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Файл:Английский язык для магистрантов в сфере компьютерных наук = English Master’s Course In Computer Science. Учебное пособие
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THE ALGORITHM FOR PRESENTING A RESEARCH
The outline for
presenting a research
1. Starting the
presentation.
2. Introduction
of the research.
3. The aim
of the research.
4. The problem
of the research.
Some epressions to be used while presenting a
research
Good day/morning/evening.
Let me introduce myself. I am …
I am a postgraduate student of … department.
My major is…
My scientific supervisor is…
The topic of my project is…
The research is about… is devoted to…
is concerned with… .
The research focuses on… deals with…discusses
the questions (the problems, the issues of)
This paper presents… discusses new comple
structural approach to (study of, analysis of)
The aim of this research is to find (discuss,
describe, eamine, study…)
This paper aims at… is aimed at…
One of the main principle (key primary goal…
purpose… task) is to investigate … establish …
discuss… analyze…
The paper points out (emphasizes, analyzes)…
I’ d like to dwell on (touch upon, consider,
discuss) the problem, a question of…
The problem to be studied (raised, considered,
studied, discussed, under consideration) is…
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5. Methods. In this study we have adopted (applied,
developed) an innovative… a promising…
a scientific… a new… a modern approach
to test… simulate… analyze…
We have developed (offered, provided, relied on,
tried, used)a method of…
The analysis (investigation, research) is based on
evidence, calculations…
The research rests on (focuses on, involves)
observation…
The method provides reasonable (objective)
criteria
6. Results and
conclusions.
7. Conclusion. I am grateful to professor N for this information
There is vast enormous literature on…
Some scientists emphasize that… concentrate
their attention on…
The question has been widely discussed in
literature.
Recently a considerable amount of work has
been done in…
It led to the formulation of the new concept of…
The concept was introduced by…
A new theory was elaborated… worked out…
developed… formulated
We accept… put forward… propose… assume
The main findings of the study reveal… show that…
The obtained results can be directly applied to
the process of…
It is possible to assume (might be natural to assume,
must be admitted, may be suggested) that…
It is acceptable (hardly acceptable, sufficient, not
sufficient) to say
It is likely (unlikely) that…
(discussing the project, indispensible assistance,
attention, encouragement)… I would like
to thank (acknowledge special gratitude to)
professor N (all relevant agencies, my colleagues,
the following scholars…
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THE ALGORITHM FOR RENDRING AN ARTICLE
The outline for rendering Some epressions to be used while rendering
an article
1. The title of the article.
The headline of the article
2. The author, (the reporter,
the commentator, the
newsman, the interviewer,
the pressman);
where, when the article was
published (printed taken from).
3. The key-note of the article.
The main idea of the article.
4. The contents of the article.
Some facts, names, figures.
The article is entitled…
The article is headlined…
The headline ( the title) of the article I have
read is… .
The author of the article is… .
The article is written by… .
It is ( was) published in…
It is ( was ) printed in…
The main idea of the article is…
The article is about…
The article is devoted to…
The article deals with…
The article touches upon…
The purpose of the article is to give the
reader some information on
The aim of the article is to provide
The reader with some material (date)
a) Firstly, the author writes, states. stresses,
considers, points out, says, thinks, describes,
comments on that…
b) Secondly, the author reports (says) that…
c) Thirdly, the author mentions the facts above…
He concerns ( deals with)…
d) In the fourth ( fifth) the author cites
(quotes) the words of…
e) In conclusion…
The author comes to the conclusion that…
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5. Your opinion of the article. I found the article interesting (important, upto-date, out-of-date, dull).
The article is of no value.
The article is too difficult for understanding.
In my opinion… .
To my mind… .
Text. 1.
Postgraduate study: passport to a better career
With first degrees commonplace, a postgraduate
course helps job hunters stand out from the crowd
by Liz Lightfoot
Today’s jobs market is highly competitive and a postgraduate
degree can command a premium with employers, especially if it includes
work eperience. A survey of destinations si months after graduation –
carried out by the Higher Education Careers Services �nit (Hecsu) –
found that postgraduates were more likely to have found employment
and be working in a professional role than those with only a first degree.
“It suggests that further study is not just a tactic to delay getting a job,
but a destination that has positive employment outcomes, with many
choosing to study career-related subjects,” says Charlie Ball, deputy
director of research at Hecsu.
The survey of nearly 325,000 students who left university courses
in 2013 found that 86 % of postgraduates were employed compared with
74 % of first-degree graduates. Looking at the type of employment, it
found that 91 % of postgraduates were in professional or managerial
jobs in the �K compared with 65 % of graduates.
Loving your subject is no longer enough, however. A master’s
degree increasingly needs to be relevant to the sector in which you wish
to work, which has encouraged universities to offer niche, vocational
courses and work more closely with industry.
