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Файл:Грамматика английского языка для аспирантов. Учебно-методическое пособие
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Practice
Ex. 1 Translate the following sentences (Present and Future Situations):
1) If we increase the temperature, the pressure will drop.
2) If you attend this workshop, you will learn a lot about this new
trend.
3) You will be able to get a scholarship if you pass the English lan-
guage test.
4) Will this additive work if I increase its concentration?
5) This solution will boil if you heat it more.
6) It would be interesting to see if our method works in other cases.
7) It would be useful to learn where this mistake comes from.
8) It would be important to ask how the question of data validity is
solved in this case.
9) It would be essential to remind you of the researchers who ad-
vanced in this field.
10) It would be difficult for us to choose between the two methods, as
they are both inaccurate.
Ex. 2 Answer the following questions:
1) What would you do to improve the results of your work?
2) What would you do to get deep knowledge in your field?
3) What would you do to correct random errors in experimental work?
4) What would you do to find a solution to your problem?
5) What would you do to prove your idea?
6) What would you suggest for improving research in your area?
7) Would you take the risk of criticizing the authority?
8) Do you think you could make a discovery in science?
9) Do you think you could get a Nobel Prize?
10) Would you accept a failure?
Ex. 3 Complete the following sentences with conditional clauses introduced by if or unless.
Example: We would be able to describe a very important point … −
We would be able to describe a very important point if our study
proved successful.
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1) We would be able to have more data at our disposal…
2) We would be able to resolve some of our problems…
3) We would not be able to do so much…
4) We would be able to make a discovery in science…
5) This could be a fundamental contribution to science…
6) This might be the beginning of a new trend in science…
7) We would not be able to go on with our research…
8) Our task might be much simpler…
9) We would be able to report on our experiment…
10) We would be able to simplify the process…
Ex. 4 Work in groups. Ask each student in turn a few questions about
his/her research and science in general. Use conditional sentences and
phrases below:
1) Benefit man could derive from nuclear reactions.
2) Innovations he/she could introduce.
3) Methods he/she could use in further investigations
4) Results he/she could report on.
5) Benefits he/she can derive from the results obtained.
6) What would happen to the world if the sun disappeared?
7) What man could do if he knew how to control genetic processes?
8) Current problems in his/her field of research.
Ex. 5 Complete the following sentences by explaining that the action
was not done (Past Situations).
Example: I would have become a physicist… − I would have become a
physicist but I was interested in Chemistry very much.
1) We would have solved our problem long ago…
2) I would have replied to Dr. Atkins`s letter before…
3) I would have looked through this journal last week…
4) I would have mentioned a great number of papers in my report…
5) We would have discussed this problem at the last meeting…
6) We would have had a solution of this problem long…
7) We would have started this experiment long ago…
8) He would have had his article published last month…
9) He would have found application to the results obtained…
10) He would have become a famous scientist…
Ex. 6 Change the following sentences into the past.
Example: He would receive you now if he had a spare minute. – He
would have received you earlier if he had a spare minute.
1) I would start this experiment if I knew how.
2) I would answer his question if I knew how.
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3) You would be warned if anything went wrong.
4) If I went to the next seminar, I would present my paper.
5) We would make all the plans if the group came next week.
6) If this method proved wrong, we would try another one.
7) I would write a paper if I had reliable data.
8) If the conference were held in Kazan, I would attend it.
9) We would demonstrate the results of our experiment if they con-
firmed our hypothesis.
10) If I knew how to precede my research, I would do it.
Ex. 7 Translate the following sentences:
1) If I had not failed with my last report, I might have proved this
fact.
2) If we had worked together with physicists, we could have had
more interesting results.
3) If we had known all the factors at that time, this might have
changed the experimental process.
4) If we had all the necessary equipment at that time, we could have
started this research long ago.
5) We could have obtained a better result if we had used this tech-
nique.
6) If I had been at the last conference, I would have presented my re-
port.
7) If I had been informed about the seminar earlier, I could have at-
tended it.
8) If my friend had done a post-graduate course, he would have be-
come a prominent scientist.
