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5.4 Exercise 4
Read and translate the following groups of words. Use a dictionary if
necessary.
1) to provide – provided – provided (сj); providence, provident, providential,
providently; provider; providing; providing (сj), unprovided; to provide with an
opportunity; to provide for Smth.
2) to value – valuable animals; valuation, valued, valueless, valuer,
invaluable.
3) to appear – appearance, disappear – disappearance, appearing, appeared.
4) arms – armadillo; armament, armature, armed, arming, armless, armour –
armourer, armoury; army, to disarm, disarmament.
5) to restore – restoration – restorative – restorer, restored, restoring.
5.5 Exercise 5
Pay attention to the following nouns in plural
1) a sheep – овца; sheep – овцы;
2) a mouse – мышь; mice – мыши;
3) a goose – гусь; geese – гуси;
4) a leaf – лист; leaves – листья;
5) a wolf – волк; wolves – волки;
6) a species – вид; species – виды;
7) a deer – олень; deer – олени;
8) an ox – бык; oxen – быки;
9) buffalo – буйвол; buffaloes – буйволы;
10) works – завод; works – заводы;
11) grouse – куропатка; grouse – куропатки.
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1) are being reduced
a) уменьшились;
b) уменьшались;
c) уменьшаются;
d) уменьшается.
2) turned into
a) превратилось;
b) превращается;
c) превратится;
d) может превратиться.
3) could be measured
a) можно измерить;
b) нужно измерить;
c) нужно было измерить;
d) можно было измерить.
4) are grown
a) выращиваются;
b) выращивались;
c) выращивается;
d) будут выращиваться.
5) have been taken
a) приняты;
5.6 Exercise 6
Read and translate the following word phrases. Pay attention to the attributes.
wildlife habitat; the fresh-water animals habitat; extensive and uncontrolled
hunting; the amount of ostrich feathers sold; coastal underwater meadows;
disappearing species of animals; vanishing species; mammals, threatened by
extinction; much more than in all other countries combined; the central aurochs
breeding ground was set up; valuable commercial species population; fine hunting
grounds; radical measures aimed at enriching the fauna.
5.7 Exercise 7
Choose the proper equivalents to the following verb groups.
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b) были приняты;
c) принимаются;
d) был принят.
6) has died out
a) вымер;
b) вымерли;
c) вымрет;
d) вымерает.
7) may disappear
a) могут исчезнуть;
b) могли исчезнуть;
c) должны исчезнуть;
d) исчезли.
5.8 Exercise 8
Translate the sentences, pay attention to the Absolute Participle Construction.
1) The number of animal and bird species has been reduced sharply, certain
species on the contrary being provided with an opportunity for mass production.
2) Some of land animals perish, others migrating.
3) The spotted deer antlers being valued highly as medicine, they were almost
completely annihilated in the Far East.
4) There are more than 13,000 beavers in Russia, their number having
increased more than 120 times over.
5) Many hunting farms being replaced by reservations, all animals were fully
protected.
5.9 Exercise 9
Put 4 types of questions to the following sentences.
1) The fashion for ostrich feathers led to decrease in the number of this
species.
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2) Now most African ostriches live on farms.
3) A European wild horse, the tarpan, has become extinct.
5.10 Exercise 10
Read the text. Translate it.
Conservation of the animal kingdom.
Changes in the number of certain animals occur for many reasons. The most
important of these are, firstly, changes worked by man in the conditions of existence
of animal populations, species or whole communities, and secondly, the direct
destruction of certain species.
The first factor is of universal significance, the second usually operating only
for a few species. Let us consider these factors.
Changes in wildlife habitat are largely due to technical progress. For example,
the building of dams on vast territories along rivers. As a result some of land animals
perish, other migrating. The fresh-water animal habitat alters too because conditions
in a reservoir are different from conditions in a river. The landscape and its wild life
also change when trees are cut down. The rapid growth in the number of elks in the
European part of Russia was largely due to the abundant growth of summer and
winter feed for them on large areas where timber had been cut down. The
development of cities has radically changed wildlife habitat as well, the number of
animal and bird species having been reduced sharply. Certain species, on the
contrary, are provided with an opportunity for mass reproduction: the pigeon, city
sparrow, crow and some others.
