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Файл:Иностранный язык в профессиональной коммуникации. Английский язык для студентов-магистрантов. Учебное пособие
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12. How many kids have been fostered?
13. How many kids are kept in Moscow's orphanages?
14. Why isn't it possible to foster all these children?
15. What professionals must seek compatible parents for every child?
16. What the present foster system can do now?
17. Should the present foster system be revised?
Exercise 2. Complete the following sentences and translate them:
1. The number of adopted children continues to …
2. Russians don't want to take children into their families due to …
3. The most active adoption period in the Moscow's latest history was …
4. Foster families spend two years to …
5. A foster family and an adopted child receive no …
6. 13 out of 100 adopted kids are sent back …
7. Foster care is supposed to last until …
8. As a rule children stay with their foster family till …
9. As a rule most blood mothers and fathers do not …
10. Children's Home № 19 has been helping …
11. New parents have been found for …
12. Moscow authorities planned to organize …
13. 7,000 Muscovites wanted to …
14. Children's Home № 19 is unique because …
15. Special training courses were organized for …
16. 3,000 kids are kept in …
17. A lack of professionalism in the wardship sphere leads to …
18. Foster parents complain that …
19. Careless administrators choose kids for …
20. Professional educators may not …
21. A revision of the whole Russian foster system is …
Text 4. Children in One Parent Families
Words and phrases to the text:
1) argue (v) — доказывать, убеждать
2) adjust (v) — приспосабливаться, привыкать
3) breakdown (n) — распад
4) divorce (n) — развод
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5) adverse (adj) — неблагоприятный, вредный
6) intact (adj) — целый
7) well-being (n) — здоровье
8) behavioral (adj) — поведенческий
9) satisfaction (n) — удовлетворение
10) lingering (adj) — затяжной
11) inconsistent (adj) — противоречащий
12) cumulative (adj) — накопленный
13) qualification (n) — определение; ограничение, оговорка
Many commentators have argued that it is less desirable for children to be
brought up by one parent than by two parents. It also looks at how we can assist
children who are adjusting to family change and also those simply living in a stable
one parent family.
Not all children living in one parent families will have lived with their absent
parent. However, for those whose parents were living together there is now a large
amount of research showing the effects of family breakdown on children. The results
of a survey based on pooled data from 80,000 adults suggest that parental divorce has
an adverse effect on children's lives. Compared with those raised in intact two-parent
families, adults who experienced a parental divorce had lower psychological wellbeing, more behavioral problems, less education, lower job status, a lower standard of
living, lower marital satisfaction, a heightened risk of divorce, a heightened risk of
being a single parent, and poorer physical health. The view that children adapt readily
to divorce and show no lingering negative consequences is clearly inconsistent with
the cumulative research in this area. However, several qualifications should be noted.
Most importantly, the average difference between children from divorced and staying
together families is small. This suggests that divorce is not as severe a stress for
children as other things which can go wrong during childhood. Divorce may
represent a severe stress for some children, resulting in a substantial disadvantage and
decline in well being, but for other children divorce may be relatively
inconsequential. Some children may show improvement following divorce.
For children, research shows that the negative effects of divorce on social
adjustment are stronger for boys than for girls. Social adjustment includes measures
of popularity, loneliness, and co-cooperativeness. In other areas, however, such as
academic achievement, conduct or psychological adjustment, no differences between
boys and girls are apparent. The research examining the effects of divorce on adults
also shows very little difference between the effects on men and women, with one
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exception. Although both men and women from divorced families obtain less
education than do those from continuously intact two-parent families, this difference
is larger for women than for men. One possible reason is that non-custodial fathers
are less likely to finance the higher education of daughters than of sons.
Observation of children during the first year after parental separation showed
that pre-school age children cannot understand the meaning of divorce. Consequently
they react to the departure of a parent with a great deal of confusion. Because they do
not understand what is happening, many become fearful. Young children also tend to
see themselves at the centre of the world. This leads some children to blame
themselves for their parents’ divorce.
Children of primary school age have greater maturity and can grasp the
meaning of divorce more clearly. However, their understanding of what divorce
entails may lead them to grieve for the loss of the family as it was, and feelings of
sadness and depression are common. Some children see the divorce as a personal
rejection. However because being self-centered decreases with age, many can place
the blame elsewhere — usually on a parent.