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As Jenny Owen, director of careers at the London School of
Economics (LSE), points out, diversification can be the key to capitalising
on your postgraduate education. “An English graduate who goes on to
do a master’s degree in English is unlikely to have any advantage in
the jobs market over English first-degree graduates,” she says. “On the
other hand, if they do a master’s in a subject closely aligned to their
field of choice, such as marketing, that is much more likely to be useful,
especially if they got some work eperience in the field,” she says.
The LSE closely monitors the careers of its postgraduates and
the most successful at finding jobs last year were those students from
media and communications, 97 % of whom were in work si months
after graduation. Employers are giving out mied messages, says Stephen
Isherwood, chief eecutive of the Association of Graduate Recruiters.
“Most of the big graduate-training programmes – accountancy and
consultancy for eample – assess postgraduates on the same basis as
graduates,” he says. “On the other hand, there are employers in some
sectors who definitely value postgraduate degrees – such as science and
engineering, and some areas of the finance industry.” So what advice
would Isherwood give to prospective postgraduates? “Have your eyes
and ears open, and make sure you find out in advance the qualifications
and eperience that employers value in your chosen field.”
Stepping up the career ladder
Lucy Barrett took out a £10,000 loan to fund the fees and
living costs for her environment master’s degree – and it was a
good investment. Not only did she receive several job offers, she also
landed a post with the Environment Agency (EA), the public body
that turned her down when she first applied because she had no work
eperience. “When I graduated with a geography degree, I applied
for several jobs, but no one was interested,” she says. “I began to
realise that having a postgraduate degree is more of a requirement than
something etra on the CV.”
Lucy, now 23, chose the MSc in environmental management and
sustainable development at Manchester Metropolitan �niversity (MM�).
She also did her first degree at MM�, but says she would have chosen it
anyway because of the university’s good reputation in the field and the
fact the course included a work-based placement and project.
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While on her placement with the Stockport Homes housing
association, Lucy won an award in a national competition for her work
to persuade local residents and companies to recycle waste. “If I had
been successful when I applied with a BSc degree, I would have gone
in at a lower level, but with the MSc and some work eperience I came
in as an environment officer,” she says. “I love my job, it’s brilliant.
There’s a lot to learn, but I am getting training and everyone has been
lovely and helpful.”
https://www.theguardian.com/education/2013/nov/07/postgraduate-
study-passport-better-careeer
Text 2.
Are women doing better or worse in IT since Ada Lovelace?
When Ada Lovelace was working with Charles Babbage on the first
digital computer, the Difference Engine, back in 1842, employment in IT
was at an equality nirvana: eactly 50 % of the workforce were female.
Lovelace’s contribution was to use the Difference Engine to work out
Bernoulli numbers, and to debug some of Babbage’s programming
(“This she sent back to me for an amendment, having detected a grave
mistake which I had made in the process,” Babbage wrote).
Lovelace is thus frequently described as the first computer
programmer, and has been remembered down the years: the Pentagon
named Ada, intended to be an “error-proof” programming language,
in her honour – but her eample is one that modern women and their
daughters seem not to be following. Indeed since her time the gender
balance in computers has got considerably worse.
On “Ada Lovelace day” on Tuesday, the Women in IT scorecard
from Intellect, which represents the �K IT industry, showed that only
23 % of the 1.2m IT workforce (597,000 in the IT industry itself, 650,000
IT professionals in other industries) are female, compared with 45 % in
the �K working population as a whole. Looking ahead, the pipeline
offers no encouragement: in computer science and IT-related subjects,
females account for just 15 % of both applicants and acceptances in 2008,
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while women account for just 9 % of those taking computing A-Levels,
a proportion that has steadily fallen over the past five years.
And to add insult to injury, where women do have jobs in IT, they
tend to be in user support, and operations such as “database assistants”
and clerks.
Yet the survey also shows that females outperform males in IT-
related A-levels – even though at the top of the industry, the number
of men with higher qualifications is far above the average across all
professions. And women tend to be less well-paid than men (though it’s
not clear whether those on the same pay scale get the same pay).
The question is, why aren’t women going into IT and programming?
Carrie Hartnell, head of industry strategy for Intellect, says there are
many problems, including a lack of role models, uncertainty about the
future of the industry, and “negative press around it”. The peak time for
female participation in IT was during the dotcom boom, when they were
23 % of the IT workforce – due principally to their presence in small
startup companies at the time.
And what are companies missing by not having women in their IT
teams? “Studies have shown that if you have a good gender mi the team
is more innovative, comes up with smarter ideas, is more productive,
and more efficient. It’s time for the �K to acknowledge this issue,” says
Hartnell. Ada Lovelace may be dead, but we still need her thinking.
https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2009/mar/26/ada-lovelace-
day-babbage
Text 3.
