Добавил:
ivanov666
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Английский язык для магистрантов в сфере компьютерных наук = English Master’s Course In Computer Science. Учебное пособие
.pdf
V. Match each word in the box to its definition below. Then
translate the words into Russian.
appraisal commitment deadline etiquette
insight outcome overview predecessor
threaten workload
1. A date by which you have to do something: _______________
2. An ability to understand something clearly: _______________
3. An opinion about how someone successful is: _____________
4. The amount of work that a person has to do: ______________
5. Enthusiasm, determination and loyalty: __________________
6. A set of rules for behaving correctly: ____________________
7. A description of the main features of something: ___________
8. The person who had a job before someone else: ____________
9. The final result of a process, meeting, etc.: _______________
10. To tell someone you might cause them harm: ____________
VI. Choose the correct preposition (in bold) in each expression.
1. Be in charge to / of / from a department or a project.
2. Be involved on / in / for doing something.
3. Be responsible to / for / with an area of work.
4. Deal with / on / for an area of work.
5. Have somebody working of / under / on you.
6. Liaise for / to / with someone about an area of work.
7. Look through / with / after an area of work.
8. Report directly to / for / under somebody.
9. Run the business from / with / on a day-to-day basis.
10. Take care with / of / for an area of work.
VII. The sentences below all have the same meaning. Complete
them using expressions from task VI.
1. is __ _____ __
2. is __________ __
Mark 3. _____ _____ the marketing side of the business.
4. _____ _____
5. _____ _____ __
31
VIII. Make up sentences expressing your opinion of how a
superior should (shouldn’t) behave with an inferior. Give reasons.
objective
impatient
a good listener
dogmatic
IX. To make advice more diplomatic the following phrases are
used.
It seems to me that... Wouldn’t you agree that...?
Actually, I think... You could may be... Why don’t you...?
Wouldn’t it be better to...? You’d do better to...
Add these phrases to the correct category:
You might want to...
_______________
_______________
_______________
diplomatic
friendly
firm
understanding
insincere
authoritative
I think perhaps...
_______________
_______________
_______________
threatening
weak
frank
bossy
Don’t you think...?
_______________
_______________
_______________
X. Complete the expressions for giving diplomatic advice (in
bold) by filling in the missing letters.
1. A_ _ _ _ _ _ _, I think there’s a better way to do this.
2. It s_ _ _ _ to me that there has been a misunderstanding.
3. You m_ _ _ _ want to ask Sue for her opinion.
4. You c_ _ _ _ may be try a different approach.
5. D_ _ ‘_ you think that making personal calls at work creates an
unprofessional atmosphere?
6. W_ _ _ _ _’_ you agree that it’s important to meet all our
deadlines?
32
XI. Make the comments more diplomatic. Use the phrases in
task IX.
1. You shouldn’t disturb your co-workers.
2. You won’t meet deadlines if you don’t prioritize.
3. Delegate, or you’ll never finish the job.
4. You shouldn’t eat at your desk.
5. Don’t make personal calls at work.
6. If you ignore your colleagues, don’t epect them to help.
7. You’ll make yourself ill if you don’t take care of your life-work
balance.
XII. Case Study. Solving an Intercultural Problem.
Read the tet “AKA Telecommunications in India” below and do
the given tasks.
1. If you were relocated to a different country to work on a joint
venture, how would you prepare yourself?
2. Read the text below and make a list of the main problems
Swedish and Indian employees were having. What are possible reasons
for these problems?
National culture is patterns of behavior and attitudes that are learned
and shared among a group. Problems between people from different
cultures can occur because of their different responses to particular
situations. For eample, some cultures value personal relationships
more than the rule of the law; others believe regulations must be obeyed,
independent of friends or family. To deal with intercultural problems
you need to understand your own culture, be sensitive to other people’s
behavior and attitudes, and be interested in other people’s viewpoints.
