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Файл:Английский язык. Биология. Учебное пособие для СПО
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1) may be destroyed
a) может быть разрушена
b) разрушена
c) могла быть разрушена
d) была разрушена
2) is eroded
a) истощился
3.4 Exercise 4
Read and translate the following groups of words. Use a dictionary if
necessary.
1) long – length – lengthy period of time;
2) notice – noticeable – noticeably – noticed – noticing – unnoticed;
3) part – partake – partaker – parted – partial – participant – participate -
participation – particle – particular, - particles of soil – particularly – parting –
partition - partner;
4) proper – properly – property – improper;
5) restrict – restricting – restricted – restriction – unrestricted;
6) new – renew – renewable – nonrenewable resources.
3.5 Exercise 5
Read and translate the following word phrases. Pay attention to the attributes.
soil – forming rock; heavy rain; dust storms; a very lengthy period; improper
working of the land; water erosion; mud streams running off the surface; hard
underlying rock; different ways of fighting water erosion; non-turning deep
ploughing; the soil’s specific retention of water; soil conservation crop rotation
techniques; wild nectariferous grasses; soil moisture retention; prevailing erosion
winds; wind-break forest belts.
3.6 Exercise 6
Choose the proper equivalents to the following verb groups.
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b) истощается
c) должен истощаться
d) может истощаться
3) was to increase
a) должен увеличиваться
b) увеличился
c) должен был увеличиться
d) может увеличиваться
4) must be made
a) должен сделать
b) должен быть сделан
c) может сделать
d) следует сделать
5) has been established
a) установлено
b) должно быть установлено
c) было установлено
d) будет установлено
6) should not be wider
a) не могут быть шире
b) не будут шире
c) не должны быть шире
d) не могли быть шире
3.7 Exercise 7
Open the brackets, translate the sentences.
1) If nothing (to prevent) erosion small washouts will turn into deeper ones.
2) If the source of erosion deposits (to be) higher up the entire gully will be
filled by the deposits.
3) If the system of land cultivation (to be changed) wind erosion will not
occur.
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3.8 Exercise 8
Translate the sentences into English.
1) Если бы в прошлом году ничто не помешало бы эрозии, то маленькие
размывы превратились бы в более глубокие.
2) Если бы система обработки в нашей стране изменилась бы, то не
происходила бы и ветряная эрозия.
3.9 Exercise 9
Translate the sentences paying attention to the non-finite forms of the verbs.
1) Plants grow stronger and protect the soil from being washed away.
2) The simpliest hydraulic works are used to prevent gullies from forming.
3) The role played by plants is twofold.
4) Fighting any kind of soil erosion always requires a set of anti-erosion
measures.
5) It takes 250 to 300 years to restore one cm. of soil.
6) Moving in jumps the bits of soil fall on the surface of the field.
7) The plant remains on the field preventing the wind from driving bits of
soil over it and raising dust particles into the air.
3.10 Exercise 10
Put four types of questions to the following sentences.
1) Birds need food plants and trees to nest in.
2) Crops are planted in strips.
3) Plants grow deeper roots on such soil.
3.11 Exercise 11
Read the text. Translate it.
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Soil erosion is the destruction and wearing away of the soil and sometimes
even the soil-forming rock by water or wind. A layer of soil formed in the course of
100 or 200 years may be destroyed in a few days by heavy rain or dust storms. The
soil is rapidly destroyed but forms only over a very lengthy period. That’s why it is so
vitally important to protect the soil.
Soil erosion by water is widespread and most destructive. It occurs on slopes
and is due to improper working of the land. There are three kinds of water erosion:
sheet, stream and gully.
Surface soil is mostly washed away where vegetation cover is sparse. The top
layer of soil is eroded gradually, so the process may go unnoticed in its early stages.
It begins when drops of rain hit the ground, spray it and carry away small particles of
soil suspended in the water clogging the pores of the soil with mud and forming mud
streams running off the surface.
Stream erosion occurs during the snow melting in spring followed by heavy
rains in summer. Millions of tons of soil are washed away from the fields every year
with the melted snow and rain. This soil contains biogenic (nutritive) elements –
nitrogen, phosphorus, potasium and others.