Get Some Great Phone Interview Tips
Alison Doyle
While you’re job searching, it’s important to be prepared for
a phone interview on a moment’s notice. Many companies start
the interview process with a phone call to discuss the job opportunity
with a prospective employee, determine if the candidate is a good fit, and
to gauge his or her interest in the position. In many cases, your interview
57
will be scheduled in advance by
email or phone. In others, you
may receive a surprise phone
call. You never know when
a recruiter or a networking
contact might call and ask if
you have a few minutes to talk,
so always answer the phone
professionally, especially if
the number is an unfamiliar one. You should also make sure that your
outgoing voicemail message is professional.
Why Companies Use Phone Interviews
Phone interviews are often used to screen candidates in order
to narrow the pool of applicants who will be invited for in-person
interviews. They are also used as a way to minimize the epenses
involved in interviewing out-of-town candidates. For remote positions,
a phone interview may be the only one you have.
How to Ace a Phone Interview
Prepare for a phone interview just as you would for a regular inperson interview. Compile a list of your strengths and weaknesses, as
well as a list of answers to typical phone interview questions. In addition,
have a list of questions ready to ask the interviewer. If you have advance
notice of the interview, make sure to review the job description and
do a bit of research on the company. Take the time to match your
qualifications to the job description so that you can speak to why you’re
a strong candidate for the position. Review your resume, as well. Know
the dates when you held each of your previous jobs, and what your
responsibilities were. You should feel comfortable and ready to discuss
your background and skills confidently during a phone conversation.
Have a copy of your resume nearby, so you can refer to it during the
interview. Also have a copy of the job posting, and a copy of your cover
letter if you sent one.
Practice Interviewing
Talking on the phone isn’t as easy as it seems. As with an in-person
interview, practice can be helpful. Not only will this help you rehearse
answers to common phone interview questions, but it will also help
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you realize if you have a lot of verbal ticks, fail to enunciate, or speak
either too fast or too slow. For practice, have a friend or family member
conduct a mock interview and record it so you can see how you sound
over the phone. Once you have a recording, you’ll be able to hear your
“ums” and “uhs” and “okays” and then practice reducing them from
your conversational speech. Listening to the recording will also help
you pinpoint answers that you can improve. If you don’t have someone
who can help, practice answering your own questions. You don’t need
to memorize answers, but having a sense of what you’re going to say
will help your responses be more natural.
Get Ready for the Call
Before the call, confirm all the details including the date, time, and
who you will be talking to. Be sure you know whether the interviewer
is calling you or if you need to make the call. If something goes wrong
and you miss the call, or the recruiter doesn’t call on time, don’t panic.
You should be able to get the call back on track or reschedule if need be.
�se a quiet, comfortable, and private space with no distractions so you
can focus on the interview.
Do’s and Don’ts During the Phone Interview
�se the person’s title (Mr. or Ms. and their last name.) Only use
their first name if they ask you to. Don’t smoke, chew gum, eat, or
drink. Keep a glass of water handy, though. There isn’t much worse
than having a tickle in your throat or a cough starting when you need
to talk on the phone. Have a glass of water ready so you can take
a quick sip if your mouth gets dry or there’s a catch in your throat.
Do smile. Smiling will project a positive image to the listener and will
change the tone of your voice. It can also be helpful to stand during
the interview, since this typically gives your voice more energy and
enthusiasm. Do focus, listen, and enunciate. It’s important to focus on
the interview and that can be harder on the phone than in-person. Be
sure to listen to the question, ask for clarification if you’re not sure
what the interviewer is asking, and speak slowly, carefully, and clearly
when you respond. It’s fine to take a few seconds to compose your
thoughts before you answer.
Don’t interrupt the interviewer. Do take your time – it’s perfectly
acceptable to take a moment or two to collect your thoughts. Take
59
notes. It’s hard to remember what you discussed after the fact, so take
brief notes during the interview. Give short answers. It’s important to
stay focused on the questions and your responses. Have questions to ask
the interviewer ready. Be prepared to respond when the interviewer asks
whether you have any questions for him or her. Review these questions
to ask the interviewer and have a few ready in advance. Remember your
goal is to set up a face-to-face interview. At the end of your conversation,
after you thank the interviewer, ask if it would be possible to meet in
person.
Answer the phone yourself, after letting family members and/or
roommates know you are epecting a call. When you answer the phone,
answer with your name, i.e. Jane Doe (in a perky tone of voice), so the
interviewer knows they have reached the right person.
Listen carefully to the interviewer and don’t start speaking until
the interviewer finishes the question. If you have something you want
to say, jot it down on your notepad and mention it when it’s your turn
to talk. Don’t worry if you need a few seconds to think of a response,
but don’t leave too much dead air. If you need the interviewer to repeat
the question, ask.
Follow-Up After the Interview
As the interview winds down, make sure to say thank you to the
interviewer. Ask for the interviewer’s email address, if you don’t already
have it. Send out an email thank-you note immediately, thanking the
interviewer and reiterating your interest in the job. You can also use your
thank-you note as a way to provide information on anything regarding
your qualifications you didn’t get a chance to mention during the phone
interview.
https://www.thebalancecareers.com/how-to-ace-a-phone-
interview-2058579
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