AKA telecommunications in India
AKA is a Swedish software technology and design company. They
create products and services for the computer and telecommunications
industries. Si months ago they started work on a major project with
an Indian software developer based in Bangalore. A number of project
managers from Sweden, some of them women, relocated to India to
manage the different parts of the project. They are working with local
managers, and software designers and engineers.
33
Since the Swedish managers arrived, things have not gone as well as
AKA hoped. The standard of work is very high, but the project is behind
schedule, and several important delivery dates have been missed. Also,
the relationship between the Swedish managers and their Indian teams is
getting worse. Meetings to review progress and make decisions are often
very long, and the outcome is not always clear. There have also been some
communication problems, even though everyone speaks ‘good’ English.
The Swedes now see their Indian colleagues as disorganized,
inefficient and unwilling to take responsibility. The Indians think the
Swedes are too informal and relaed at work, don’t say what they want,
and are unable to make decisions.
3. Speaking. Work in pairs.
You and your partner work for two companies involved in a joint
venture in the same situation as AKA and their Indian partner. Student A,
you are the Human Resources Director of the Swedish company and Student
B, you are the Human Resources Director of the Indian company. Try to find
out the reasons for the problems with the joint project and work together to
make some recommendations as to how the situation could be improved.
You have each received a number of complaints from your own
employees about the current situation. Have a meeting to find out why
things are going wrong.
Student A:
You are the Human Resources Director of a Swedish company that
is working closely with an Indian company on a joint venture in India.
Many of your staff are now based in India. You are meeting with your
Indian colleague. You have both received complaints from your own
employees working on the project in India.
1. Read through the information below before you begin.
2. Take turns to echange information. Tell your partner about a
problem below that your Swedish employees are having. Your partner
will try to eplain why. Then your partner will tell you a problem his / her
Indian employees are having. �se the ‘Business etiquette’ information
below to eplain the possible reasons for the problems.
Problems reported by Swedish employees
‘My local Indian team members are always late for meetings. It’s such
a waste of my time having to wait so long for out meetings to start.’
34
‘No wonder we are missing deadlines – my Indian colleagues take really
long lunches – I hardly leave my desk all day! And I start work earlier.’
‘My colleague never finishes a job when she says she will – I’m
finding it really hard to plan my own workload.’
‘The managers that report to me never consult me – they often just ask
their staff to do things that are not in the best interests of the project.’
Sweden – Business etiquette
The working day: The working day often starts early, at 8.00 a.m.
or earlier, and lunch is often only a half-hour break at around midday.
Concept of time: Ariving at meetings on time and starting them
promptly are very important. If you are going to be late for any reason you
must phone and let someone know. Being late is seen as poor etiquette.
Communication styles: Swedish communication style is direct
and open – people say what they think. This can seem rude but is not
meant to be so.
Status and hierarchy: Equality is an important social value in
Sweden. Swedes like to establish relationships on an informal level and
at work they usually address everyone by his / her first name.
Student B:
You are the Human resources Director of an Indian company that
is working closely with a Swedish company on a joint venture in India.
Many of your staff are now managed by Swedish managers. You have
received this file of comments from your Indian employees. You are
meeting with your Swedish colleague who has also received comments
from their Swedish employees.
1 Read through the information below before you begin.
2 Take turns to echange information. Your partner will tell you
about a problem his/ her Swedish employees are having. �se the
‘Business etiquette’ information below to eplain the possible reasons
for the problems. Tell your partner about a problem that your Indian
employees are having. Your partner will try to eplain why.
Problems reported by Indian employees
‘My manager is very rude at the start of meetings – we don’t get an
opportunity to greet out colleagues properly and make small talk.’
‘My Swedish colleagues would rather work than join us for lunch.’
35
‘My Swedish colleagues are rude sometimes – they say things like:
“This is not as good as your last report.”’
‘My Swedish colleagues address me by my first name in front of my
Indian team who I have been managing for many years. This is terrible.’
India – Business etiquette
The working day: Breakfast meetings are not common. The
working day usually begins around 9.30-10.00 a.m. Business lunches
are often quite long – 90 minutes is not uncommon.