Direct annihilation threatens only a few species. But as a rule, these are the
most valuable animals in economic terms. Extensive and uncontrolled hunting brings
them to the verge of extinction. In discussing uncontrolled hunting reference is
usually made to Africa. The abrubt reduction in the number of wild animals began in
the period of European colonization. At the turn of the century large animals such as
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elephants, buffaloes and others were almost completely wiped out in South Africa.
The fate of the American buffalo is also indicative. At one time there were tens of
millions of buffaloes in North America. The Indians hunted them but in small
numbers using them only for food and domestic needs. The European colonists began
to hunt the buffalo more intensively and the hunting turned into the widespread
slaughter of these animals. At the present time, buffaloes survive only in preserves.
The fashion for white heron and ostrich feathers at the turn of the century led to
an abrubt decrease in the number of these once widespread species. In 1912 in France
alone the amount of ostrich feathers sold could be measured in tons. Now most
African ostriches live on farms where they are specially grown for feathers.
The spotted deer whose young antlers are valued highly as medicine was
almost completely annihilated in the Far East. Cardinal measures have been taken in
Russia to restore the number of spotted deer.
Animal protection has been operative in Russia for a long time and has yielded
good results. Certain species having been restored, now they are even hunted.
Elks were protected by the law back in the times of Peter the Great, in the early
of the 18th century, but by the mid – 19th century their number in the country’s central
areas was negligible. Now there are as many as 700,000 elks in the country, much
more than in all other countries combined.
Zoos play a large part in conserving rare species. They also help spread
knowledge about animals and teach people to love them and adopt a careful attitude
to the most valuable resources on the planet, those of living nature.
Animal acclimatization enriches the local fauna with new valuable species
brought in from other areas. Acclimatization of the muskrat was particularly
successful. No animal has ever been spread so widely and in such large numbers by
man.
Reacclimatization is the relocation of species to territories where they lived
formerly but due to human activity or for other reasons became extinct.
Reacclimatization is also widely practised to enrich the fauna and increase valuable
commercial species population. In particular the beaver population has been restored
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by means of reacclimatization. In Russia, beavers were found only in a few places in
1917, and numbered less than 1,000. By 1971 there were more than 12,000 beavers in
Russia, their number having increased more than 120 times over. At present beavers
are being hunted on a limited scale in the places where there are sufficient numbers of
them.
As a sector of the economy hunting farms are concerned with game resources,
their reproduction and rational exploitation. The hunting seasons are fixed according
to animals’ biological cycle. Frequently laymen accuse hunters of reducing the
number of animals. They propose that hunting farms be replaced by reservations
where all animals will be fully protected. This, however, may have adverse effects.
Total banning of hunting does not always lead to an increase in the number of
animals and expansion of their population.
In most places the wild fauna should be regarded as an additional product of
forests and agricultural Siberian forests, for example, provide not only timber but also
fine hunting grounds where the elks, musk deer and other wild hoofed animals live in
large number and yield quantities of meat and hides.
The functioning of hunting farms must be intensified in order to further
develop them. It is not enough to only protect the animals and regulate hunting. It is
necessary to implement radical measures aimed at enriching the fauna. Wild fowl is
widely bred in many countries as a means of raising the productivity of hunting areas.
The Darwin and Barguzin preserves have experimented with breeding wood-grouse
in captivity.
5.11 Exercise 11
Answer the following questions.
1) What are changes in wildlife habitat due to ?
2) Why do the landscape and its wildlife change ?
3) What brings the most valuable animals to the verge of extinction ?
4) What was the fate of buffaloes in Africa and in North America ?
5) What was the fate of ostriches and spotted deer ?
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Changes in the number
of animals
Technical
progress
Buffaloes
ostrich
deer
them.
5.
6) What are the main ways of protecting animals ?
7) Why is it impossible to ban hunting totally ?
5.12 Exercise 12
Write down from the text all names of rare animals being threatened. Mind
5.13 Exercise 13
Fill in the scheme and speak on the destruction of the animal kingdom, figure
Figure 5 - Exercise 13
5.14 Exercise 14
Read the text. Discuss it with your partner: ask questions, share your opinions,
make up your schemes.