9) If we had continued our experiment under the same conditions,
we could not have obtained good results.
10) If I had sent my paper to the editors in time, it could have already
been published.
Ex. 8 Speak about the opportunities that were missed (from your own
or other people`s experience). Use could or might in the main clause.
Examples:
1) If my friend had taken chemistry as his major subject at the university, he could have become a prominent chemist by now.
2) If I had not travelled so much last year, I might have already finished my thesis.
Ex. 9 Translate the sentences from Russian into English.
1) Если бы мы и в дальнейшем продолжали пренебрегать этими
фактами, мы бы не получили достоверных результатов.
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2) Если бы у нас была необходимая аппаратура, мы бы начали
работу раньше.
3) Что произошло бы, если бы условия эксперимента не были
удовлетворительными?
4) Смогли бы вы закончить работу сейчас, если бы у вас был ас-
систент?
5) Если бы я поехал на конференцию в прошлом месяце, я бы
встретил там своих британских коллег.
6) Если у нас будет достаточно данных, мы сможем опублико-
вать статью в следующем номере журнала.
7) Сейчас было бы трудно решить, какой метод предпочтитель-
нее.
8) Мне потребовалось бы полчаса, чтобы подробно описать ход
эксперимента.
9) Без прогресса в науке дальнейшее развитие технологий было
бы невозможным.
10) Применение данного метода позволило бы повысить точ-
ность результатов.
Ex. 10 Read and translate the text paying attention to Conditional sentences.
The question for many is “Can we survive if the sun goes out?” Some
scientists speculate that the surface temperature would drop by a factor of
two every two months. In other words, two months after the sun went out,
the temperature would drop to −189 degrees F (150 kelvin) and two months
after that, it would reach −325 degrees F (75 kelvin) and it would just keep
dropping.
Other scientists speculate that it would take a bit longer than that –
within a week the temperature would be below zero and in a year it would
be -100. That would continue until the planet reaches a stable −400 degrees.
Obviously, that isn’t sustainable even one month after the sun goes out, so
is it possible to survive? Yes, for at least a short amount of time if you’re
only considering temperatures.
We could continue to harvest volcanic heat for several hundred years
so if we found a way to continue the photosynthesis that is required for
plant growth, we could, in theory, survive for that long in some type of insulated habitat7.
7
http://www.survivopedia.com/how-to-survive-if-the-sun-goes-out/
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Unit 8. THE INFINITIVE (ИНФИНИТИВ)
Инфинитив (the Infinitive) – это неличная форма глагола, которая
называет действие, является основной или первой формой глагола и
представляет его в словаре. Признаком инфинитива является частица
to: to assist – помогать, to report – докладывать. Инфинитив употребляется без частицы to в следующих случаях:
• После глаголов shall, will.
He will continue his experiment tomorrow. − Завтра он продолжит
свой эксперимент.
• После модальных глаголов (кроме глагола ought).
She can teach students. − Она может обучать студентов.
• После глаголов чувственного восприятия (feel, see, hear, watch)
We saw him copy the text. − Мы видели, как он делал копии текста.
• После глаголов let (разрешать), have, make (заставлять).
What makes you think so? − Что заставляет тебя так думать?
Let me take this journal, please. − Пожалуйста, разрешите мне
взять этот журнал.
• После выражений had better (лучше), would rather (лучше бы).
You had better do it now. − Лучше сделай это сейчас.
I must see him at once. − Мне надо увидеться с ним сейчас же.
В современном английском языке инфинитив имеет следующие
формы: Indefinite, Continuous, Perfect в действительном и страдательном залоге и Perfect Continuous только в действительном залоге.
Инфинитив в форме действительного залога обозначает действие, произведенное лицом, выраженным в предложении подлежащим, а в страдательном залоге – действие, направленное на это лицо.
I like to help. − Я люблю помогать.
I like to be helped. − Я люблю, когда мне помогают.
Инфинитив в Indefinite Active обозначает простое действие, инфинитив в Continuous Active обозначает длительное действие.
She likes to write articles. − Она любит писать статьи.
