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1) has been surpassed
a) превосходила;
b) превзошла;
c) должна превзойти;
d) превзойдет.
2) was not diverted
a) не отвлеклась;
b) не отвлекается;
c) не будет отвлекаться;
d) не должна отвлекаться.
3) he was offered
a) он предложил;
b) он предлагает;
c) ему предлагают;
d) ему предложили.
4) they were followed by
a) они последуют;
b) они последовали;
c) за ними последуют;
d) за ними последовали.
5) the virus can be modified
a) вирус может модифицировать;
b) вирус можно модифицировать;
c) вирус должен быть модифицирован;
d) вирус можно было модифицировать.
6) it was found that …
a) было основано;
b) было обнаружено;
c) будет основано;
d) будет обнаружено.
7) the disease doesn’t injure
a) болезнь не вредила;
b) болезнь не будет вредить;
c) болезнь не вредит;
d) не наносится вред этой болезни.
8) he has been able to modify
a) он сумел модифицировать;
b) его смогли модифицировать;
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c) он сумеет модифицировать;
d) его сумеют модифицировать.
6.6 Exercise 6
Translate the sentences paying attention to the passive constructions.
1) Charles Darwin’s influence upon modern thought has been surpassed by
that of no other scientific investigator.
2) His early education was received at the public school.
3) Cambridge was graduated from in 1831.
4) His bent for natural research was not diverted by his schooling.
5) He was offered the position of naturalist on the Beagle.
6) His classic works were followed by “Geological Observations on
Volcanic Islands“.
7) This organism can be easily cultivated in certain media.
6.7 Exercise 7
Translate the sentences paying attention to the different meanings of the verb
“do”.
1) A gradual diminution in virulence did take place.
2) The controversies provoked by this work did a lot to attract popular
attention to natural science.
3) Did you read Darwin’s epoch-marking “Origin of Species by Natural
Selection“?
6.8 Exercise 8
Put 4 types of questions to the following sentences.
1) It causes just a mild disease.
62
2) Charles Darwin died at his residence in England, on Wednesday, April 19,
1882.
3) In 1859 he was awarded by the Wollaston Medal of the Geological Society.
4) His works did a lot to attract attention to natural science.
6.9 Exercise 9
Read the text. Translate it.
The journal “Scientific American” that was first established in 1845 printed the
article in memory of Charles Robert Darwin in April, 1882. It read: “Charles Robert
Darwin, whose influence upon the current of modern thought has been surpassed by
that of no other scientific investigator, died at his residence near Orpington, England,
on Wednesday, April 19. Mr. Darwin was born at Shrewsbury, England, on February
12, 1809. His early education was received at the public school in Shrewsbury, then
he passed to the University of Edinburgh, where he spent two years. He then went to
Christ’s College, Cambridge and graduated from it in 1831. His bent for natural
research was not diverted by his schooling; soon after graduation he read a paper on
marine zoology, giving such promise on scientific ability that he was offered the
position of naturalist on the ship “Beagle”, soon to start on a cruise of scientific
exploration round the world. Returning from this voyage in 1836 Darwin made ready
for publication his “Journal of Researches”, and in 1840-1842 he edited “Zoology of
the Voyage of the Beagle”. Soon afterward he pulished his classic works on the
structure and distribution of coral reefs.
These works were rapidly followed by “Geological Observations on Volcanic
Islands” in 1844 and “Geological Observations in South America” in 1846. In 1853
the Royal Society of London awarded him the Royal Medal, and in 1859 he received
the Wollaston Medal of the Geological Society. His epoch-marking “Origin of
Species by Natural Selection” appeared the same year. The controversies provoked
by this work probably did more to attract popular thought to questions of natural
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1809
1831
Ch. Darwin graduated from Cambridge and……
1836
1840-1842
He edited his “Zoology of the Voyage of the Beagle” and……
1844-1846
1853
1859
1882
Ch. Darwin died at his residence near Orpington, England
science, and to change the popular as well as the scientific mode of regarding such
topics, than any other influence of the century.