Gully erosion takes place when stream erosion is not restricted to the soil but
also involves the matrix and reached the hard underlying rock. If nothing prevents
erosion small washouts will turn into deeper ones which gradually become gullies.
Soil erosion is bad for agriculture in all respects. Grain harvests on strongly eroded
soils are half those on uneroded soils.
There are different ways of fighting water erosion. The simpliest and easiest
way of reducing the surface water run-off for all areas where water erosion occurs is
to plough the land across the slope. This method is effective only on flat lands and
gentle slopes. The most effective anti-erosion measure which dramatically reduces
water run-off is non-turning deep ploughing. In the latter case the soil absorbs more
water and holds it for a longer time. Plants grow deeper roots on such soil, have a
larger reserve of nutritive substances and, therefore, grow stronger and protect the
soil from being washed away better.
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In order to reduce the surface run-off and increase the soil’s specific retention
of water farmers practise ploughing with banking, discontinuous furrows and holes
and snow retention.
Major importance in fighting erosion is attached to soil conservation crop
rotation techniques, the effectiveness of which increases when crops are planted in
strips. The simpliest hydraulic works-small dams, embankments, etc.-are used to
prevent gullies from forming and trees, shrubs and weeds are planted. The role played
by plants is twofold: firstly, they physically protect the soil from being washed away;
secondly, they reduce the speed of water run-off by increasing the hydraulic
resistance of the stream bed which in its turn reduces the effect of the stream in
washing and wearing away the soil. When the speed of the water is reduced
significantly the particles of silt in the water are deposited promoting plant growth. If
the source of erosion deposits is higher up, the entire gully may be filled with the
deposits. Fighting any kind of soil erosion always requires a set of anti-erosion
measures. No one measure alone is effective.
The enormous areas taken up by gullies must be made suitable for economic
use and this task must be subordinated to the main purpose of eliminaling water
erosion completely. Fruit bushes may be planted on the brow, slopes and bottom of
gullies. Of the former blackthorn, bucktorn and some kinds of cherries may be used.
A variety of plants and crops in a gully secures the forming of complex and
stable biocenoses. Birds need food plants (black and red elder, juneberry and
mulberry trees) and trees (blackthorn, hawtorn and gooseberry, wild apple, pear trees)
to nest in. Cerfain nectariferous grasses are necessary for bees and other useful
insects.
3.12 Exercise 12
Answer the questions.
1) Why is it so important to protect the soil?
2) What is soil erosion by water due to?
3) When does the sheet erosion occur?
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sheet erosion
Soil erosion by water
agriculture
snow melting
heavy rains
the matrix
begins
occurs
invobves
4) When does the stream erosion occur?
5) When does the gully erosion take place?
6) Why is it necessary to grow plants when fighting the soil erosion?
3.13 Exercise 13
Write down from the text all names of different plants. Mind them.
3.14 Exercise 14
Fill in the scheme and speak on the kinds of water erosion, figure 4.
Figure 4 - Exercise 14
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3.15 Exercise 15
Summarise the information about the ways of fighting water erosion and
discuss the problem with your partner.
1. Ploughing the land across the
slope is……
2. Deep ploughing makes……
3. Retention of water
includes……
4. Hydraulik works are……
5. Planting trees, shrubs and
weeds…… is two fold:
firstly…… secondly……
1. …… ploughing with
banking…… and snow retention.
2. …… used to prevent gullies
from forming.
3. …… effective only on free
lands and gentle slopes.
4. …… protect the soil from
being washed away.
5. …… soil absorb more water
and plants grow stronger.
6. …… reduce the speed of
water run-off.
3.16 Exercise 16
Read the text, discuss it with your partner: ask questions, share your opinions,
make up your own schemes.
Soil erosion by wind.
Soil erosion by wind is characteristic mostly of open, dry, diffused soils. It may
arise on any field with sparse vegetation.
In wind erosion the wind usually blows small bits of soil (less than 1mm in
diameter) over the surface. When the wind grows stronger these bits not only roll
over the surface of the field but are even thrown into the air for distances of 3 to 4
metres. This rolling and flying through the air resembles snow drifting in the wind in
winter. The particles of soil in the stream of air acquire great destructive force. A
polished steel plate placed in the field during such a wind becomes dull in an hour
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from being hit by the particles while the paint may be peeled from the side of a car
during the storm. Bits of soil may hit seedling and destroy them completely.