She must be still writing. − Она, должно быть, все еще пишет.
Неперфектный инфинитив выражает действие, одновременное с
действием глагола-сказуемого или следующее за ним. Перфектный
инфинитив выражает действие, предшествующее действию, выраженному глаголом-сказуемым.
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I am glad to study at the post-graduate school. − Я рад, что учусь в
аспирантуре.
I am glad to have studied at the post-graduate school. − Я рад, что
учился в аспирантуре.
1. В предложении инфинитив может быть подлежащим.
To listen to Professor Smith`s lecture was very useful. − Послушать
лекцию профессора Смита было очень полезно.
To practice a lot is to speak English well. − Много практиковаться –
говорить по-английски лучше.
2. Обстоятельством цели.
To read the book I went to the library. − Чтобы прочитать эту книгу, я пошел в библиотеку.
3. Определением. Инфинитив в функции определения перево-
дится на русский язык тремя способами:
1) придаточным определительным предложением с модальным
сказуемым:
He is going to take part in the conference to be held in Kazan. − Он
собирается принять участие в конференции, которая должна состояться в Казани;
2) неопределенной формой глагола:
I have nothing to do. − Мне нечего делать;
3) личной формой глагола, если определение относится к по-
рядковому числительному:
He was the first to speak. − Она говорил первым.
4. дополнением.
He was glad to have been given a new task. − Он был рад, что ему
дали новое задание.
I decided to try this method. − Я решил испытать этот метод.
5. Частью сказуемого (часто модального).
You may come in. − Вы можете войти.
My wish is to get the grant. − Мое желание – получить грант.
Practice
Ex. 1 Translate the following sentences:
1) The journal on nanotechnology to be printed next year will cover
only fundamental research in this area.
2) The conference on polymers to be held in Kazan is scheduled for
September-October.
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3) The scientific meeting to be held next year by our University will
refer to both experimental and theoretical aspects of research in plasma
phenomena.
4) The data to be reported show the possibility of a feed-back mech-
anism, but this is to be tested.
5) The journals to be reviewed in connection with this topic should
generally be concerned with practical application of this phenomenon.
6) The problems to be resolved primarily concern the technological
aspects of the experiments to be conducted.
7) The attempts to explain the errors of the experimental findings
from equations to be found in current literature have been unreliable.
8) For shortness of time many of the important factors to be consid-
ered in this connection will only be briefly mentioned.
9) The best experimental results for the conception to be considered
later mostly come from recent work by Professor Hall and his colleagues.
10) An abstract of this paper to be published in «The Journal of Petro
chemistry» will be rejected to the lack of the experimental findings.
Ex. 2 Substitute the attribute clause by the passive infinitive.
Example: the question which will be discussed. – the question to be discussed.
1) The conference which is to be held in June.
2) The conception which must be revised.
3) The experiments which should be undertaken.
4) The phenomena which will be described.
5) The gap which must be filled.
6) The controversy which must be resolved.
7) The point which should be stressed.
8) The conditions which must be met.
9) The reports which will be given.
10) The works which will be cited here.
Ex. 3 Complete the sentences with the information relevant to your
work.
Example: The questions to be discussed at the next seminar…− The
questions to be discussed at the next seminar will concern our current
work.
1) The findings to be presented in this paper …
2) The literature to be reviewed in this paper…
3) The result to be considered in this paper…
4) The questions to be tackled at the next conference…
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5) The studies to be discussed at the next seminar…
6) The improvements to be made in organization of research…
7) The problems to be cleared up in the first place…
8) The conditions to be met in the experiments…
9) The difficulty to be resolved in the first place…
10) The problems to be considered at the next seminar.
Ex. 4 Describe the questions to be considered in your next paper. Use
the infinitives listed below.
Example:
1) The results to be presented in my paper come from the application
of a new experimental technique.
2) The questions to be considered in our next paper concern electron
diffraction in crystals.
1) to be given; 2) to be described; 3) to be discussed; 4) to be cov-
ered; 5) to be analyzed; 6) to be mentioned; 7) to be considered in detail;
8) to be emphasized; 9) to be omitted; 10) to be quoted.