Concept of time: Levels of speed, efficiency and punctuality will
be different from those in the West: if someone promises to meet you
in ten minutes, epect arrival in twenty.
Communication styles: Indians often over-promise because they
want to please: admitting a job is difficult to get done is often considered
rude or weak.
Status and hierarchy: Managers are epected to ‘manage’. This
includes making key decisions, often with little or no consultation, and
telling subordinates what to do.
4. Work with your partner and discuss how to deal with each
problem.
Eample: We could ask the Swedish managers to send a memo
out saying they would appreciate punctuality at meetings. / We could
advise Swedish managers to get someone to call them once everyone
has gathered for a meeting.
5. Split up into groups of 3–4 students. Imagine someone from
a different cultural background comes to work for your company
for a year. How would you explain your work culture?
Think about: dress code, hierarchy and status, attitudes towards time and
deadlines, the working day, attitudes towards meetings and communications
at work, etiquette/politeness (e.g. using first or last names).
XIII. Speaking. Rendering.
Render the article “Pub lunches and making the boss tea: what it’s like
to work in the �K” by Charlotte Seager (Appendi II, Tet 4).
All meanings, we know, depend on the key of interpretation.
Translation is like a woman. If it is beautiful, it is not faithful. If it
is faithful, it is most certainly not beautiful.
I. Discuss the ideas:
a) Is human translation better than a machine?
b) What are benefits and drawbacks of machine translation?
c) Can machine translations replace human translators?
II. Read the abstracts and fill in the gaps with one suitable word
from the boxes:
Abstract A. Machine Translation: the Advantages
available disposal being fast
languages tools access attractive
The most 1)__________ qualities of machine translation are defi-
nitely the following – it’s 2)__________, meaning it produces the trans-
lated tet instantly, and it’s free. 3)__________ like Google Translate
and Skype Translator are readily 4)__________ to anyone who has
5)__________to the internet. But aside from that, a tool like Google But aside from that, a tool like GoogleBut aside from that, a tool like Google
Translate has over a hundred languages at its 6)__________ and you
can quickly find out the translation of an English word in Swedish, Zulu,
Khmer, Swahili, Latin and many other 7)__________. The bonus is that
this technology is 8)__________ constantly updated.
Abstract B. Machine Translation: the Disadvantages
complex incapable accurate low-grade
break down high-grade reproduce simplified
deficiencies clanger
Only 1)__________ quality machines translate word for word any-
more. But even 2)__________ translators aren’t entirely 3)__________
37
when compared to human translation. Here are some factors of our everyday language that machine translators are 4)__________ of picking
up on idioms and metaphors, puns, contet, tone, style.
In order to translate language, machines 5)__________ the words and
structure of a source tet into categories to then 6)__________ the structure
and words in the target language. This kind of system doesn’t work because
language is 7)__________ and can’t be 8)__________ into categories. Besides the linguistic 9)__________ and the constant probability of dropping
an embarrassing 10)__________, there are also serious legal issues to be
considered. Whenever you copy tet in Google Translate or other free machine translation services, you are effectively handing ownership of that tet
to Google. Yes, you read this right! Your written tet, over which you hold
intellectual property rights now belongs to Google, which is free to use it
as it deems fit. This is highly problematic for tets of a proprietary or confidential nature. The consequences could be disastrous for private commercial
agreements, confidential correspondence or other sensitive information. So
always think thrice before pasting your tet in that autotranslate bo!
Abstract C. The Human Touch
review capture care irreplaceable
suitable ensure produce go
The above eamples show eactly why human translation is so
1)__________ and vital. Machines, so far, can’t understand and
2)___________ contet, understand cultural differences in language,
and find 3)__________ alternatives, translate creative language in the
form of idioms, metaphors, puns, etc, 4)__________ their own work to
5)__________ maimum accuracy. If you 6)__________ about the
content you 7)__________ and the way you’re communicating with the
outside world, then human translation is the way to 8)__________.