Moving in jumps the bits of soil fall on the surface of the field, dislodge dust
particles which are then caught up by the wind and carried away over large distances,
sometimes for hundreds and thousands of kilometres. A cloud of dust raised and
driven over a field where the soil is destroyed by the wind is called a dust storm.
Sometimes the wind may erode 1 to 5 cm of soil from a field. In natural conditions it
takes 250 to 300 years to restore one cm. of soil. Soil loss is thus irretrievable.
Measures against wind erosion include: firstly, protection of fields against the
wind; and secondly, retention of moisture in the soil because moist soil is firmer,
plants grow quicker and more thickly in it, preventing the wind from destroying the
soil.
It has been established that wind erosion is inevitable in spring on fields
ploughed in autumn with a terracing plough. If the system of land cultivation is
changed, wind erosion will not occur. The plant remains on the field preventing the
wind from driving bits of soil over it and raising dust particles into the air.
In Kazakhstan and the steppe areas of Siberia soils are sandy loam and light
loam. On these soils the use of non-turning method of cultivation combined with the
introduction of soil conservation crop rotation with grass is recommended. The most
effective conservation crop rotation is where grass is alternated with annual crops
across the direction of the prevailing erosion winds. The strips should not be wider
than 50 meters. Under this crop rotation system, each field has 50 per cent grass and
50 per cent annual crops and fallow land. A reliable means of preventing wind
erosion is to create wind break forest belts. There are two main types of protective
forest belts: water regulating and wind breaking. These belts are planted with
clearings covered with shrubs. All this creates conditions similar to natural forest
conditions.
Specialists believe that in future attention should be focused in creating
protective forest belts on specifying their optimal size and location selecting the most
stable and long-lasting tree and shrub varieties, breeding new plants which best
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satisfy the needs of creating protective belts. These belts should be also considered as
the habitat of wild animals, recreation sites and in terms of their aesthetic value.
3.17 Exercise 17
Speak on the soil erosion according to the plan.
1) Soil erosion by water.
2) Soil erosion by wind.
3) Protective measures.
4 Lesson 4. Conservation and rational use of forest resources
(Сохранение и рациональное использование лесных ресурсов)
4.1 Exercise 1
Mind the following words and set expressions.
1) timber – строевой лес;
2) wood – дерево (как материал), древесина;
3) forest – лес, засаживать лесом;
4) forestry – лесоводство, лесничество;
5) raw material – сырье;
6) pulp – бумажная древесная масса;
7) cardboard – картон;
8) artificial measures – искусственные методы;
9) watershed forests – леса по водоразделу;
10) to be clogged by silt – засоряться илом;
11) place for recreation – место для отдыха;
12) water fowl – водоплавающие птицы;
13) fur animal – пушной зверь;
14) hoofed animal – копытное животное;
15) to yield profit – приносить доход;
16) pine forest – сосновый бор;
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17) in view of – ввиду, принимая во внимание;
18) upkeep work – работы по очистке леса;
19) annual increment – ежегодные прибыль;
20) clearing – участок леса, расчищенный для обработки почвы;
21) coniferous – хвойный;
22) undergrowth – подлесок;
23) deciduous trees – лиственные деревья.
4.2 Exercise 2
Mind the following regular verbs.
to finish – заканчивать, обрабатывать, отделывать; to retain – сохранять; to
contribute – содействовать, способствовать; to populate – населять; to divide
(into) – делить на, подразделять; to fell – рубить, валить (деревья); to exploit –
эксплуатировать, разрабатывать; to obtain – получать; to estimate – оценивать; to
occupy – занимать; to cover – покрывать; to seem – казаться; to distribute –
распределять; to conserve – сохранять; to transfer – переносить, передавать; to
succeed – преуспевать, сменять, следовать за; to appear – появляться,
оказываться; to introduce – вводить.
4.3 Exercise 3
Give three principle forms of the irregular verbs. Mind them.
to keep, to spread, to lose, to put, to choose, to burn, to deal.
4.4 Exercise 4
Read and translate the following groups of words. Use a dictionary if
necessary.
1) to use – useful, useless, usage, using, usable, user, used, usual, usually;
make rational use, to disuse;
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