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Файл:Английский язык для студентов – будущих инженеров. Учебное пособие
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Emily has got freckles on her nose
She has got curly hair
Picture 5. Different types of appearances
Exercise 4. For each feature think of someone you know. Write one
sentence for each feature. For example:
My mother has curly hair. She likes to straighten them.
My brother is very muscular. He goes gym every day.
Exercise 5. Guess the meaning of the missed word. You will find
them in Exercise 3.
1. ..... are little brown spots on a person’s face or body.
2. .... grows on a man’s chin.
3. .... grows under a man’s nose.
4. Which is better being ..... or being thin? Why?
5. We call people with a shaved head – ......
6. People who do weight training sometimes go very ....
7. Some women think ...... make their hands look pretty and they
sometimes paint them pink or red.
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Exercise 6. Answer the questions about you with true information.
1. Who is the most attractive in your family?
2. Are you taller or shorter than your father?
3. Who does your mother take after her mother or her father? And
how?
4. How many people have blonde hair in your family?
5. What famous person do you look like? In what way do you look
alike?
6. Do you have a tattoo?
7. Do you think people with many piercings can be beautiful?
8. What makes one person more attractive than another?
9. What do you think about plastic surgery?
10. Would you ever have plastic surgery? If so, what would you
change?
11. How many different adjectives can you think of to describe a beau-
tiful woman or a handsome man.
Reading
Exercise 1. Read the newspaper article Seven things people decide
within seconds of meeting you, according to science and tick the correct answer
1. A 2007 study found that looking your conversation partner in the
eye ...
a. was huge for your perceived smartness.
b. was critical for people’s decision on your trustworthiness.
2. A University of Pennsylvania study found that men with shaved
heads ...
a. were rated as more adventurous than similar men with full heads
of hair.
b. were rated as more dominant than similar men with full heads of hair.
3. If you want to look successful ...
a. wear name-brand clothes — Lacoste, Tommy Hilfiger and etc.
b. get it tailored.
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T e x t . S e v e n t h i n g s p e o p l e d e c i d e w i t h i n
s e c o n d s o f m e e t i n g y o u , a c c o r d i n g t o s c i e n c e
People decide on your trustworthiness in a tenth of a second
Picture 6. Illustration to the article“Nine things people decide within
seconds of meeting you, according to science”
Psychologists call it “thin slicing”.
Within moments of meeting people, you decide all sorts of things
about them, from status to intelligence to promiscuity.
If you're trustworthy
People decide on your trustworthiness in a tenth of a second. Princeton
researchers found this out by giving one group of university students 100
milliseconds to rate the attractiveness, competence, likeability, aggressiveness, and trustworthiness of actors' faces.
Members of another group were able to take as long as they wanted.
While other traits differed depending on time spent looking, trustworthiness
was basically the same.
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If you're high-status
A Dutch study found that people wearing name-brand clothes – Lacoste and Tommy Hilfiger, to be precise – were seen as higher status than
folks wearing non-designer clothes.
“Perceptions did not differ on any of the other dimensions that might af-
fect the outcome of social interactions,” the authors wrote. “There were no differences in perceived attractiveness, kindness, and trustworthiness.” Just status.
If you're smart
A 2007 study led by Loyola Marymount University professor Nora A.
Murphy found that looking your conversation partner in the eye was huge
for your perceived smartness.
“Looking while speaking was a key behavior,” she wrote. “It signifi-
cantly correlated with IQ, was successfully manipulated by impression-man-
aging targets, and contributed to higher perceived intelligence ratings.”
Wearing thick glasses and speaking expressively helps, too.
If you're dominant
A University of Pennsylvania study found that “men with shaved
heads were rated as more dominant than similar men with full heads of hair.”
Bald isn't just beautiful; it's powerful.
A University of Pennsylvania study found that “men with shaved
heads were rated as more dominant than similar men with full heads of hair,”
and that “men whose hair was digitally removed were perceived as more
dominant, taller, and stronger than their authentic selves.”
So if it's starting to go, shave it off.