Adolescents are more affected by their own age group and less dependent on
the family than younger children. For this reason, they may be affected less directly
by the divorce. However, adolescents may still feel a considerable amount of anger
toward one or both parents. In addition, adolescents are concerned about their own
relationships. The divorce of their parents may lead them to question their own ability
to maintain a long term relationship with a partner.
Exercise 1. Answer the questions to the text:
1. What is better for a child: to have one parent or two parents?
2. Is the absence of one parent always negative for a child?
3. What effect has parental divorce on children's lives?
4. What negative consequences do adults who experienced a parental divorce
have?
5. Do children show no lingering negative consequences after the parental
divorce?
6. Does divorce represent a severe stress for all children?
7. For whom the negative effects of divorce on social adjustment are stronger?
8. What does the term social adjustment mean?
9. What education do men and women from divorced families obtain?
10. Are non-custodial fathers keen to finance the higher education of
daughters?
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11. Why do pre-school age children suffer less after the parental divorce?
12. Are pre-school age children self-centered?
Exercise 2. Complete the following sentences and translate them:
1. It is less desirable for children to be brought up by …
2. The effects of family breakdown on children are as a rule …
3. Children raised in intact two-parent families have as adults …
4. Children raised in one-parent families have as adults …
5. The view that children adapt readily to divorce is …
6. The divorce is not the biggest stress for …
7. Some children may show improvement after …
8. Boys experience the negative effects of divorce on …
9. Academic achievement, conduct or psychological adjustment of boys and
girls are not affected …
10. Both men and women from divorced families obtain less …
11. It is harder for a girl from an one-parent family to get …
12. Pre-school age children cannot understand …
13. Pre-school age children may become fearful because …
Text 5. The Stay-At-Home Kids
Words and phrases to the text:
1) sheer (adj) — абсолютный, полнейший
2) perpetuation (n) — сохранение навсегда
3) post adolescence (n) — молодые люди в возрасте 18-25 лет
4) rampant (adj) — сильно распространенный
5) unemployment (n) — безработица
6) oppressor (n) — угнетатель, притеснитель
7) permissive (adj) — терпимый, либеральный
8) return to the fold — вернуться в отчий дом
9) attitude (n) — отношение
10) undergo (v) — проходить
11) initiation (n) — инициация, посвящение
12) lively (adj) — веселый
13) flagrant (adj) — ужасающий, вопиющий
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Alfred Hennemann is one of the hundreds of thousands Europeans over the age
of 24 who still live in their parents' home. Some do so out of sheer necessity, when
they have lost a job or are unable to find one. Some seek the perpetuation of a warm
and supportive parent child relationship. Some find it just easier and cheaper to stay
in the nest. Whatever their reasons, increasing numbers of young Europeans,
especially well-educated middle-class young adults are simply not leaving home. Post
adolescence has emerged as a term to describe the phenomenon, which is now
rampant in France, Spain, Italy, West Germany and Sweden.
While the economic crisis and widespread youth unemployment of the last
10 years have undoubtedly played a part in keeping post teenagers at home, the
principal motivations have been sociological and psychological. Franco Ferrarotti,
professor of sociology at Rome University, believes it is parents, rather than their
children, who have changed. Once, parents were seen as oppressors. But today,
parental authority has softened. Before 1968, leaving home represented winning
freedom. Now a generation of permissive parents has made it easy for the generation
of ex rebels to return to the fold.
Sociologists and post-adolescents agree that shifting parental attitudes toward
sex have revolutionized the living at home scene. The sexual revolution has changed
relations between parents and grown children. A French demographer says that the
stay-at-homes are undergoing a semi-initiation into a socio-sexual state. It is, in fact,
a second adolescence.
Loneliness, too, is tending to push parents and their post-teen children closer
together. Sophie Boissonnat, a 20 year-old Paris student, tried living in a wellequipped studio apartment, but she quickly found that she missed the lively
atmosphere at home and the company of her younger twin brothers. She has now
moved back. She remarks philosophically “I wanted to be independent, but I find it's
better being independent at home”.
Some parents, though, have begun to rebel at what they see as flagrant
exploitation by their own children. Collange, whose book has made her a kind of
spokesperson for beleaguered parents, complains that children aren't even
embarrassed at being completely dependent. They use the house like a hotel, with all
services. They treat parents as moneybags and then ignore them or just plain insult
them. They take it for granted that the fridge will always be well stocked and the
closet full of clean clothes. To get them to do anything around the house, you have to
yell bloody murder.