III. In pairs, speak on your experience of translating. Is machine
translation useful for you?
IV. Speaking. Rendering.
Render the article “Will machine translation ever beat humanWill machine translation ever beat human
translation?” by Jenny Brindley (Appendi II, Tet 5).” by Jenny Brindley (Appendi II, Tet 5). (Appendi II, Tet 5).
38
V. Read and translate the text with the help of MT or CAT:
(1) Machine translation, sometimes referred to by the abbreviation
MT, is a sub-field of computational linguistics that investigates the use
of computer software to translate tet or speech from one natural language to another. At its basic level, MT performs simple substitution of
words in one natural language for words in another.
(2) Improved output quality can also be achieved by human intervention: for eample, some systems are able to translate more accurately if the user has unambiguously identified which words in the tet are
names. With the assistance of these techniques, MT has proven useful as
a tool to assist human translators and, in a very limited number of cases,
can even produce output that can be used as is (e.g., weather reports).
History of machine translation
(3) The idea of machine translation may be traced back to the 17th
century. In 1629, René Descartes proposed a universal language, with
equivalent ideas in different tongues sharing one symbol. In the 1950s,
The Georgetown eperiment (1954) involved fully-automatic translation of over sity Russian sentences into English. The eperiment was
a great success and ushered in an era of substantial funding for machine-
translation research. The authors claimed that within three to five years,
machine translation would be a solved problem.
(4) Real progress was much slower, however, and after the ALPAC
report (1966), which found that the ten-year-long research had failed to
fulfill epectations, funding was greatly reduced. Beginning in the late
1980s, as computational power increased and became less epensive,
more interest was shown in statistical models for machine translation.
(5) The idea of using digital computers for translation of natural languages was proposed as early as 1946 by A. D. Booth and possibly others. The Georgetown eperiment was by no means the first such application, and a demonstration was made in 1954 on the APEXC machine
at Birkbeck College (�niversity of London) of a rudimentary translation
of English into French. Several papers on the topic were published at
the time, and even articles in popular journals (see for eample Wireless
World, Sept. 1955, Cleave and Zacharov). A similar application, also
pioneered at Birkbeck College at the time, was reading and composing
Braille tets by computer.
39
Translation process
The translation process may be stated as:
1. Decoding the meaning of the source tet; and
2. Re-encoding this meaning in the target language.
(6) Behind this ostensibly simple procedure lies a comple cognitive operation. To decode the meaning of the source tet in its entirety,
the translator must interpret and analyse all the features of the tet, a
process that requires in-depth knowledge of the grammar, semantics,
synta, idioms, etc., of the source language, as well as the culture of its
speakers. The translator needs the same in-depth knowledge to re-encode the meaning in the target language.
(7) Therein lies the challenge in machine translation: how to program a computer that will “understand” a tet as a person does, and that
will “create” a new tet in the target language that “sounds” as if it has
been written by a person.
Machine Translation (MT) and Computer-Assisted Translation
(CAT)
(8) It is important to make a distinction between two terms that
are closely related and that tend to confuse non-specialists: machine
translation (MT) and computer-assisted translation (CAT). These two
technologies are the consequence of different approaches. They do not
produce the same results, and are used in distinct contets.
(9) MT aims at assembling all the information necessary for
translation in one program so that a tet can be translated without
human intervention. It eploits the computer’s capacity to calculate in
order to analyze the structure of a statement or sentence in the source
language, break it down into easily translatable elements and then create
a statement with the same structure in the target language. It uses huge
plurilingual dictionaries, as well as corpora of tets that have already
been translated.
(10) CAT uses a number of tools to help the translator work
accurately and quickly, the most important of which are terminology
databases and translation memories. In effect, the computer offers a
new way of approaching tet processing of both the source and target
tet. Working with a digital document gives us non-sequential access to
information so that we can use it according to our needs. It becomes easy
40
Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]