If you're successful
“On the evidence of this study it appears men may be advised to
purchase clothing that is well‐tailored."
If you want to look successful, get it tailored.
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In a British-Turkish study, participants looked at photos of men in tailored versus off-the-peg suits for just five seconds, with the guys in tailored
suits rated as more successful.
“On the evidence of this study it appears men may be advised to pur-
chase clothing that is well‐tailored, as it can positively enhance the image
they communicate to others,” the authors wrote.
If you're on your way to a promotion
Crisply dressed dudes are expected to make more money and get promoted more rapidly.
It's not just status — it's earnings potential, too.
In a 2011 Canadian study, university students were shown photos of
male models dressed in either business or casual attire. They were then asked
questions about how that guy would perform in a variety of jobs.
The results were stark: Not only were the crisply dressed dudes expected
to make more money, they were expected to get promoted more rapidly.
If you're adventurous
People can read into you just based on the way you move.
People don't just read into who you are from your appearance, but also
from the way you move.
In a Durham University study, students were shown video clips of 26
other students walking — some with looser gaits, some tighter.
Just a few steps were needed to give a sense of personality. Students
equated looser gaits with extroversion and adventurousness, while the more
clipped walkers were seen as neurotic.
Exercise 2. Read the article Is likeability more important than spe-
cific job skills? Are the sentences true or false?
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T e x t . I s l i k e a b i l i t y m o r e i m p o r t a n t
t h a n s p e c i f i c j o b s k i l l s ?
What are the qualities that get people hired and promoted?
While every company looks for slightly different qualities, just about
every list would include the demonstrated ability to produce results, a strong
work ethic and being a team player. To that you need to add a less obvious
quality – and that’s being “likeable.”
Some careers experts believe that without likeability good grades and
practical skills are worth very little. Likeability isn’t something you can learn
easily at school, but employers want it and they’re quick to see it in candi-
dates at interview.
Some researchers found that where backgrounds and skills of job candidates are similar, the person seen as more likeable gets hired almost 90 per
cent of the time. And a study at the University of Massachusetts found that
when likeable managers present plausible arguments, even colleagues who
disagree tend to buy into their recommendations. Thus, likeable people are
more likely to be hired, to be listened to, to have colleagues offer help and to
be promoted.
Tim Sanders, author of The Likeability Factor, maintains that four
traits are key to being liked in the workplace: being seen as friendly, connecting over shared interests, demonstrating empathy and being genuine.
Likeable people …
• Are generally upbeat and enthusiastic, showing up Monday morn-
ings with smiles on their faces. That’s why in an interview, when first im-
pressions are key, an upbeat manner and smile on your face will get you off
to a strong start.
• Have their egos in check and are focused on how their team does
rather than looking for praise or credit.
• Are genuinely interested in the people they work with, whether they
are customers or colleagues.
• Are reliable – if they’ve committed to deliver work by end of day
Thursday, with rare exceptions it’s finished on time.
• Have an appropriate sense of humour and ask lots of questions,
drawing out their colleagues. And having asked questions, likeable people
intently listen to the answers, giving the other person their full attention and
often asking follow-up questions for elaboration. And of course likeable people never, ever interrupt the person they’re talking to.
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So, you’ve got good grades and you’ve been to lots of interviews, but no
one’s offered you a job yet. It is probably because you just haven't got the ‘likeability factor’. In the first 18 months in a job, most of an employee's success is
linked to their likeability, not to how well he or she does the job. Likeability is
much more important than other abilities and advice for job hunters goes like
this: if you get an interview, then impress the interviewers with your ‘soft skills’.
It’s simple. Soft skills are your personal skills – your friendly person-
ality, your positive attitude to work, your ability to communicate with people
and your problem-solving skills. Soft skills include qualities like confidence,
honesty, flexibility, optimism, politeness, punctuality, friendliness and the
ability to see things from other people’s point of view. People with good soft
skills can communicate clearly, think creatively, solve problems, teach other
people, and learn from other people or from their own mistakes. They can
follow instructions, but can also use their initiative and take action without
being told what to do. But people don’t realize how important likeability is
because employers don’t like to talk about it, so they usually give other rea-
sons for not offering someone a job.