Ex. 5 Change the following sentences using there is/are.
Example: Much work is to be done on atherosclerosis. − There is much
work to be done on atherosclerosis.
2) Some old traditions should be revived.
3) A gap in these studies must be filled.
4) A discrepancy in the results must be explained.
5) Some difficulties are to be resolved in this field.
6) One point should be emphasized in this connection.
7) Two questions are to be answered in this connection.
8) Many practical problems are to be solved in this field.
9) Many questions are to be covered during this lecture.
10) Some comments should be made on this point.
11) Some improvement must be made in this technique.
Ex. 6 Give a few examples of what there is to be done in your science in
the years to come.
Example:
1) There is still much to be learned about alternative fuels before we
can fully substitute fossil fuels.
2) There is much to be done in the coming years in the field of carbohydrate metabolism.
Ex. 7 Define the forms of the Infinitive (Passive or Active; Indefinite,
Continuous, Perfect or Perfect Continuous) in the following sentences.
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1) I want to see your plan.
2) It can be done.
3) The mistake must be found.
4) We knew him to be working in the lab.
5) I remember to have seen her somewhere.
6) We thought the mistake to have been found.
7) He must have been working all night.
8) She appeared to have been leading a very serious research before.
9) It’s nice to be discussing this idea with you.
10) It’s good to have finished work for the day.
11) I’m sorry not to have come on Friday.
12) I appear to have made a small mistake.
13) I didn’t expect to be invited.
14) There is a lot of work to do.
15) There is a lot of work to be done.
Ex. 8 State the functions of the Infinitive in the sentences.
1) To say is to act.
2) To increase the temperature means to reduce the yield.
3) To maintain the pressure is the better thing in this case.
4) The problem was to get there in time.
5) Our duty is to help this man.
6) He began to read this story yesterday.
7) He can’t change the variables.
8) He wanted to heat the solution.
9) He prefers to read books in the original.
10) She was the first to come.
11) We shall have no possibility to go there.
12) The road to connect these two towns is being built.
13) Here is the paper to be submitted at once.
14) There was only one parameter to rely on.
15) There is no chance to get a real result.
Ex. 9 Replace the subordinate clauses by infinitives in various functions.
Example:
1) The student is very proud that he presented his report to the audience.
2) The student is very proud present his report to the audience.
1. I am proud that I have completed this work by the 1-st of April.
2. We are glad that we have found this paper.
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3. There is a device in the lab which maintains the pressure.
4. She said she was sorry that she had missed you.
5. I’m sorry that I didn’t come on Wednesday.
6. We have modern measuring tools which you can use in your ex-
periments.
7. He put forward some good ideas which he will present in his re-
port.
8. Becky was surprised when she heard Tom’s voice.
Ex. 10 Read and translate the text paying attention to infinitives.
In the 19th century, the term petroleum was often used to refer to
mineral oils produced by distillation from mined organic solids such as
cannel coal (and later oil shale), and refined oils produced from them; the
Chinese were the first to use petroleum as fuel as the early as the fourth
century BCE. Pechelbronn (Pitch fountain) is said to be the first European
site where petroleum has been explored and used. The world's first oil refinery was built in 1856 by Ignacy Јukasiewicz. His achievements also included the discovery of how to distill kerosene from seep oil. Romania is
the first country in the world to have had its annual crude oil output officially recorded in international statistics: 275 tones for 1857.
Petroleum is a mixture of a very large number of different hydrocarbons; the most commonly found molecules are alkanes (linear
or branched), cycloalkanes, aromatic hydrocarbons, or more complicated
chemicals like asphaltenes. Each petroleum variety has a unique mix
of molecules, which define its physical and chemical properties, like color
and viscosity.
The alkanes, also known as paraffins, are saturated hydrocarbons
with straight or branched chains which contain only carbon and hydrogen
and have the general formula CnH2n+2. They generally have from 5 to 40
carbon atoms per molecule, although trace amounts of shorter or longer
molecules may be present in the mixture8.
8
https://sites.google.com/site/zemcraft/nafta
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