“Professional observers see some even deeper dangers in the emerging
situation. Today,” says Ferrarotti, “we have grown men with the behavior patterns of
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teenagers. They are failing to mature, losing their masculinity, turning into old young
men. Today's youngsters are suffering from too much security and are becoming soft.
One day, we may yearn back to the old fighting spirit of the 1968 rebels. At least they
knew how to tell the world to go to hell.”
The trend toward later and later separation between European parents and
children looks like it will last for some time to come. Youth unemployment exceeds
15 per cent in every country and is not expected to fall for a number of years. More
and more European young people go to universities and take more and more
advanced degrees, student housing ranges from nonexistent to inadequate. European
boys and girls marry three or four years later than they did a generation ago — if they
marry at all.
Much as parent may complain about the overgrown louts hanging about their
houses, many of them actually relish the situation. Mothers, especially divorcees and
widows, want their kids at home for company. Working mothers, ridden with guilt
that they may have neglected their children in infancy, go on trying to atone for it
when the children are in their 20s. On the kids' side, as well, the attractions of
protracted adolescence are unlikely to diminish soon. They don’t have to move out to
make love. They have no problems of bed and board, no taxes and no bills and no
serious points of difference with Mom and Pad.
Exercise 1. Answer the questions to the text:
1. Why are many young Europeans still living with their parents?
2. Is it an exception or a new European trend?
3. What does the term “post adolescence” mean?
4. What young people are greatly affected by post adolescence?
5. What does Franco Ferrarotti think about the origin of post adolescence?
6. What has revolutionized the home life of young Europeans?
7. What does the term a second adolescence mean?
8. Why did Sophie Boissonnat refuse to live separately?
9. Why have parents begun to rebel nowadays?
10. Do young Europeans like being completely dependent on their parents?
11. How do post-teen Europeans treat parents?
12. Do post-teen Europeans care for their parents and help them about the
house?
13. What has changed in the behavior patterns of grown men?
14. What are today's youngsters suffering from?
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Exercise 2. Complete the following sentences and translate them:
1. Europeans over the age of 24 who still live in their parents' home are
called …
2. The reasons for such behavior are numerous: …
3. Well-educated middle-class young adults are not able to …
4. The principal motivations of staying at home are …
5. Before 1968 the parental authority was …
6. Parental attitudes toward sex shifted and it caused …
7. Loneliness makes young Europeans …
8. Collange wrote a book about …
9. Some parents rebel because …
10. Some post teenagers take for granted that …
11. Deeper dangers in the emerging situation consist in …
12. Today's youngsters are failing to …
13. Inadequate student housing also contributes to …
14. More and more European young people think that it is better to go to
universities than …
Text 6. Up in Smoke
Words and phrases to the text:
1) light up (v) — закурить
2) interaction (n) — взаимодействие
3) sophisticated (adj) — утонченный
4) indispensable (adj) — обязательный
5) vice (n) — порок
6) addiction (n) — склонность, пагубная привычка
7) abuse (n) — злоупотребление
8) compromise (n) — подвергать опасности
9) disease (n) — болезнь
10) addictive (adj) — вызывающий привыкание
11) tar (n) — смола
12) carbon monoxide (n) — одноокись углерода
13) acetaldehyde (n) — ацетальдегид
14) nitrosamine (n) — нитрозамин
15) contract (v) — получать
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Russian students continue to light up between classes at a furious pace, despite
evidence that they are killing themselves. So what is it that makes Russian students
continue to smoke despite the profound health risks, not to mention anti smoking
campaigns?
One answer is that we are living in an age of experimentation. Students who
smoke usually smoke socially; they begin smoking primarily for social interaction.
Oftentimes it is only during a smoke break that you can chat with people. An
awkward silence can be always filled with a cigarette. Smoking might help to start up
a conversation, but it is also a way for some students to cope with feelings of
nervousness and stress. And then there are a number of young smokers who simply
strive to attain a certain image, not necessarily because they are addicted to smoking
itself. They admitted that they find the process of smoking sophisticated: “I like the
image of a smoking person. There is something a bit rock-n-roll and decadent about
it.” They think people who smoke look “cool and sexy.” Meanwhile, some students
from the faculty of journalism smoke because they believe a cigarette is an
indispensable attribute of a real journalist. One of the students confessed that before
he started smoking his colleagues teasingly considered him “somewhat amateurish.”