Is likeability really more important than knowledge and experience?
Let’s consider the opinion of a doctor: “I’ve been a doctor since I graduated
from medical school. I’ve worked at this hospital for 18 years. My practical
skills and my knowledge are all that matters. Without those, I couldn’t do
my job. I listen to my patients, but I certainly don’t believe that I need to be
charming and sociable all the time. I’ve never believed that”. So, we can see
that to some professions all that really matters is that you can offer practical
skills and experience to an organization, not just a friendly face.
Exercise 1. Discuss the questions and give your reasons.
1. Which do you think is more important when getting a new job –
likeability or good qualifications? Why?
2. Think of different kinds of jobs. What about engineering profes-
sions? Do engineers require likeability at work?
3. Why don’t people know that likeability is important?
4. What's the advantage of developing your ‘soft skills’?
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5. Do you think colleges and universities should help students develop
‘soft skills’? How can they do this?
6. What are the most important things an employee can offer an or-
ganization?
W o r d b u i l d i n g . W o r d b u i l d i n g o f a d j e c t i v e s
w i t h t h e h e l p o f a f f i x e s a n d p r e f i x e s
Study these examples of affixes:
1. – able – affordable
2. – al – natural, cultural
3. – ant – distant, resistant
4. – ent – different
5. – ful – careful, powerful
6. – ible – possible, visible
7. – ic – atomic
8. – ive – effective
9. – less – useless, stainless
10. – ous – famous, dangerous
Study these examples of prefixes:
1. un- unhealthy, uncomfortable
2. in – invisible, indirect
3. im- impossible
4. irr- irrational
5. il- illegal
6. non- non-ferrous
Exercise 1. Form the adjectives out of nouns using the suffix -ful:
beauty, success, use, hope, peace, fruit, doubt, care.
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Exercise 2. Form the adjectives meaning the absence of some quality
out of nouns using the suffix –less:
aim, use, shame, shape, help, fruit, home.
G r a m m a r . P a s t s i m p l e
1. We add -ed to regular past simple verbs to form the past. Irregular
verbs have their own forms as listed on page 131.
e.g. I watched the Olympic games on television.
We visited Tretyakov gallery yesterday.
2. We use did to form negatives and questions.
We didn't see the gallery.
What did Simon say?
Short answers
e.g. Did you book a holiday last week? Yes, I did. / No, I didn't
Did she book a holiday last week? Yes, she did. / No, she didn't.
Typical mistakes
We go walking in Gorky park last weekend.
We went walking in Gorky park last weekend.
I didn't stayed in a four star hotel.
I didn't stay in a four star hotel.
How long stayed you in Venice?
How long did you stay in Venice?
You liked the tour?
Did you like the tour?
You was in London last week?
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Were you in London last week?
They don't win the football match against Slovakia.
They didn't win the football match against Slovakia.
Use
1. We use the past simple to talk about finished actions at a definite
time in the past.
e.g. When did the coach leave?
They didn't return to the hotel until 6.00 pm.
2. The past simple is often used with these time expressions.
e.g. Did you watch TV yesterday / yesterday evening?
He sent the email last night / Tuesday / week / month / year.
We didn't have many customers six hours/months / years ago.
When did visitors start coming to the island?
Exercise 1. Fill in the gaps with was/wasn’t, were/weren’t or
did/didn’t:
Little Elvina: When ... you born, mummy?
Mother: I ... born in 1989.
Little Elvina: Oh, really? ... born here, in Kazan?
Mother: No, I ... born in Yelabuga.
Little Elvina: And when ... you come to Kazan?
Mother: We ... move here until you ... two years old.
Little Elvina: ... you go to school in Yelabuga?
Mother: Yes, I ...
Little Elvina: And when ... father born?
Mother: He ... born in 1988.
Exercise 2. Answer the questions with your own information:
1. When were you born?
2. When were your parents born?
3. When was your grandfather born?
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