
15. digital – цифровой
16. ability – способность, возможность
17. to determine – определять
18. voltage – напряжение
19. discrete operation – дискретное действие
20. to perform – выполнять, осуществлять
21. defense – оборона, защита
22. to attain – достигать
23. amount of data – объем данных
24. except – за исключением, кроме
25. processing unit – вычислительное устройство
Computer
Computer is an electronic device that can receive a set of instructions called program and then carry out them. The modern world of high
technology could not be possible without computers. Different types and
sizes of computers find uses throughout our society. They are used for the
storage and handling of data, secret governmental files, information about
banking transactions and so on.
Computers have opened up a new era in manufacturing and they
have enhanced modern communication systems. They are essential tools
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