In Russia, smoking is a lifestyle, but the health issues, not to mention
demographics, have become so dire that something must change. In general, campus
smokers are fully aware of the health risks and other consequences of their actions,
yet a good majority of them continue the habit anyways. Perhaps part of the reason is
that Russian smokers seem to have no real difficulty finding a place to take a
cigarette break. During regular class hours they are pushed outside to smoke, but
entire rest of the time they can still enjoy their favorite vice many places that serve
food, including bars and nightclubs.
Considering the fact that Russia's lower house of parliament ratified the World
Health Organization Framework convention against smoking in February 2008, one
of the key points of which was a ban of smoking in public places such as schools,
universities, public transport and resorts, Russian students now have something else
to talk about.
However, there are people who believe smoking shouldn't be tolerated.
Smoking is drug addiction to a very toxic substance, and the tobacco industry is an
erroneously legalized syndicate of killers.
Most non-smoker students are not so extreme in their opinions about cigarettes,
but they do have a strong opinion about the problem.
Many smokers think the restrictions will not change the situation. While it's
still everyone's personal choice to smoke or not, people should be aware of the
statistics. According to the World Health Organization, more than 5 million people
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worldwide die from smoking each year. Of this number, more than 300,000 are
Russia's citizens.
Nora Volkow, the director of the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) in
the USA, is quite direct when describing the scope and severity of nicotine's negative
effects. “Tobacco use kills nearly half a million Americans each year, with one in
every six U.S. deaths the result of smoking. Smoking harms nearly every organ of the
body, causing many diseases and compromising smokers' health in general,” Volkow
wrote in an introduction to a research report that was posted on the NIDA website.
“Nicotine, a component of tobacco, is the primary reason that tobacco is addictive,
although cigarette smoke contains many other dangerous chemicals, including tar,
carbon monoxide, acetaldehyde, nitrosamines, and more.”
Individuals who are addicted to nicotine, and thus unable to stop smoking
cigarettes or using other tobacco products, put themselves at elevated risk for
contracting a wide range of diseases and disabling conditions, including the
following: lung cancer, other cancers, short-term respiratory conditions, chronic lung
diseases, heart disease and hypertension.
Experts agree that the benefits of quitting smoking are worth the effort. Within
24 hours of quitting a person's blood pressure begins to lower, and his odds of
suffering a heart attack decrease. Long-term benefits include a lowered risk of stroke,
heart disease, and cancer. According to NIDA, a 35-year-old man who quits smoking
increases his life expectancy by an average of 5.1 years.
Exercise 1. Answer the questions to the text:
1. Why is smoking a social habit?
2. Do the profound health risks make students give up smoking?
3. What is the function of a cigarette in social interaction?
4. What image does smoking give a young person?
5. Should a real journalist always be a smoker?
6. Is it difficult to find a place to take a cigarette break in Russia?
7. What does the World Health Organization Framework convention against
smoking ban?
8. Is tobacco an erroneously legalized drug? What do you think about it?
9. How many people die from smoking worldwide each year?
10. How many people die from smoking in Russia each year?
11. How many people die from smoking in the USA each year?
12. What organs of the body does smoking harm?
13. Why is tobacco so addictive?
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Exercise 2. Complete the following sentences and translate them:
1. The profound health problems are always caused by …
2. Smoking for social interaction is more important than …
3. Smoking may give you an image of …
4. The World Health Organization Framework convention against smoking
bans …
5. Some people think that the tobacco industry is …
6. The restrictions will not change the situation because …
7. Every year smoking kills worldwide …
8. Every year smoking kills in Russia …
9. Every year smoking kills in the USA …
10. The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) in the USA monitors …
11. Nora Volkow, the director of the NIDA, writes that …
12. While smoking you inhale nicotine and it is very …
13. Cigarette smoke contains many …
Text 7. A Nation of Pensioners
Words and phrases to the text:
1) workforce / pensioner ratio (n) — соотношение работающих к
пенсионерам
2) live from hand to mouth — жить впроголодь
3) subsidy (n) — субсидия, дотация
4) token (adj) — символический
5) rate (n) — степень, процент, доля
6) accrued (adj) — выплачиваемая
7) living wage (n) — минимальный прожиточный уровень
8) income-replacement ratio (n) — коэффициент замещения дохода
9) unified social tax rate (n) — ставка единого социального налога
10) address (n) — обращение
11) taxpayer (n) — налогоплательщик
12) retirement age (n) — пенсионный возраст
13) revenue (n) — годовой доход
14) cure-all (n) — панацея
15) necessity (n) — необходимость
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