The International Union for the Conservation of Nature has published a special
Red Book (red is the colour of danger) which provides all the necessary information
about disappearing species of animals, their habitat, numbers (how many animals still
The Red Book.
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survive in their natural environment), and the reason why they are being reduced. The
Red Book contains conclusions by leading scientists and instructions on priority
actions to save the species from extinction. Five volumes of the Red Book have been
published. The species in the Red Book are divided into five-groups.
1) Threatened (vanishing) species requiring total protection are described on
red-coloured pages.
2) Rare species not directly threatened by extinction but existing in small
numbers or on a restricted territory, and being under a real threat of disappearing are
described on white pages.
3) Endangered species whose numbers are rapidly and steadily decreasing
are described on yellow pages.
4) Indefinite species apparently threatened by extinction but exact facts on
the state of their populations being unavailable are described on grey pages at the end
of each volume.
5) A section for restored species has also been introduced, they are described
on green pages.
The Russian Red Book came into existence in 1974. It includes the following
animals: Mammals threatened by extinction and rare mammals include among others
the desman, Asian river beaver, Amur tiger, snow leopard, Atlantic walrus,
Greenland whale, Bukhara deer, European bison, red wolf; striped hyena, Ussuri
spotted deer and others.
The birds threatened by extinction and rare birds include the white albatross,
mountain goose, white and black crane bustard, black stork, pink pelican, flamingo,
small swan, golden eagle, steppe eagle, Caucasian black grouse and others.
5.15 Exercise 15
Summarize the information about the conservation of animal kingdom in your
detailed plan.
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6 Lesson 6. World-known naturalists of the 18th century
(Известные ученые-естествоиспытатели 18 века)
6.1 Exercise 1
Mind the following words and set expressions.
1) influence (upon) – влияние (на);
2) modern thought – современная мысль;
3) scientific investigator – научный исследователь;
4) bent for natural sciences – склонность к естественным наукам;
5) scientific ability – способность к наукам;
6) to offer the position – предложить должность;
7) to start on a cruise – отправиться в круиз;
8) to make ready (for) – подготовиться (к);
9) epoch-marking – эпохальный;
10) controversy – полемика;
11) protective power – защитная сила;
12) on account of – из-за, вследствие;
13) to have a bearing – иметь значение;
14) alleged discovery – представленное открытие;
15) to be subjected (to) – подвергаться;
16) to succeed each other – следовать друг за другом;
17) a gradual diminution – постепенное уменьшение;
18) to read a paper – прочитать научный доклад.
6.2 Exercise 2
Mind the following verbs:
to surpass – превышать, превосходить; to divert – отклонять; to edit -
издавать; to award – награждать; to receive – получать; to provoke – вызывать; to
regard – считать; to claim – требовать, заявлять; to modify – изменять,
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модифицировать; to diminish – уменьшать; to prolong – продлять; to extend –
расширять; to cause – вызывать; to injure – повредить.
6.3 Exercise 3
Read and translate the following groups of words. Use a dictionary if
necessary.
1) to succeed – следовать, (in) преуспевать; success – successful, succession
– successive – successor , unsuccessful.
2) to know- знать; know-all; know-how; knowing; knowingly; knowledge;
knowledgeable; known; know-nothing; unknown; unknowable; to make known the
method.
3) to edit – редактировать – edition, editor, editorial, editor-in-chief.
4) to regard – считать,рассматривать,касаться; regardant; regardful;
regarding; regardless, to disregard – disregard.
5) to divert – отклонять; diverting; diversity; to diversify; diversiform,
diverse, divergence, to diverge, divergent; undiverted attention; indivertible.
6.4 Exercise 4
Put the following nouns in the plural form. Consult a dictionary if necessary.
a species; a medium; a discovery; a sheep; a mouse; a leaf; a deer; an ox; a
wolf; a fungus; a stratum; a bacterium; a bacillus; a biocenosis; a basis, an analysis, a
man, a woman, a child, a foot, a goose, a grouse.
6.5 Exercise 5
Choose the proper equivalents to the following verb groups.
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