6.10 Exercise 10
Answer the following questions.
1) What was Ch. Darwin?
2) Where and when was he born?
3) Where did he study?
4) What paper gave a great promise of his scientific ability?
5) How long did Ch. Darwin do his scientific exploration on board of
“Beagle”?
6) What are the main papers, published by Ch. Darwin.
7) When did his “Origin of Species by Natural Selection” appear?
6.11 Exercise 11
Fill in the scheme on Ch. Darwin’s biography. Discuss it with your partner.
Give the additional information about the great scientist, if you can.
Main Landmarks in Ch. Darwin’s life, table 1.
Table 1 - Exercise 11
64
1) No other scientific investigator
was able…
1) … a paper on marine zoology.
2) Ch. Darwin received …
2) … he edited “Journal of
Researches”.
3) He spent two years …
3) … Ch. Darwin was invited as a
naturalist on the “Beagle” ship.
4) Then he studied …
4) … of approaching the problems
of natural selection and origin of species.
5) After graduating from
Cambridge he read …
5) … to surpass Ch. Darwin’s
influence upon natural sciences.
6) This paper was so highly valued
that …
6) … at the University of
Edinbugh.
7) On the ship he started …
7) … Christ’s College,
Cambridge.
8) Returning from the cruise he …
8) … his primary education at the
public school.
9) His epoch-marking “Origin of
species by Natural Selection” attracted
…
9) … popular attention to
problems of natural sciences.
10) It also changed the scientific
mode …
10) … on a cruise of scientific
researches round the world.
6.12 Exercise 12
Find endings to the beginnings of the sentences.
6.13 Exercise 13
Summarize the information about Ch. Darwin taking into account the
additional facts and speak on the great naturalist.
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6.14 Exercise 14
Read the text. Discuss it with your partner: ask questions, share your opinions,
make up dialogues.
More than 120 years ago “Scientific American” published the data of M.
Pasteur’s last discovery. February, 1881: “M. Pasteur has at last made known the
method by which he claims that the virus of fowl cholera can be modified to produce
a morbid (ослабленный) disease with the same protective power against the original
disease that vaccinia has against smallpox M. Pasteur’s communication on the
subject is of extreme interest, on account of the bearing the alleged discovery has on
all infectious diseases. The special poison of the disease, according to Pasteur, is an
oval micro – organism about a forty – thousandth of an inch in diameter. This
organism can be easily cultivated in certain media, such as a decoction of muscle, and
it was by cultivating it in these media that Pasteur obtained the results he now
announces. It was found that if these micro – organisms were subjected to numerous
cultivations immediately succeeding each other the virulence was not at all
diminished, but if the intervals between the cultivations were prolonged, a gradual
diminution in virulence did take place. If the time between the successive cultivations
is extended to six, eight or ten months, the virulence of the poison continues to
become weaker, until it finally causes simply a mild disease that doesn’t injure the
fowl but protects it from the effects of any further inoculations even with the freshest
and most virulent organisms. M. Pasteur states that he has been able to modify the
poison of anthrax, so that after its inoculation in healthy animals a morbid action is
produced removing the susceptibility to the original poison”.
them.
6.15 Exercise 15
What other famous naturalists do you know? Make up your report on one of
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7 Lesson 7. The chromosome structure (Структура хромосомы)
7.1 Exercise 1
Mind the following words and set expressions.
1) genetic information – генетическая информация;
2) to observe through a microscope – наблюдать через микроскоп;
3) to be invisible – быть невидимым;
4) to open up – обнаруживать;
5) to carry out – выполнять;
6) to unfold a chromosome – развернуть (раскрыть) хромосому;
7) to account for – отвечать за;
8) DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) – ДНК;
9) to be apparent – быть очевидным;
10) to dispel the mystery – рассеять тайну;
11) to find out – обнаружить;
12) X – ray diffraction – преломление рентгеновского луча;
13) three – dimensional array – трехмерная цепочка (ряд);
14) to find evidence (for) – найти доказательство (для);
15) angstrom – ангстрем (единица длины, равная одной
десятимиллионной доле миллиметра или 10
16) by means of – посредством;
17) to play a key role – играть ключевую роль;
18) to be positively (negatively) charged – быть заряженным положительно
(отрицательно);
19) to run the length of – равняться длине;
-10
метра);
20) genetic message – генетическое послание (информация).
7.2 Exercise 2
Mind the following verbs.
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to see (saw, seen) видеть; to incorporate – соединять; to enclose – заключать;
to vanish – исчезать; to condense – сжимать; to facilitate – облегчать; to expose –
проявлять; to array – выстраиваться; to translate – передавать; to accompany –
сопровождать; to express – выражать; to compare – сравнивать; to indicate –
указывать; to bind (bound) связывать, соединять; to associate – связывать; to wind
(wound) накручивать, извиваться; to recur – повторять; to constrain – сжимать; to
coil – свертываться в спираль; to bound – ограничивать; to charge – заряжать.
7.3 Exercise 3
Read and translate the following group words. Use a dictionary if necessary.
1) special – specialist – speciality – specialization – to specialize – specially;
species – specific – specification – to specify – speciology – specious.
2) to carry – to carry out; carrier – carriage – carriagble, carriage – way;
carrier pigeon; cart, carrying, carried, to uncart.
3) to compare – comparable – incomparable – comparative; - comparative
anatomy; comparatively – incomparativly; comparison; as compared with.
4) express – express train, to travel express; to express – expressible –
expression – expressive – expressly - expressless; inexpressible – inexpressive.
5) to expose – exposition – expositive – expositor – expository – exposure.
7.4 Exercise 4
Open the brackets, paying attention to nouns in singular and plural.
1) The wolves (to be) shot. The little wolf (to be) shot.
2) The mouse (to be) caught. The mice (to be) caught.
3) The species of this animal (to be) badly studied.
4) The nucleus (to contain) a chromatin.
5) The nuclei (to contain) chromatins.
6) The analysis of X – ray data (to indicate) good results.
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1) they were seen
a) они видели;
b) их видят;
c) их увидят;
d) их увидели.
2) the chromosomes could be
followed
a) за хромосомами можно следить;
b) хромосомы могли следить;
c) за хромосомами нужно следить;
d) за хромосомами можно было
следить.
3) they seemed to disappear
a) они казались исчезнувшими;
b) казалось, они исчезли;
c) кажется, они исчезли;
d) кажется, они исчезают.
4) she has to account for
a) она отвечает за;
b) она должна отвечать за;
c) она может отвечать за;
d) она ответила за.
5) gene regions are being
expressed in…
a) позиции генов выразились в;
b) позиции генов выражаются;
c) позиции генов должны выражаться;
d) позиции генов могут выражаться.
7) The datum of the analyses (to be) rather good.
8) The alga (to grow) everywhere in the sea.
9) Different backeria (to be) spread around us.
7.5 Exercise 5
Choose the proper equivalents to the following verb groups.
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7.6 Exercise 6
Read and translate the following word phrases. Pay attention to attributes.
dense, ropelike bodies; daughter cells; membrane – bounded nucleus; the
genetic information needed for the daughter cells’ growth and function; a typical
plant or animal cell; extraordinary diversity of chromosome form and structure; the
more abundant component; three – dimensional array; immune response; foreign
substance; negatively charged groups; resulting cablelike double helix; divided cell;
dividing cell; cell division.
7.7 Exercise 7
Translate the sentences, pay attention to the different meaning of the verbs “to
be” and “to have”
1) The chromosomes had not, of course, really vanished.
2) The information in chromosomes is to be divided into the units called
genes.
3) The structural flexibility of chromosomes has to account for the inclusion
of chromosomal material.
4) The chromosomes of higher cells are composed of the substance called
chromatin.
5) The scientists found out where in a chromosome histones are and what they
do.
6) This slender rod has no quite clear features.
7.8 Exercise 8
Translate the sentences, pay attention to the phrase it “is … that”.
1) It was by cultivating the organism in certain media that Pasteur obtained
such results.
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